Phenological and Geographical Effects on Phenolic and Triterpenoid Content in Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Leaves

Lingonberry leaves have been proposed as a potential raw material for nutraceutical products and functional food due to the richness of phenolic and triterpenic compounds. However, contents of these bioactive compounds tend to vary greatly with physiological, climatic, and edaphic conditions, resulting in lingonberry leaves’ nutritional-pharmaceutical quality changes. In this context, we examined the effects of seasonal and geographical factors on phenolic and triterpenoid contents in lingonberry leaves. Quantitative and qualitative differences between samples were determined using validated HPLC-PDA methods. A total of 43 bioactive compounds were found at a detectable level throughout the year in young and old lingonberry leaves, with the highest contents of most compounds observed in samples collected in autumn–first half of spring. This suggests the potential to exploit the continuous biosynthesis for a longer harvesting season. Considerable variations in phytochemical profiles of lingonberry leaves, obtained from 28 locations in Lithuania, were found. Correlation analyses revealed significant negative correlations between contents of particular constituents and sunshine duration, temperature, and precipitation, and positive correlation with air humidity, longitudes, and altitudes of collecting locations and macronutrients in soil. These results suggest that harsh weather is favorable for most identified compounds and it may be possible to achieve appropriate accumulation of secondary metabolites by adjusting edaphic conditions. Taken together, the accumulation of phenolics and triterpenoids in lingonberry leaves highly depends on phenological and geographical factors and the influence of both variables differ for the particular compounds due to different metabolic processes in response to stresses.

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The Influence of Temperature, Storage Conditions, pH, and Ionic Strength on the Antioxidant Activity and Color Parameters of Rowan Berry Extracts

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26133786 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (13) ◽

pp. 3786

Author(s):

Elena Cristea ◽

Aliona Ghendov-Mosanu ◽

Antoanela Patras ◽

Carmen Socaciu ◽

Adela Pintea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ionic Strength ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Raw Material ◽

Thermal Treatments ◽

Spectrophotometric Methods ◽

Berry Extracts

Recent trends in the food industry combined with novel methods in agriculture could transform rowan into a valuable raw material with potential technological applications. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate the content of bioactive compounds in its fruits and to assess the color and antioxidant stability of the extracts prepared from such fruits during various thermal treatments and at different pH and ionic strength values. Various spectrophotometric methods, HPLC, and capillary electrophoresis were used to quantify the concentrations of bioactive compounds—polyphenols, carotenoids, organic acids, and to assess antioxidant activity and color. The results show that rowan berries contain circa 1.34–1.47 g/100 g of polyphenols among which include catechin, epicatechin, ferulic acid methyl ester, procyanidin B1, etc.; ca 21.65 mg/100 g of carotenoids including zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, all-trans-β-carotene, and various organic acids such as malic, citric, and succinic, which result in a high antioxidant activity of 5.8 mmol TE/100 g. Results also showed that antioxidant activity exhibited high stability when the extract was subjected to various thermal treatments, pHs, and ionic strengths, while color was mainly impacted negatively when a temperature of 100 °C was employed. This data confirms the technological potential of this traditional, yet often overlooked species.

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Utilization of Cumbeba (Tacinga inamoena) Residue: Drying Kinetics and Effect of Process Conditions on Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

João Paulo de Lima Ferreira ◽

Alexandre José de Melo Queiroz ◽

Rossana Maria Feitosa de Figueirêdo ◽

Wilton Pereira da Silva ◽

Josivanda Palmeira Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Drying Kinetics ◽

Raw Material ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Water Diffusivity ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Effective Water

