scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Enteric Bacteria from Fresh cow milk and handlers in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Bilikis Abimbola Olunrebi ◽  
Josiah Ademola Onaolapo ◽  
Rebecca Olajumoke Bolaji ◽  
Sadiku Otaru
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

A bacteriological examination of raw cow milk for the isolation of enteric based bacteria was conducted on milking cows and their handlers from selected farms in four Local Governments in Zaria, Kaduna State. The aim of the study was to check the quality of the raw cow’s milk and also verify the rate of contaminations of the raw cow’s milk from external sources which are regarded as environmental pathogens during and after milking processes. A total of 105 samples; 42 raw milks from lactating cows, 42 swabs from cow teat, 16 swabs from herd handlers and 5 samples from water used in the cleaning process were obtained. The raw milk samples were screened using a Methylene dye reagent to check its microbial load before analysis began, the total bacteria count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC) were analyzed using the standard cultural methods. The isolates were identified using the standard biochemical procedure and Microgen TM System (GN-ID A+B Kit). Results revealed that one hundred and two (102) bacteria consisting of Seventy-six (76) Polymicrobial and twenty-six (26) single cultures were recovered as positive culture while three (3) had no growth. The mean TBC and TCC of raw milk observed in this study were 2.56 ± 0.40 x104cfu/ml and 1.06 ± 0.16 x104cfu/ml respectively. Acinetobacter iwoffi and other members of Enterobacteriaceae isolates were resistant to tetracycline (68.75%), erythromycin (71.74%) and metronidazole (100%), while high susceptibility was observed to gentamicin (94.34%) and chloramphenicol (80.85%). High bacterial contaminations including Multidrug-resistant bacteria were observed in this study, contaminations were majorly from improper pre and post dipping processes and the use of non-portable water

scholarly journals Direct Inhibition of the Allergic Effector Response by Raw Cow’s Milk—An Extensive In Vitro Assessment

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1258
Author(s):  
Suzanne Abbring ◽  
Bart R. J. Blokhuis ◽  
Julie L. Miltenburg ◽  
Kiri G. J. Romano Olmedo ◽  
Johan Garssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Ige Mediated ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

The mechanisms underlying the allergy-protective effects of raw cow’s milk are poorly understood. The current focus is mainly on the modulation of T cell responses. In the present study, we investigated whether raw cow’s milk can also directly inhibit mast cells, the key effector cells in IgE-mediated allergic responses. Primary murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) and peritoneal mast cells (PMC), were incubated with raw milk, heated raw milk, or shop milk, prior to IgE-mediated activation. The effects on mast cell activation and underlying signaling events were assessed. Raw milk was furthermore fractionated based on molecular size and obtained fractions were tested for their capacity to reduce IgE-mediated mast cell activation. Coincubation of BMMC and PMC with raw milk prior to activation reduced β-hexosaminidase release and IL-6 and IL-13 production, while heated raw milk or shop milk had no effect. The reduced mast cell activation coincided with a reduced intracellular calcium influx. In addition, SYK and ERK phosphorylation levels, both downstream signaling events of the FcεRI, were lower in raw milk-treated BMMC compared to control BMMC, although differences did not reach full significance. Raw milk-treated BMMC furthermore retained membrane-bound IgE expression after allergen stimulation. Raw milk fractionation showed that the heat-sensitive raw milk components responsible for the reduced mast cell activation are likely to have a molecular weight of > 37 kDa. The present study demonstrates that raw cow’s milk can also directly affect mast cell activation. These results extend the current knowledge on mechanisms via which raw cow’s milk prevents allergic diseases, which is crucial for the development of new, microbiologically safe, nutritional strategies to reduce allergic diseases.

