scholarly journals Suppression of Food Allergic Symptoms by Raw Cow’s Milk in Mice is Retained after Skimming but Abolished after Heating the Milk—A Promising Contribution of Alkaline Phosphatase

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Abbring ◽  
Joseph Thomas Ryan ◽  
Mara A.P. Diks ◽  
Gert Hols ◽  
Johan Garssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Allergic Symptoms ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

Raw cow’s milk was previously shown to suppress allergic symptoms in a murine model for food allergy. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of fat content and heat-sensitive milk components to this allergy-protective effect. In addition, we determined the potency of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a heat-sensitive raw milk component, to affect the allergic response. C3H/HeOuJ mice were treated with raw milk, pasteurized milk, skimmed raw milk, pasteurized milk spiked with ALP, or phosphate-buffered saline for eight days prior to sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). Effects of these milk types on the allergic response were subsequently assessed. Similar to raw milk, skimmed raw milk suppressed food allergic symptoms, demonstrated by a reduced acute allergic skin response and low levels of OVA-specific IgE and Th2-related cytokines. This protective effect was accompanied by an induction of CD103+CD11b+ dendritic cells and TGF-β-producing regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Pasteurized milk was not protective but adding ALP restored the allergy-protective effect. Not the fat content, but the heat-sensitive components are responsible for the allergy-protective effects of raw cow’s milk. Adding ALP to heat-treated milk might be an interesting alternative to raw cow’s milk consumption, as spiking pasteurized milk with ALP restored the protective effects.

scholarly journals Raw Milk-Induced Protection against Food Allergic Symptoms in Mice Is Accompanied by Shifts in Microbial Community Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3417
Author(s):  
Suzanne Abbring ◽  
Phillip A. Engen ◽  
Ankur Naqib ◽  
Stefan J. Green ◽  
Johan Garssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Allergic Sensitization ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Allergic Symptoms ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

The mechanism underlying the allergy-protective effects of raw cow’s milk is still unknown, but the modulation of the gut microbiome may play a role. The effects of consuming raw cow’s milk or processed milk on fecal microbial communities were therefore characterized in an experimental murine model. C3H/HeOuJ mice were treated with raw milk, pasteurized milk, skimmed raw milk, pasteurized milk supplemented with alkaline phosphatase (ALP), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for eight days prior to sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). Fecal samples were collected after milk exposure and after OVA sensitization, and microbiomes were characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. Treatment with raw milk prior to OVA sensitization increased the relative abundance of putative butyrate-producing bacteria from the taxa Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, Lachnospiraceae UCG-008, and Ruminiclostridium 5 (Clostridial clusters XIVa and IV), while it decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacterial genera such as Parasutterella, a putative pro-inflammatory bacterial genus. This effect was observed after eight days of raw milk exposure and became more pronounced five weeks later, after allergic sensitization in the absence of milk. Similar trends were observed after treatment with skimmed raw milk. Conversely, the feeding of pasteurized milk led to a loss of allergy protection and a putative dysbiotic microbiome. The addition of ALP to pasteurized milk restored the protective effect observed with raw milk and mitigated some of the microbial community alterations associated with milk pasteurization. Raw milk-induced protection against food allergic symptoms in mice is accompanied by an increased relative abundance of putative butyrate-producing Clostridiales and a decreased relative abundance of putative pro-inflammatory Proteobacteria. Given the safety concerns regarding raw milk consumption, this knowledge is key for the development of new, microbiologically safe, preventive strategies to reduce the incidence of allergic diseases.

scholarly journals Raw Cow’s Milk Reduces Allergic Symptoms in a Murine Model for Food Allergy—A Potential Role For Epigenetic Modifications

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbring ◽  
Wolf ◽  
Ayechu-Muruzabal ◽  
Diks ◽  
Alhamdan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Food Allergy ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Histone Acetylation ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Allergic Symptoms ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