The residue generated from the processing of Tacinga inamoena (cumbeba) fruit pulp represents a large amount of material that is discarded without proper application. Despite that, it is a raw material that is source of ascorbic acid, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, which are valued in nutraceutical diets for allegedly combating free radicals generated in metabolism. This research paper presents a study focused on the mathematical modeling of drying kinetics and the effect of the process on the level of bioactive of cumbeba residue. The experiments of cumbeba residue drying (untreated or whole residue (WR), crushed residue (CR) and residue in the form of foam (FR)) were carried out in a fixed-bed dryer at four air temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80 °C). Effective water diffusivity (Deff) was determined by the inverse method and its dependence on temperature was described by an Arrhenius-type equation. It was observed that, regardless of the type of pretreatment, the increase in air temperature resulted in higher rate of water removal. The Midilli model showed better simulation of cumbeba residue drying kinetics than the other models tested within the experimental temperature range studied. Effective water diffusivity (Deff) ranged from 6.4890 to 11.1900 × 10−6 m2/s, 2.9285 to 12.754 × 10−9 m2/s and 1.5393 × 10−8 to 12.4270 × 10−6 m2/s with activation energy of 22.3078, 46.7115 and 58.0736 kJ/mol within the temperature range of 50–80 °C obtained for the whole cumbeba, crushed cumbeba and cumbeba residue in the form of foam, respectively. In relation to bioactive compounds, it was observed that for a fixed temperature the whole residue had higher retention of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic compounds, whereas the crushed residue and the residue in the form of foam had intermediate and lower levels, respectively. This study provides evidence that cumbeba residue in its whole form can be used for the recovery of natural antioxidant bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, with the possibility of application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Effect of Fertilisation on the Quality of Dried Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and Lovage (Levisticum officinale)

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11050386 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 386

Author(s):

Natalia Matłok ◽

Józef Gorzelany ◽

Adam Figiel ◽

Maciej Balawejder

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Crop Production ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Raw Material ◽

Vacuum Microwave ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Total Antioxidant Potential

The study presents the effects of fertilisation on selected quality parameters of the dried material obtained from plants of lovage and coriander. During the crop production process, the plants were treated with two fertilisers containing substances potentially acting as elicitors. The dried material was obtained in course of a drying process carried out in optimum conditions and based on the CD-VMFD method which combines convective pre-drying (CD) at a low temperature (40 °C) with vacuum-microwave finish drying with the use of 240 W microwaves (VMFD). The quality of the dried material was evaluated through measurement of the total contents of polyphenols, total antioxidant potential (ABTS and DPPH method), and the profile of volatile compounds (headspace-solid phase microextractio-HS-SPME) as well as assessment of the colour. It was found that by applying first fertilisation (with organic components) it is possible to significantly increase the contents of both bioactive compounds and volatile substances responsible for the aroma. It was determined that the higher content of bioactive compounds was related to the composition of the first fertiliser, presumably the extract from common nettle. The study showed that the application of the first fertiliser contributed to enhanced quality parameters of the raw material obtained.

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Obtaining Bioactive Compounds from the Coffee Husk (Coffea arabica L.) Using Different Extraction Methods

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26010046 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

Mariana de Oliveira Silva ◽

John Nonvignon Bossis Honfoga ◽

Lorena Lucena de Medeiros ◽

Marta Suely Madruga ◽

Taliana Kênia Alencar Bezerra

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Water Bath ◽

Raw Material ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenolic Compounds ◽

Ethanol Mixture ◽

Coffee Husk ◽

Coffea Arabica L

Coffee husks (Coffea arabica L.) are characterized by exhibiting secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, which can be used as raw material for obtaining bioactive compounds of interest in food. The objective of this study is to evaluate different methods for obtaining the raw material and extracting solutions of bioactive compounds from coffee husks. Water bath and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods were used, using water (100%) or ethanol (100%) or a mixture of both (1:1) as extracting solutions and the form of the raw material was in natura and dehydrated. The extracts were evaluated by their antioxidant potential using DPPH radicals, ABTS, and iron reduction (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)), and later total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified the phenolic majority compounds were identified. It was verified that the mixture of water and ethanol (1:1) showed better extraction capacity of the compounds with antioxidant activity and that both conventional (water bath) or unconventional (ultrasound) methods showed satisfactory results. Finally, a satisfactory amount of bioactive compounds was observed in evaluating the chemical composition (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, condensed tannins, as well as the analysis of the phenolic profile) of these extracts. Corroborating with the results of the antioxidant activities, the best extracting solution was generally the water and ethanol mixture (1:1) using a dehydrated husk and water bath as the best method, presenting higher levels of the bioactive compounds in question, with an emphasis on chlorogenic acid. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of coffee husk as raw material to obtain extracts of bioactive compounds is promising. Last, the conventional method (water bath) and the water and ethanol mixture (1:1) stood out among the methods and extracting solutions used for the dehydrated coffee husk.