Antimicrobial-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli in Raw Cow's Milk

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALENA SKOČKOVÁ ◽  
KATEŘINA BOGDANOVIČOVÁ ◽  
IVANA KOLÁČKOVÁ ◽  
RENÁTA KARPÍŠKOVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

The occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is an important public health issue. The aim of this study was the monitoring of resistant Escherichia coli in raw cow's milk with a focus on the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing strains. In total, 263 samples of raw milk from 40 farms were collected and investigated in 2010 to 2013 in the Czech Republic. Detection of E. coli was performed and evaluated according to ISO 16649-2, and antibiotic resistance was screened by the disk diffusion method. The presence of E. coli was detected in 243 (92.4%) samples. In total, 270 isolates were obtained. Resistance to β-lactam (31.8%) and tetracycline (13.0%) antibiotics was detected most often and also multiresistant strains (5.5%) were observed. E. coli isolates found to be resistant to β-lactam, tetracycline, and quinolone antibiotics were assayed by PCR to detect selected genes encoding those resistance mechanisms. In isolates in which any bla genes were detected, a double-disk synergy test was performed. ESBL production was confirmed in 2 (0.7%) isolates. The genetic analysis identified the presence of the blaCTX-M gene and other resistance genes (tet(B) and qnrB). Both ESBL-positive isolates originated from the same farm and had an identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile. The findings of our study indicate that milk can be a reservoir of bacteria carrying resistance genes with a potential for spreading through the food chain.

scholarly journals Suppression of Food Allergic Symptoms by Raw Cow’s Milk in Mice is Retained after Skimming but Abolished after Heating the Milk—A Promising Contribution of Alkaline Phosphatase

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Abbring ◽  
Joseph Thomas Ryan ◽  
Mara A.P. Diks ◽  
Gert Hols ◽  
Johan Garssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Allergic Symptoms ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

Raw cow’s milk was previously shown to suppress allergic symptoms in a murine model for food allergy. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of fat content and heat-sensitive milk components to this allergy-protective effect. In addition, we determined the potency of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a heat-sensitive raw milk component, to affect the allergic response. C3H/HeOuJ mice were treated with raw milk, pasteurized milk, skimmed raw milk, pasteurized milk spiked with ALP, or phosphate-buffered saline for eight days prior to sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). Effects of these milk types on the allergic response were subsequently assessed. Similar to raw milk, skimmed raw milk suppressed food allergic symptoms, demonstrated by a reduced acute allergic skin response and low levels of OVA-specific IgE and Th2-related cytokines. This protective effect was accompanied by an induction of CD103+CD11b+ dendritic cells and TGF-β-producing regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Pasteurized milk was not protective but adding ALP restored the allergy-protective effect. Not the fat content, but the heat-sensitive components are responsible for the allergy-protective effects of raw cow’s milk. Adding ALP to heat-treated milk might be an interesting alternative to raw cow’s milk consumption, as spiking pasteurized milk with ALP restored the protective effects.

Longitudinal Analysis of the Microbiological Quality of Raw Cow's Milk Samples Collected from Three Small Family Dairy Farms in Mexico Over a 2-Year Period

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 2194-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANA RIOS-MUÑIZ ◽  
JORGE F. CERNA-CORTES ◽  
CATALINA LOPEZ-SAUCEDO ◽  
ERIKA ANGELES-MORALES ◽  
MIRIAM BOBADILLA-del VALLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

ABSTRACT In Mexico, the total milk production that family dairy farms (FDF) contribute is ca. 35%, but this milk is not evaluated for microbiological quality. Forty percent of the milk and dairy products consumed by Mexicans is unpasteurized. In total, 24 raw cow's milk samples from three FDF (one sample per each season from each FDF for two sequent years) were characterized for the presence of food quality indicator organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium spp., by standard procedures. Escherichia coli presence was also evaluated by a direct count method and diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) by molecular methods. On the basis of Mexican guidelines for raw milk entering production, 42% of samples exceeded the aerobic mesophilic bacteria limits. A total of 83% raw milk samples were positive for total coliforms, 54% for fecal coliforms, and 46% for E. coli. Forty-three E. coli isolates were selected and characterized for the presence of 11 DEC loci; of theses, 40 isolates were negative for all DEC loci, and 3 isolates, all collected from the same sample, were Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) positive and O157 antigen negative, and one stx2 isolate was resistant to 6 of the 16 antibiotics tested. None of the 24 raw milk samples were positive for Salmonella enterica, L. monocytogenes, or staphylococcal enterotoxin. S. aureus was isolated from nine samples, of which only three samples harbored resistant isolates. From three samples, four nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates were recovered (Mycobacteroides chelonae, Mycobacteroides porcinum, and two Mycobacteroides abscessus). All four isolates produced biofilm and had sliding motility, and three isolates (M. porcinum and two M. abscessus) were resistant to the two antibiotics tested (clarithromycin and linezolid). FDF provide raw milk to a large proportion of the Mexican population, but its consumption could be harmful to health, emphasizing the need to implement national microbiological quality guidelines for raw milk intended for direct human consumption. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Isolation and Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Providencia spp. from Raw Cow’s Milk in Baghdad, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Nagham Mohammed Ayyal Al‐Gburi
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Biolog Gn ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