Epidemiological studies identified raw cow’s milk consumption as an important environmental exposure that prevents allergic diseases. In the present study, we investigated whether raw cow’s milk has the capacity to induce tolerance to an unrelated, non-milk, food allergen. Histone acetylation of T cell genes was investigated to assess potential epigenetic regulation. Female C3H/HeOuJ mice were sensitized and challenged to ovalbumin. Prior to sensitization, the mice were treated with raw milk, processed milk, or phosphate-buffered saline for eight days. Allergic symptoms were assessed after challenge and histone modifications in T cell-related genes of splenocyte-derived CD4+ T cells and the mesenteric lymph nodes were analyzed after milk exposure and after challenge. Unlike processed milk, raw milk decreased allergic symptoms. After raw milk exposure, histone acetylation of Th1-, Th2-, and regulatory T cell-related genes of splenocyte-derived CD4+ T cells was higher than after processed milk exposure. After allergy induction, this general immune stimulation was resolved and histone acetylation of Th2 genes was lower when compared to processed milk. Raw milk reduces allergic symptoms to an unrelated, non-milk, food allergen in a murine model for food allergy. The activation of T cell-related genes could be responsible for the observed tolerance induction, which suggested that epigenetic modifications contribute to the allergy-protective effect of raw milk.

Evaluation of Spectrophotometric and Fluorometric Methods for Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Determination in Ewe's Milk

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1258-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. SCINTU ◽  
E. DAGA ◽  
A. LEDDA
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Alp Activity ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Ewe's Milk ◽  
European Method

The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity test has been used since 1935 to assess the effectiveness of pasteurization. Different analytical methods exist for detecting ALP in milk. Unfortunately, there is little information about ALP activity in ewe's milk. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the official European method (spectrophotometric method) and the Fluorophos method (fluorometric method) regarding their use in ewe's milk. Bulk ewe's milk samples were taken from a flock and from three different dairies. A portion of the original sample was pasteurized at 63°C for 30 min in a circulating bath; another portion was heated to and kept at 95°C for about 2 min, and 0.1% (vol/vol) of raw milk was added. The samples obtained were analyzed in duplicate using the spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods. The relation between ALP activity determined by the two methods was characterized by the following equation: Y = 1.34 + 0.0039X (where Y = ALP in μg of phenol per ml of milk and X = ALP in mU/liter; R2 = 91.5%). Precision parameters (repeatability [r], standard deviation of repeatability [sr], and relative standard deviation of repeatability [RSDr]) for both methods were calculated. The values of RSDr for the Fluorophos method were 4.30 for pasteurized milk and 2.96 for 0.1% raw milk, close to the value indicated by Rocco in whole cow's milk (RSDr = 4.4). The repeatability for the official method (r = 2.16) was close to that indicated for whole cow's milk (r = 2).

Assessment of the Colorimetric and Fluorometric Assays for Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Cow's, Goat's, and Sheep's Milk

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1884-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. KLOTZ ◽  
ART HILL ◽  
K. WARRINER ◽  
M. GRIFFITHS ◽  
J. ODUMERU
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
Time Required

Raw milk is a well-established vehicle for the carriage of human pathogens, and many regulatory bodies have consequently mandated compulsory pasteurization as a food safety intervention. The residual activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has historically been used to verify the adequacy of pasteurization of cow's milk. However, there is uncertainty on how the current ALP standards and methods of analysis can be applied to sheep's and goat's milk, which naturally contain different levels of the enzyme than that found in cow's milk. The official ALP methods applied in Canada (colorimetric assay; MFO-3) and in the United States (Fluorophos) were assessed for their ability to detect enzyme activity in raw and pasteurized milk derived from cows, sheep, and goats. The detection limit and the limit of quantitation were 0.8 and 2.02 μg/ml phenol, respectively, for the MFO-3 method and 43 and 85 mU/liter, respectively, for the Fluorophos method. The average ALP levels in raw goat's, cow's, and sheep's milk were 165, 1,562, and 3,512 μg/ml phenol, respectively. Raw milk detection limits, which correspond to raw milk phosphatase levels, were 0.051, 0.485, and 0.023% in cow's, goat's, and sheep's milk, respectively, for the MFO-3 method and 0.007, 0.070, and 0.004%, respectively, for the Fluorophos method. Although both methods can be used for ALP determination in cow's, goat's, and sheep's milk, the Fluorophos assay was superior to the colorimetric MFO-3 method based on sensitivity and time required to complete the analysis.

