scholarly journals Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Fat and Caffeine with Theobromine Retention in the Cocoa Shell

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Adabel González-Alejo ◽  
Juan Barajas-Fernández ◽  
María de los Ángeles Olán-Acosta ◽  
Laura Mercedes Lagunes-Gálvez ◽  
Pedro García-Alamilla
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Added Value ◽  
23 Factorial Design ◽  
Extraction Behavior ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dynamic Extraction ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Cocoa Shell ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Solubility

The cocoa shell is a residue of low commercial value, which represents an alternative for obtaining substances of added value for the food and pharmaceutical industry. Substances of interest in the shell include fat and methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine). In order to obtain the extraction behavior with supercritical CO2, a 23 factorial design was proposed with six central points, taking dynamic extraction into consideration. The following factors were involved: pressure (2,000–6,000 psi), temperature (313–333 K), and time (30–90 min). The obtained yield was between 3.66% and 15.30%. Fat was the substance that was extracted most effectively (94.73%). Caffeine demonstrated variability in the residue, with at least six treatments that exceeded a removal rate of more than 90%, while it was practically impossible to extract theobromine. The difference with regard to the extraction of theobromine may be attributed to its low solubility. Characterization using FT–IR showed the modifications before and after the process, providing clear evidence of the changes corresponding to the fat at 2,924, 2,854 and 1,745 cm−1. The results presented establish the basis for the extraction of substances such as fats and methylxanthines from a cocoa shell with the use of CO2.

Corporate Actions and Company’s Value Evidence from Indonesia Stock Exchange for Ten Years

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Hasanah Uswati Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Financial Factors ◽  
Company Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Corporate Actions

The purpose of managing a company is to prosper the owners, in which the higher the company’s value, the higher the owners’ welfare. In this case, the company’s value can be reflected in financial performance and company size as seen in the total assets, sales, and market capitalization. In addition, agency theory that leads to the opportunistic nature of management will result in poor quality of earnings and corporate value. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there are differences of the effect of the financial factors on the company’s value before and after doing a merger and acquisition. Since this effort is to provide company’s added value, it is expected to create more long-term added value than just temporary one. Therefore, the effect of the announcement of the merger can’t be seen after the merger or acquisition takes place, but its changes need monitoring afterwards that is in periods. It took several years before and after mergers and acquisitions. The sample consists of companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange for ten years. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was employed in this study. The result shows that there is the difference of effect of financial factors on the company’s value before and after mergers and acquisitions. Keywords - corporate actions, merger, acquisition, company value

scholarly journals The study on adsorption behavior of 2,4-DCP in solution by biomass carbon modified with CTAB-KOH

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1535-1546
Author(s):  
Dajun Ren ◽  
Hongyan Yu ◽  
Jian Wu ◽  
Zhaobo Wang ◽  
Shuqin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Surface Group ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Ft Ir

Abstract In this study, rice straw was used to prepare biomass carbon, which was modified with KOH and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to obtain modified biomass carbon (MBC). The biomass carbon (BC) before and after modification was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the surface morphology, crystal structure and surface group characteristic BC were explored. The specific surface area and micropores of the modified biomass carbon increased significantly, the crystallinity was higher, and the pore structure was more clearly found. The adsorption performance of MBC for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was investigated. The results showed that under the best adsorption conditions ((2,4-DCP concentration (200 mg/L), MBC dosage (50 mg), pH (5.5), and loading time (60 min), temperature (room temperature)), the removal rate of 2,4-DCP was up to 42.5%, and adsorption capacity was 85.13 mg/g. The adsorption of 2,4-DCP on MBC materials was better explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. It was believed that the adsorption of 2,4-DCP by MBC was the monolayer adsorption process on the uniform surface of MBC at high concentration, and there was no interaction between the 2,4-DCP and MBC adsorbate during this process.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties and Bioactive Potential of a New Epoxy Resin-based Root Canal Sealer

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Tanomaru-Filho ◽  
Maiby Cristine Prado ◽  
Fernanda Ferrari Esteves Torres ◽  
Raqueli Viapiana ◽  
Mariana Mena Barreto Pivoto-João ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Volumetric Change ◽  
Time Flow ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ah Plus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bioactive Potential ◽  
Low Solubility

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate physicochemical properties and bioactive potential of Sealer Plus, in comparison with MTA Fillapex, Sealapex and AH Plus. Setting time, flow, and radiopacity were evaluated based on ISO 6876 Standard. Flow was also assessed in area (mm²). The solubility and volumetric change of the sealers were evaluated after 7 and 30 days of immersion in distilled water. Solubility was evaluated by the difference in mass of materials before and after immersion. Volumetric change was evaluated by using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). The bioactive potential was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) after immersion in PBS. Data were compared using ANOVA and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Sealer Plus presented the shortest setting time (196 min.) and Sealapex the longest (912 min.) (p<0.05). AH Plus showed the highest radiopacity (9.5 mm Al) and MTA Fillapex the lowest (2.7 mm Al) (p<0.05). All the sealers presented flow in accordance with ISO 6876/2012 (>17 mm). Sealer Plus showed low solubility and volumetric change (<1%), and MTA Fillapex showed the highest solubility (>25%), and volumetric change (>4%) after all time intervals (p<0.05). MTA Fillapex was the only sealer that showed bioactive potential. In conclusion, Sealer Plus presented proper physicochemical properties. However, this sealer did not present a bioactive potential.