A total of sixty raw milk samples were collected from (street vendors and shops) from Baghdad city, Iraq. The samples were inoculated into peptone water and, then, subcultured onto McConkey agar and Blood agar. Identification of isolates was confirmed by microscopic examination, cultural characteristic, biochemical tests, Vitek (VITEK®2 system), and Biolog GN substrate reactions followed by 16S rRNA and specific genes sequencing. Of 60 raw cow’s milk samples, Providencia spp. were identified only in 4 samples (6.67%) and P. rettgeri was the most common, 2/4 (50%), followed by P. stuartii and P. vermicola, 1/4 (25%) . Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted against ten antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. All Providencia isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR), and the absolute resistant was 100% to tetracycline, erythromycin, and doxycycline and 50% against ampicillin\sulbactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. They were highly susceptible (100%) to trimethoprim, imipenem, and chloramphenicol. These findings indicate that milk might be contaminated with Providencia spp. leading to transmission to humans causing poisoning, diarrhea, and other infections. This is the first study of isolated Providencia spp. from raw cow’s milk.

Vitamin Stability and Growth of Psychrotrophic Bacteria in Refrigerated Raw Milk Acidified with Carbon Dioxide

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 1305-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISABEL SIERRA ◽  
MARIN PRODANOV ◽  
MARTA CALVO ◽  
AGUSTIN OLANO ◽  
CONCEPCION VIDAL-VALVERDE
Keyword(s):  
Storage Period ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Psychrotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Spoilage Bacteria ◽  
Initial Content ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

The effect of the application of CO2 for extending the storage life of raw cow's milk on the retention of some vitamins—all-trans-retinol, 13-cis-retinol, β-carotene, α tocopherol, γ tocopherol, thiamin and riboflavin—and on the growth of psychrotrophic spoilage bacteria has been studied. Raw cow's milk samples were acidified by bubbling CO2 through them to pH 6.0 and 6.4. Two different controls were used: untreated milk (pH 6.83) and degasified milk (pH 6.85). The treated samples as well as the controls were stored at 7°C for 7 days and analyzed daily for the fat-soluble vitamins and growth of psychrotrophic bacteria. Thiamin and riboflavin were analyzed only at the beginning and the end of the period studied (days 0 and 7). No significant variations (P ≤ 0.05) of the content of all-trans-retinol, beta-carotene, α and γ tocopherol and riboflavin were observed in all samples studied. In contrast, during the first 4 days 13-cis-retinol doubled from the initial content. A slight decrease of thiamin was observed at the end of the storage period. These variations were observed in the treated samples as well as in the controls, so it can be assumed that the treatments studied for preservation of milk did not cause changes in vitamin retention during cold storage. Psychrotrophic counts were inhibited significantly (P ≤ 0.05) by the presence of CO2 after 2 to 3 days of storage, and no significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found between samples acidified to pH 6.0 and 6.4.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE MICROBIAL LOAD AND IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION OF RAW COW’S MILK IN JOANNA, BLACK BUSH POLDER, REGION 6, GUYANA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Roshnie Singh ◽  
Dharamdeo Singh ◽  
Phillip Da Silva ◽  
Gomathinayagam Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
High Water ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Contamination ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