scholarly journals Direct Inhibition of the Allergic Effector Response by Raw Cow’s Milk—An Extensive In Vitro Assessment

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1258
Author(s):  
Suzanne Abbring ◽  
Bart R. J. Blokhuis ◽  
Julie L. Miltenburg ◽  
Kiri G. J. Romano Olmedo ◽  
Johan Garssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Ige Mediated ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

The mechanisms underlying the allergy-protective effects of raw cow’s milk are poorly understood. The current focus is mainly on the modulation of T cell responses. In the present study, we investigated whether raw cow’s milk can also directly inhibit mast cells, the key effector cells in IgE-mediated allergic responses. Primary murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) and peritoneal mast cells (PMC), were incubated with raw milk, heated raw milk, or shop milk, prior to IgE-mediated activation. The effects on mast cell activation and underlying signaling events were assessed. Raw milk was furthermore fractionated based on molecular size and obtained fractions were tested for their capacity to reduce IgE-mediated mast cell activation. Coincubation of BMMC and PMC with raw milk prior to activation reduced β-hexosaminidase release and IL-6 and IL-13 production, while heated raw milk or shop milk had no effect. The reduced mast cell activation coincided with a reduced intracellular calcium influx. In addition, SYK and ERK phosphorylation levels, both downstream signaling events of the FcεRI, were lower in raw milk-treated BMMC compared to control BMMC, although differences did not reach full significance. Raw milk-treated BMMC furthermore retained membrane-bound IgE expression after allergen stimulation. Raw milk fractionation showed that the heat-sensitive raw milk components responsible for the reduced mast cell activation are likely to have a molecular weight of > 37 kDa. The present study demonstrates that raw cow’s milk can also directly affect mast cell activation. These results extend the current knowledge on mechanisms via which raw cow’s milk prevents allergic diseases, which is crucial for the development of new, microbiologically safe, nutritional strategies to reduce allergic diseases.

Longitudinal Analysis of the Microbiological Quality of Raw Cow's Milk Samples Collected from Three Small Family Dairy Farms in Mexico Over a 2-Year Period

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 2194-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANA RIOS-MUÑIZ ◽  
JORGE F. CERNA-CORTES ◽  
CATALINA LOPEZ-SAUCEDO ◽  
ERIKA ANGELES-MORALES ◽  
MIRIAM BOBADILLA-del VALLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

ABSTRACT In Mexico, the total milk production that family dairy farms (FDF) contribute is ca. 35%, but this milk is not evaluated for microbiological quality. Forty percent of the milk and dairy products consumed by Mexicans is unpasteurized. In total, 24 raw cow's milk samples from three FDF (one sample per each season from each FDF for two sequent years) were characterized for the presence of food quality indicator organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium spp., by standard procedures. Escherichia coli presence was also evaluated by a direct count method and diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) by molecular methods. On the basis of Mexican guidelines for raw milk entering production, 42% of samples exceeded the aerobic mesophilic bacteria limits. A total of 83% raw milk samples were positive for total coliforms, 54% for fecal coliforms, and 46% for E. coli. Forty-three E. coli isolates were selected and characterized for the presence of 11 DEC loci; of theses, 40 isolates were negative for all DEC loci, and 3 isolates, all collected from the same sample, were Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) positive and O157 antigen negative, and one stx2 isolate was resistant to 6 of the 16 antibiotics tested. None of the 24 raw milk samples were positive for Salmonella enterica, L. monocytogenes, or staphylococcal enterotoxin. S. aureus was isolated from nine samples, of which only three samples harbored resistant isolates. From three samples, four nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates were recovered (Mycobacteroides chelonae, Mycobacteroides porcinum, and two Mycobacteroides abscessus). All four isolates produced biofilm and had sliding motility, and three isolates (M. porcinum and two M. abscessus) were resistant to the two antibiotics tested (clarithromycin and linezolid). FDF provide raw milk to a large proportion of the Mexican population, but its consumption could be harmful to health, emphasizing the need to implement national microbiological quality guidelines for raw milk intended for direct human consumption. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Isolation and Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Providencia spp. from Raw Cow’s Milk in Baghdad, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Nagham Mohammed Ayyal Al‐Gburi
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Biolog Gn ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

