scholarly journals General Limitations to Endophytic Entomopathogenic Fungi Use as Plant Growth Promoters, Pests and Pathogens Biocontrol Agents

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2119
Author(s):  
Bamisope Steve Bamisile ◽  
Junaid Ali Siddiqui ◽  
Komivi Senyo Akutse ◽  
Luis Carlos Ramos Aguila ◽  
Yijuan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Fungal Entomopathogens

The multiple roles of fungal entomopathogens in host plants’ growth promotion, pest and pathogen management have drawn huge attention for investigation. Endophytic species are known to influence various activities of their associated host plants, and the endophyte-colonized plants have been demonstrated to gain huge benefits from these symbiotic associations. The potential application of fungal endophytes as alternative to inorganic fertilizers for crop improvement has often been proposed. Similarly, various strains of insect pathogenic fungi have been formulated for use as mycopesticides and have been suggested as long-term replacement for the synthetic pesticides that are commonly in use. The numerous concerns about the negative effects of synthetic chemical pesticides have also driven attention towards developing eco-friendly pest management techniques. However, several factors have been underlined to be militating the successful adoption of entomopathogenic fungi and fungal endophytes as plant promoting, pests and diseases control bio-agents. The difficulties in isolation and characterization of novel strains, negative effects of geographical location, vegetation type and human disturbance on fungal entomopathogens, are among the numerous setbacks that have been documented. Although, the latest advances in biotechnology and microbial studies have provided means of overcoming many of these problems. For instance, studies have suggested measures for mitigating the negative effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on entomopathogenic fungi in inundative application on the field, or when applied in the form of fungal endophytes. In spite of these efforts, more studies are needed to be done to achieve the goal of improving the overall effectiveness and increase in the level of acceptance of entomopathogenic fungi and their products as an integral part of the integrated pest management programs, as well as potential adoption as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers and pesticides.

scholarly journals Endophytic Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Valuable Biological Control Tool against Plant Pests

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spiridon Mantzoukas ◽  
Panagiotis A. Eliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Growth Promoters

Among the non-chemical insect control methods, biological control is one of the most effective human and environmentally friendly alternatives. One of the main biological control methods is the application of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). Today, biological crop protection with EPF plays a key role in projects for the sustainable management of insect pests. EPF have several advantages over conventional insecticides, including cost-effectiveness, high yield, absence of harmful side-effects for beneficial organisms, fewer chemical residues in the environment and increased biodiversity in ecosystems. Apart from direct application as contact bioinsecticides, EPF are able to colonize plants as endophytes acting not only as pest and disease control agents but also as plant growth promoters. The present paper presents an outline of the biocontrol potential of several EPF, which could be harnessed for the development of new integrated pest Management (IPM) strategies. Emphasis is given on benefits of endophytic EPF, on issues for practical application and in fields in need of further research. Our findings are discussed in the context of highlighting the value of entomopathogenic fungal endophytes as an integral part of pest management programs for the optimization of crop production.

scholarly journals Model Application of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides: Prospects, Challenges, and Insights for Next-Generation Sustainable Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bamisope Steve Bamisile ◽  
Komivi Senyo Akutse ◽  
Junaid Ali Siddiqui ◽  
Yijuan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