scholarly journals Virtual Reality Relaxation for Reducing Perceived Stress of Intensive Care Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. H. Mathijs Nijland ◽  
Wim Veling ◽  
Bart P. Lestestuiver ◽  
Catheleine M. G. Van Driel
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Workload ◽  
The Difference

During the COVID-19 pandemic ICU nurses endure high levels of stress. VR relaxation (VRelax, containing 360° immersive environments) provides an easy-to-use and effective means to induce positive affect and reduce perceived stress. We investigated feasibility and immediate effect on perceived stress of VRelax use by ICU nurses during work shifts. ICU nurses working with COVID-19 patients in an academic hospital could use VRelax as a 10-min break during their shift. Primary outcome was the difference between perceived stress immediately before and after VRelax use measured by a single-question VAS-stress scale. Statistically significant difference of the mean VAS-stress before and after use was determined using the paired t student test. A socio-demographic questionnaire, a questionnaire on perceived stress and stress resilience and VRelax user experiences were sent by email. Eighty-six (26%) nurses used VRelax at least once; 77% (N=66) of these filled out the VAS-stress scale before and after use of VRelax. Mean perceived stress lowered with 39.9% after use of VRelax (mean difference=14.0, SD=13.3, p&lt;0.005). Mean score on the perceived stress scale-10 was 11.4 (SD=6.50), mean score on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 was 29.0 (SD=5.51). Sixty-two percentage of the ICU nurses thought VRelax was helpful to reduce stress. Main barrier for use was a high workload. It is feasible for nurses to use VRelax in an ICU context. VRelax is an effective intervention to reduce immediate perceived stress and is of added value in stressful situations as during the COVID-19 pandemic, inducing a positive affective state and lowering perceived stress.

scholarly journals The Study of Zinc Ions Binding to αS1-, β- and κ-Casein

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8096
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rodzik ◽  
Paweł Pomastowski ◽  
Viorica Railean-Plugaru ◽  
Myroslav Sprynskyy ◽  
Bogusław Buszewski
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Zinc Ions ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Zero Order Kinetics ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Molecular Masses ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Spectrometry Technique ◽  
The Difference

The presented studies focused on the specificity binding of particular casein fractions: αS1-, β- and κ-casein (αS1CN, βCN, κCN), with zinc ions. The binding mechanism was determined by kinetic modeling using results of batch sorption. For this goal, models of zero-order kinetics, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Weber–Morris intraparticle diffusion were used. The formation of Zn-αS1CN, Zn-βCN and Zn-κCN complexes was additionally monitored using spectroscopic methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy, characterizing active functional groups involved in the binding process. Additionally, a mass spectrometry technique—matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)—was used to characterize respective protein fractions and obtained complexes. Spectroscopic and spectrometric studies were carried out both before and after binding the protein with zinc ions. The obtained results showed the difference in Zn-αS1CN, Zn-βCN and Zn-κCN complexes created at separate kinetic stages. On the basis of instrumental studies, a significant influence of acidic (glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp)) and aromatic (tryptophan (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr)) amino acids on the formation of metal complexes was proven. In turn, spectrometric studies allowed determining the molecular masses of casein isoforms before and after binding to zinc ions.

FT-IR Study of Water Desorption from Collagen Films

1997 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoko Shibata ◽  
Kenji Tonan ◽  
Toshio Yasuda ◽  
Shun-Ichi Ikawa
Keyword(s):  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Water Desorption ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Collagen Film ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ir Study

FT-IR spectra of collagen films set in a vacuum chamber have been measured as a function of time for evacuation at 35 and 75 °C. From the difference in the spectra before and after evacuation, three distinct peaks were found at 3080, 3240, and 3480 cm−1. The latter two peaks have been assigned to two types of water molecules bound in the collagen films from comparison with frequencies of solid and liquid water. The intensity change of these peaks with the evacuation time, therefore, indicates progress of the desorption of water from the collagen film. The first peak, its frequency being too low to be assigned to water, may be assigned to some functional groups of collagen which bind tightly to the water molecules. This suggestion is supported by the fact that the rate of intensity change during evacuation is approximately the same for the 3080- and 3240-cm−1 peaks. On the other hand, the intensity of the 3480-cm−1 peak changes faster, which means that the water molecules assigned to this peak are more loosely bound in the collagen film than are those assigned to the 3240-cm−1 peak. It has been found that the rate coefficients of water desorption decrease with the evacuation time. This result is probably due to the effect of the diffusion of water through the collagen film.