A total of sixty raw milk samples were collected from (street vendors and shops) from Baghdad city, Iraq. The samples were inoculated into peptone water and, then, subcultured onto McConkey agar and Blood agar. Identification of isolates was confirmed by microscopic examination, cultural characteristic, biochemical tests, Vitek (VITEK®2 system), and Biolog GN substrate reactions followed by 16S rRNA and specific genes sequencing. Of 60 raw cow’s milk samples, Providencia spp. were identified only in 4 samples (6.67%) and P. rettgeri was the most common, 2/4 (50%), followed by P. stuartii and P. vermicola, 1/4 (25%) . Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted against ten antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. All Providencia isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR), and the absolute resistant was 100% to tetracycline, erythromycin, and doxycycline and 50% against ampicillin\sulbactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. They were highly susceptible (100%) to trimethoprim, imipenem, and chloramphenicol. These findings indicate that milk might be contaminated with Providencia spp. leading to transmission to humans causing poisoning, diarrhea, and other infections. This is the first study of isolated Providencia spp. from raw cow’s milk.

Accuracy of the FT-NIR Method in Evaluating the Fat Content of Milk Using Calibration Models Developed for the Reference Methods According to Röse-Gottlieb and Gerber

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1305-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Mlcek ◽  
Lukas Dvorak ◽  
Kvetoslava Sustova ◽  
Katarzyna Szwedziak
Keyword(s):  
Reference Method ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Near Ir ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
The Rose ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

Abstract The study examined the effect of the choice of reference method on the functionality and reliability of calibrations in near-IR (NIR) spectroscopy intended for measuring the fat content in raw cow's milk. The fat content in the milk samples was evaluated using methods according to either Röse-Gottlieb or Gerber. The same samples were then subjected to analysis on an Antaris FT-NIR spectrometer. Using a partial least-squares algorithm, calibration models were created for both methods from the values measured. The calibration models show very good values of standard error of calibration: 0.133 for the Gerber method and 0.095 for the Röse-Gottlieb method. These calibrations were subsequently used to analyze 30 new samples of cow's milk of undefined fat content, and the differences in the values were evaluated using statistical paired t-test to a median value at a probability level of α = 0.05. No statistically significant differences were found. It was revealed that the reference method used for calibrating the device evaluating the fat content in raw cow's milk has no effect on the functionality and reliability of the calibration model.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Enteric Bacteria from Fresh cow milk and handlers in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Bilikis Abimbola Olunrebi ◽  
Josiah Ademola Onaolapo ◽  
Rebecca Olajumoke Bolaji ◽  
Sadiku Otaru
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

A bacteriological examination of raw cow milk for the isolation of enteric based bacteria was conducted on milking cows and their handlers from selected farms in four Local Governments in Zaria, Kaduna State. The aim of the study was to check the quality of the raw cow’s milk and also verify the rate of contaminations of the raw cow’s milk from external sources which are regarded as environmental pathogens during and after milking processes. A total of 105 samples; 42 raw milks from lactating cows, 42 swabs from cow teat, 16 swabs from herd handlers and 5 samples from water used in the cleaning process were obtained. The raw milk samples were screened using a Methylene dye reagent to check its microbial load before analysis began, the total bacteria count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC) were analyzed using the standard cultural methods. The isolates were identified using the standard biochemical procedure and Microgen TM System (GN-ID A+B Kit). Results revealed that one hundred and two (102) bacteria consisting of Seventy-six (76) Polymicrobial and twenty-six (26) single cultures were recovered as positive culture while three (3) had no growth. The mean TBC and TCC of raw milk observed in this study were 2.56 ± 0.40 x104cfu/ml and 1.06 ± 0.16 x104cfu/ml respectively. Acinetobacter iwoffi and other members of Enterobacteriaceae isolates were resistant to tetracycline (68.75%), erythromycin (71.74%) and metronidazole (100%), while high susceptibility was observed to gentamicin (94.34%) and chloramphenicol (80.85%). High bacterial contaminations including Multidrug-resistant bacteria were observed in this study, contaminations were majorly from improper pre and post dipping processes and the use of non-portable water

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