In the past few decades, the control of pests and diseases of cultivated plants using natural and biological measures has drawn increasing attention in the quest to reduce the level of dependence on chemical products for agricultural production. The use of living organisms, predators, parasitoids, and microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, has proven to be a viable and sustainable pest management technique. Among the aforementioned, fungi, most importantly the insect-pathogenic species, have been in use for more than 150years. These include the most popular strains belonging to the genera Beauveria, Metarhizium, Isaria, Hirsutella, and Lecanicillium. Their application is usually through an inundative approach, which inherently involves exposure of the fungal spores to unfavorable humidity, temperature, and solar radiation conditions. These abiotic factors reduce the persistence and efficacy of these insect-pathogenic fungi. Despite these limitations, over 170 strains have been formulated as mycopesticides and are available for commercial use. In the last few decades, numerous studies have suggested that these species of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) offer far more benefits and have broader ecological functions than hitherto presumed. For instance, aside from their roles as insect killers, it has been well established that they also colonize various host plants and, hence, provide other benefits including plant pathogen antagonism and plant growth promotion and serve as sources of novel bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites, etc. In this light, the potential of EPF as alternatives or perhaps as supplements to chemical pesticides in plant protection is discussed in this review. The paper highlights the numerous benefits associated with endophytic fungal entomopathogen and host plant associations, the mechanisms involved in mediating plant defense against pests and pathogens, and the general limitations to the use of EPF in plant protection. A deeper understanding of these plant host-fungus-insect relationships could help unveil the hidden potentials of fungal endophytes, which would consequently increase the level of acceptance and adoption by users as an integral part of pest management programs and as a suitable alternative to chemical inputs toward sustainable crop production.

scholarly journals Root-associated entomopathogenic fungi manipulate host plants to attract herbivorous insects

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Cotes ◽  
Gunda Thöming ◽  
Carol V. Amaya-Gómez ◽  
Ondřej Novák ◽  
Christian Nansen
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Host Plant Selection ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Herbivorous Insect ◽  
Insect Performance ◽  
Leaf Reflectance

AbstractRoot-associated entomopathogenic fungi (R-AEF) indirectly influence herbivorous insect performance. However, host plant-R-AEF interactions and R-AEF as biological control agents have been studied independently and without much attention to the potential synergy between these functional traits. In this study, we evaluated behavioral responses of cabbage root flies [Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)] to a host plant (white cabbage cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba cv. Castello L.) with and without the R-AEF Metarhizium brunneum (Petch). We performed experiments on leaf reflectance, phytohormonal composition and host plant location behavior (behavioral processes that contribute to locating and selecting an adequate host plant in the environment). Compared to control host plants, R-AEF inoculation caused, on one hand, a decrease in reflectance of host plant leaves in the near-infrared portion of the radiometric spectrum and, on the other, an increase in the production of jasmonic, (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine and salicylic acid in certain parts of the host plant. Under both greenhouse and field settings, landing and oviposition by cabbage root fly females were positively affected by R-AEF inoculation of host plants. The fungal-induced change in leaf reflectance may have altered visual cues used by the cabbage root flies in their host plant selection. This is the first study providing evidence for the hypothesis that R-AEF manipulate the suitability of their host plant to attract herbivorous insects.

Isolation and characterization of entomopathogenic fungi from hazelnut-growing region of Turkey

BioControl ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Sevim ◽  
Ismail Demir ◽  
Monica Höfte ◽  
Richard A. Humber ◽  
Zihni Demirbag
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Growing Region

scholarly journals Environmental Tolerance of Entomopathogenic Fungi: A New Strain of Cordyceps javanica Isolated from a Whitefly Epizootic Versus Commercial Fungal Strains

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Shaohui Wu ◽  
Michael D. Toews ◽  
Camila Oliveira-Hofman ◽  
Robert W. Behle ◽  
Alvin M. Simmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Environmental Tolerance ◽  
Southern Georgia ◽  
Lower Tolerance

A new strain of Cordyceps javanica (wf GA17) was observed causing widespread epizootics among whiteflies in Southern Georgia in 2017. The tolerance of conidia to environmental factors including variable temperature and ultraviolet (UV) light was compared between this strain and three commercial strains of entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium brunneum F52, Cordyceps fumosorosea Apopka97, and Beauveria bassiana GHA). Under 10–30 °C, C. javanica wf GA17 responded similarly to other fungi, with the highest virulence against Galleria mellonella at 25 °C, followed by 20, 30, and 15 °C; lowest virulence was observed at 10 °C. At 35 °C and 40 °C, C. javanica wf GA17 had lower tolerance than M. brunneum F52 and B. bassiana GHA, but was superior to C. fumosorosea Apopka97 in conidia viability and post-treatment virulence. After exposure to −20 °C for 56 d, C. javanica wf GA17 exhibited lower germination than M. brunneum F52 and lower virulence than M. brunneum F52 and B. bassiana GHA, but higher germination and virulence than C. fumosorosea Apopka97. Following exposure to strong UV light, viability and virulence of all fungi were reduced with increasing exposure periods. Increased environmental tolerance of C. javanica wf GA17 over C. fumosorosea Apopka97 suggests that the new strain could have applicability for commercial pest management.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Therapy: Impact of Host Immune Response