Tem analysis of multiple-energy arsenic implanted and Rta'd silicon

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 246-247
Author(s):  
R.A. Herring
Keyword(s):  
Device Fabrication ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Defect Clusters ◽  
High Fluences ◽  
Small Defect ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Factor Type

Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of ion-implanted Si is important for device fabrication. The defect structures of 2.5, 4.0, and 6.0 MeV As-implanted silicon irradiated to fluences of 2E14, 4E14, and 6E14, respectively, have been analyzed by electron diffraction both before and after RTA at 1100°C for 10 seconds. At such high fluences and energies the implanted As ions change the Si from crystalline to amorphous. Three distinct amorphous regions emerge due to the three implantation energies used (Fig. 1). The amorphous regions are separated from each other by crystalline Si (marked L1, L2, and L3 in Fig. 1) which contains a high concentration of small defect clusters. The small defect clusters were similar to what had been determined earlier as being amorphous zones since their contrast was principally of the structure-factor type that arises due to the difference in extinction distance between the matrix and damage regions.

Changes in Platelet Aggregability after Ovariectomy

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 1332-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Takeshi Motomiya ◽  
Minoru Sonoda ◽  
Noboru Miyagawa
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Platelet Aggregability ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Observation Period

SummaryChanges in platelets in 48 patients with uterine myoma before and after hysterectomy with and without ovariectomy were examined. Bilateral ovariectomy in 25 cases (ovariec-tomized group) and unilateral or non-ovariectomy in 23 cases (control group) were performed at the hysterectomy. Platelet count and an appearance rate of secondary aggregation decreased at one day after and increased at one week after the operation, similarly in both the ovariectomized and the control group. The appearance rate of secondary aggregation was reflected in an intensity of aggregation at 5 min after the addition of reagent to PRP. At one month after the operation, the appearance rate of secondary aggregation induced by 3 μM ADP showed a statistically significant decrease in comparison with the preoperation value (P <0.05) and the enhancement of 5-min aggregation was still observed in the control group, while ceased in the ovariectomized group. The difference between the two groups was significant (P < 0.05). There was almost no change in the speed and intensity of primary and secondary aggregation during the observation period. No significant differences in collagen-induced aggregation were noted between the two groups. The results suggest that ovarian hormones, mainly estrogen, facilitate platelet activation which is mediated by the so-called secondary aggregation.

PENGARUH TERAPI TERTAWA TERHADAP PENURUNAN TEKANAN DARAH LANSIA DI UPT PANTI WREDHA BUDHI DHARMA YOGYAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niken Setyaningrum ◽  
Andri Setyorini ◽  
Fachruddin Tri Fitrianta
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Comparison ◽  
Control Blood Pressure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTBackground: Hypertension is one of the most common diseases, because this disease is suffered byboth men and women, as well as adults and young people. Treatment of hypertension does not onlyrely on medications from the doctor or regulate diet alone, but it is also important to make our bodyalways relaxed. Laughter can help to control blood pressure by reducing endocrine stress andcreating a relaxed condition to deal with relaxation.Objective: The general objective of the study was to determine the effect of laughter therapy ondecreasing elderly blood pressure in UPT Panti Wredha Budhi Dharma Yogyakarta.Methods: The design used in this study is a pre-experimental design study with one group pre-posttestresearch design where there is no control group (comparison). The population in this study wereelderly aged over> 60 years at 55 UPT Panti Wredha Budhi Dharma Yogyakarta. The method oftaking in this study uses total sampling. The sample in this study were 55 elderly. Data analysis wasused to determine the difference in blood pressure before and after laughing therapy with a ratio datascale that was using Pairs T-TestResult: There is an effect of laughing therapy on blood pressure in the elderly at UPT Panti WredhaBudhi Dharma Yogyakarta marked with a significant value of 0.000 (P <0.05)

Klein with Lacan: A Study on the Reception of Lacanian Ideas in Uruguay and Its Effects on Clinical Practices (1955–82)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-361
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Grau-Pérez ◽  
J. Guillermo Milán
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Material ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Discursive Approach ◽  
The Way ◽  
Clinical Cases

In Uruguay, Lacanian ideas arrived in the 1960s, into a context of Kleinian hegemony. Adopting a discursive approach, this study researched the initial reception of these ideas and its effects on clinical practices. We gathered a corpus of discursive data from clinical cases and theoretical-doctrinal articles (from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s). In order to examine the effects of Lacanian ideas, we analysed the difference in the way of interpreting the clinical material before and after Lacan's reception. The results of this research illuminate some epistemological problems of psychoanalysis, especially the relationship between theory and clinical practice.

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