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Effects of malting conditions on enzyme activities, chemical, and bioactive compounds of sorghum starchy products as raw material for brewery

Starch - Stärke ◽

10.1002/star.201600080 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 68 (11-12) ◽

pp. 1048-1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Antonela Guadalupe Garzón ◽

Roberto Luis Torres ◽

Silvina Rosa Drago

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Raw Material

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Nanocrystals as Tool to Enhance Stigmasterol Oral Bioavailability

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ◽

10.1166/jnn.2021.19046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 2946-2948

Author(s):

Rosa Pireddu ◽

Chiara Sinico ◽

Guido Ennas ◽

Donatella Valenti ◽

Francesca Marongiu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Solubility ◽

Biological Fluids ◽

Raw Material ◽

Spectroscopic Techniques ◽

Particle Size Reduction ◽

Promising Candidate ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Intestinal Fluids ◽

Effect Of Particle Size ◽

Nutraceutical Products

Phytosterols are sterols naturally occurring in plant cells and well known for their cholesterollowering activity, as witnessed by the large number of food supplements based on these functional ingredients available on the market. However, the marked hydrophobic character of phytosterols makes their solubility in biological fluids extremely low, with disadvantageous consequences on the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. In this work, we explore the effect of particle size reduction on the water solubility of stigmasterol, one of the most abundant phytosterols, through the formulation of nanocystals. A robust, top-down production process was employed to prepare stigmasterol nanocrystals, subsequently characterized by thermal and spectroscopic techniques. When formulated as nanocrystals, the solubility of stigmasterol in water and in simulated gastro-intestinal fluids was boosted compared to the raw material. The increased solubility of stigmasterol nanocrystals makes such formulation a promising candidate for the development of medicinal/nutraceutical products with enhanced bioavailability.

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Identifying bioactive phytochemicals in spent coffee grounds for cosmetic application through global metabolite analysis

10.32469/10355/63549 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Jihyun Park

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Costa Rican ◽

Raw Material ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Metabolite Analysis ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

Chemical Profiles ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Annually, more than 6 million tons of spent coffee grounds (SCG) are generated worldwide. The present study explores the possible use of spent coffee grounds as the raw materials for cosmetics industry. The main objective of this project are to investigate the chemical profiles and identify the bioactive compounds for cosmetics application through global metabolite analysis. The compounds extracted from SCG of Ethiopia coffee (Yirgacheffe), Costa Rican coffee (Tarrazu) and Hawaiian coffee (Kona) were analyzed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The ion chromatograms were submitted to XCMS platform operated by Center for Metabolomics at the Scripps Research Institute. The peak detection, peak grouping, spectra extraction, and retention alignment were processed by XCMS. The spectra were annotated and the compounds were identified and categorized by integration with METLIN, the world's largest metabolite database. Multivariate and univariate statistical analysis including PCA and cloud-plot were performed by XCMS to compare the chemical profiles between the three coffee cultivars. These analyses indicated that each cultivar showed a specific cluster. Over 200 compounds related to anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase and anti-tumor for skin care application were identified by XCMS. Therefore, the presence of bioactive compounds in SCG makes it a potential source of raw material for cosmetic application (e.g., anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin-whiting, and anti-aging).