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie E. Gilligan ◽  
Róisín M. Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Cancer Setting ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

In recent times, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have come under the spotlight as potential therapeutics for cancer, due to the relative ease of manipulation of contents and potential for tumor targeting. The use of EVs as delivery vehicles may bypass some of the negative effects associated with cell-based carriers, and there has been a major focus on defining EV subtypes, establishing transparent nomenclature, and isolation and characterization techniques. EVs are believed to be a fingerprint of the secreting cell and so researchers harness the positive aspects of a particular cell of origin, and can then further modify EV contents to improve therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we highlight studies employing EVs as cancer therapeutics that have reported on immune response. As we rapidly advance towards potential application in the clinical setting, the question of immune response to EV administration in the cancer setting has become critically important.

Chemical and Functional Diversity of Natural Products from Plant Associated Endophytic Fungi

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0900401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay C. Verma ◽  
Ravindra N. Kharwar ◽  
Gary A. Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Sources Identification ◽  
Naturally Occurring

This review describes examples of naturally occurring bioactive compounds obtained from fungal endophytes from various host plants. The main topics addressed are sources, identification, biological activity, biosynthesis, and ecological and chemosystematic significance of those bioactive compounds whose sources were well defined.

scholarly journals Key scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of high economic importance in a Mediterranean area: host plants, bio-ecological characteristics, natural enemies and pest management strategies – a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansour Ramzi ◽  
Grissa-Lebdi Kaouthar ◽  
Suma Pompeo ◽  
Mazzeo Gaetana ◽  
Russo Agatino
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Saissetia Oleae

Key scale insects that have long been considered as having high economic importance in Tunisia and for which several research studies and pest management programs have been undertaken include the mealybug species Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Planococcus citri Risso, the soft scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) and the armoured scale Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas). The host plants, bio-ecological aspects, auxiliary fauna of each of the aforementioned species as well as the related economic losses and pest management strategies adopted are explored and discussed. Among these species, P. ficus is considered herein as the most economically important in Tunisia. Still, the present contribution constitutes the first review article on key scale insects infesting plants in the South Mediterranean Maghreb area.

Mass multiplication of Metarhizium anisopliae on different media

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Ankush Taliyan ◽  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Rajendra Singh ◽  
Rohit Rana ◽  
Shekhar Rana
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mass Multiplication

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae are fungal species that is the frequently occurring and destructive pest management to the pathogenic soil and insects. The effect of different substrates for the mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae spore/ml was significantly higher recorded The results revealed that all the treatments were significantly producing spore per ml and thus increasing the yield significantly as compared to other substrates. The results revealed that all the treatments were significantly higher effective in producing spore/ml as compared to other substrates overall finding showed that substrate tested, for Metarhizium anisopliae spore/ml production was significantly higher recorded 240.53 and 195.26 spore/ml were recorded on substrate irrespective of the temperature.

Isolation and bioassay screening of medicinal plant endophytes from eastern Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 761-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katelyn T. Ellsworth ◽  
Trevor N. Clark ◽  
Christopher A. Gray ◽  
John A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activity ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Liquid Cultures ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽  
Fermentation Broths

Eighty-one distinct fungal endophytes were isolated from 12 traditionally used medicinal plants from New Brunswick, Canada. This is the first report of endophytes from 8 of the 12 host plants. One hundred and sixty-two crude extracts derived from the mycelia and spent fermentation broths of liquid cultures of each endophyte were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Twenty-two extracts were active against Staphylococcus aureus while 30 were active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Twelve crude extracts were found to be active against Candida albicans.

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