Milk is one of the main sources of nutrients to animals, but due to its high water activity, it serves as an ideal medium for the growth of microorganisms. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the microbial load in raw cow’s milk and to identify the possible sources of raw milk contamination in Joanna. Fifteen (15) raw milk samples were collected randomly according to the simple random sampling method and farmers were interviewed. Raw milk samples were analysed for Escherichia coli and aerobic bacteria. From the 15 samples of raw milk, contamination with E. coli (93.33%) and aerobic bacteria (100%) was observed. Also, several factors, milk handling practices, unhygienic practices, extensive farming systems, and lack of general zoonoses exposure practices and awareness, predisposed raw milk to microbial contamination. This research concluded that the quality of milk was unsatisfactory since it was heavily contaminated with bacteria. It is recommended that there should be an increase in the agriculture extension education and awareness programme to help improve milk quality.

scholarly journals Validation and application of FTIR spectroscopy in raw milk analysis

2017 ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Kucevic ◽  
Dragan Glamocic ◽  
Snezana Trivunovic ◽  
Igor Jajic ◽  
Biljana Perisic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Analysis ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

The aim of this study was to investigate whether FTIR spectroscopy is an accurate and valid technique for the assessment of quality parameters in raw cow's milk: fat, protein, lactose, and total solids. The assessment was based on calibration series and comparison with reference material. Furthermore, it takes into account the results obtained in the inter-laboratory comparisons (proficiency testing). The calibration samples were purchased from the accredited regional reference laboratories. The validation parameters included linearity, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness. The linearity ratio was 0.95%. The biases calculated for the fat, protein, lactose and dry matter were -0.33, 0.31, -0.25, and 0.06 respectively. The F value from the F-test was used to determine the significant differences between two independent sets of the results. The obtained results were as follows: 1.469 for fat, 1.634 for protein, 1.192 for lactose, and 0.528 for dry matter. The intra-laboratory reproducibility calculated as the Horwitz Ratios for all parameters were within the criterion limits (0.5 to 0.8). The data obtained for carry-over were 0.27% for fat, 0.52% for protein, 0.47% for lactose, and 0.47% for dry matter. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the FTIR spectroscopy is a reliable instrumental technique for the determination of fat, protein, lactose and total solids in raw cow's milk.

scholarly journals A Lytic Bacteriophage for ControllingPseudomonas lactisin Raw Cow's Milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikage Tanaka ◽  
Kohsuke Yamada ◽  
Honami Takeuchi ◽  
Yoshio Inokuchi ◽  
Akiko Kashiwagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

ABSTRACTThe control of bacterial growth during milk processing is crucial for the quality maintenance of commercial milk and milk products. During a period of cold storage prior to heat treatments, some psychrotrophic bacteria grow and produce extracellular heat-resistant lipases and proteases that cause product defects. The use of lytic bacteriophages (phages) that infect and kill bacteria could be a useful tool for suppressing bacterial growth during this cold storage phase. In this study, we isolated aPseudomonas lactisstrain and a phage from raw cow's milk. Quantitative characterization of the phage was used to elucidate whether this phage was active under low temperatures and neutral pH and whether it was inactivated during pasteurization. Phage titer determination was possible under conditions ranging from pH 4 to 9 and from 3°C to 25°C; the phage was inactivated under pasteurization conditions at 63°C for 30 min. Furthermore, we showed that this phage reduced viable bacterial cell counts in both skim and whole milk. The results of this study represent the potential uses of phages for controlling psychrotrophic bacterial growth in raw cow's milk during cold storage.IMPORTANCESuppression of bacterial growth in raw milk under cold storage is crucial for the quality control of commercially supplied milk. The use of lytic phages as low-cost microbicides is an attractive prospect. Due to strict host specificities, phages must be isolated from the raw milk where the host bacteria are growing. We first isolated theP. lactisbacterial strain and then the phage infecting that strain. Partial phage genomic analysis showed that this is a newly isolated phage, different from any previously reported. This study reports a lytic phage forP. lactis, and we have presented evidence here that this phage reduced viable bacterial cell counts not only in rich medium but also in skim and whole milk. As a result, we have concluded that the phage reported in this study would be useful in milk processing.

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