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Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Essential Oils Extracted from Pineapple Waste

Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry ◽

10.33263/briac125.68336844 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 6833-6844

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ananas Comosus ◽

Pineapple Waste ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Aldehydes And Ketones ◽

United Nations Food

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril), one of the major fruit crops, is mainly used for raw consumption and for industrial juice production, which creates large amounts of residues. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that pineapple waste accounts for between 50 to 65 % of the total weight of the fruit. Industrial pineapple waste is a major source of pollution as important quantities of primary residues are not further processed. Pineapple waste contains bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols, fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and essential oils. These phytochemicals can be used in the food industry, medicine and pharmacy, textile, and others. This review highlights essential oil and other bioactive compounds extracted from pineapple waste and the composition of pineapple essential oil. Pineapple peels are the potential raw material for essential oil extraction through various methods. Modern spectrometric methods have shown that essential oil extracted from pineapple waste comprises esters, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. From this overview, it can be concluded that there is an important need for further research into pineapple waste as a potential source of valuable byproducts, as well as new techniques to studying industrial organic residuals to achieve higher recovery rates of valuable bioactive compounds used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetic and chemical industries as well as for developing new functional foods.

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Bioactive Compounds and Stability of a Typical Italian Bakery Products “Taralli” Enriched with Fermented Olive Paste

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24183258 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (18) ◽

pp. 3258 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Durante ◽

Bleve ◽

Selvaggini ◽

Veneziani ◽

Servili ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Human Consumption ◽

High Concentration ◽

Initial Value ◽

Triterpenic Acids ◽

Olive Pulp ◽

Olive Mill ◽

Nutraceutical Products

Olive paste (OP) is a novel by-product of olive mill industry composed of water, olive pulp, and skin. Due to its richness in bioactive compounds, OP exploitation for human consumption has recently been proposed. Starter driven fermented OP is characterized by a well-balanced lipid profile, rich in mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a very good oxidative stability due to the high concentration of fat-soluble antioxidants. These characteristics make OP particularly suitable as a functional ingredient for food/feed industry, as well as for the formulation of nutraceutical products. New types of taralli were produced by adding 20% of fermented OP from black olives (cv Cellina di Nardò and Leccino) to the dough. The levels of bioactive compounds (polyphenols, triterpenic acids, tocochromanols, and carotenoids), as well as the fatty acid profile, were monitored during 180 days of storage and compared with control taralli produced with the same flour without OP supplementation. Taralli enriched with fermented OP showed significantly higher levels of bioactive compounds than conventional ones. Furthermore, enriched taralli maintained a low amount of saturated fatty acids and high levels of polyphenols, triterpenic acids, tocochromanols, and carotenoids, compared to the initial value, up to about 90 days in the usual conditions of retailer shelves.

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Scientistsʼ Warning on Climate Change and Medicinal Plants

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/a-1041-3406 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 86 (01) ◽

pp. 10-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wendy L. Applequist ◽

Josef A. Brinckmann ◽

Anthony B. Cunningham ◽

Robbie E. Hart ◽

Michael Heinrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Raw Material ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Medicinal Species ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Anthropogenic Habitat ◽

Precipitation Regimes ◽

Chemical Content ◽

Mitigate Climate Change

AbstractThe recent publication of a World Scientistsʼ Warning to Humanity highlighted the fact that climate change, absent strenuous mitigation or adaptation efforts, will have profound negative effects for humanity and other species, affecting numerous aspects of life. In this paper, we call attention to one of these aspects, the effects of climate change on medicinal plants. These plants provide many benefits for human health, particularly in communities where Western medicine is unavailable. As for other species, their populations may be threatened by changing temperature and precipitation regimes, disruption of commensal relationships, and increases in pests and pathogens, combined with anthropogenic habitat fragmentation that impedes migration. Additionally, medicinal species are often harvested unsustainably, and this combination of pressures may push many populations to extinction. A second issue is that some species may respond to increased environmental stresses not only with declines in biomass production but with changes in chemical content, potentially affecting quality or even safety of medicinal products. We therefore recommend actions including conservation and local cultivation of valued plants, sustainability training for harvesters and certification of commercial material, preservation of traditional knowledge, and programs to monitor raw material quality in addition to, of course, efforts to mitigate climate change.

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