scholarly journals A New Planar Microwave Sensor for Building Materials Complex Permittivity Characterization

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6328
Author(s):  
João G. D. Oliveira ◽  
José G. Duarte Junior ◽  
Erica N. M. G. Pinto ◽  
Valdemir P. Silva Neto ◽  
Adaildo G. D’Assunção
Keyword(s):  
Relative Permittivity ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Scattering Parameters ◽  
Microwave Sensor ◽  
Sensor Structure ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
The Difference

A new microwave sensor is proposed to characterize the complex relative permittivity of building non-magnetic materials and used in the characterization of three concrete samples. The proposed sensor structure consists of a log-periodic planar antenna with microstrip elements tilted forward by an angle β and printed, alternately, on the top and bottom sides of a dielectric layer. The operation principle is based on the measurement of the scattering parameters S11 and S21 in a free space propagation transmitter-receiver setup, for both cases with the material under test (MUT) sample (non-line-of-sight, NLOS) and without it (line-of-sight, LOS). A prototype is fabricated and measured to determine the scattering parameters of concrete samples. After measurements, the obtained results are used in the efficient and accurate Nicolson–Ross–Weir (NRW) method, making it possible to estimate the values of the complex relative permittivity of the concrete blocks. The sensor design is demonstrated from initial simulations to measurements for validation of the developed prototype. The obtained results for the complex relative permittivity of concrete are in agreement with those available in the literature and the difference between the simulated and measurement results for the sensor antenna resonant frequency is 4.71%. The used measurement setup can be applied to characterize different types of solid or liquid dielectric materials.

scholarly journals Novel MNZ-type microwave sensor for testing magnetodielectric materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar Jha ◽  
Nicolò Delmonte ◽  
Adam Lamecki ◽  
Michal Mrozowski ◽  
Maurizio Bozzi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Relative Permittivity ◽  
Microstrip Line ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
Metal Strip ◽  
Network Analyzer ◽  
Microwave Frequencies ◽  
Microwave Sensor ◽  
Iron Garnet ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract A novel microwave sensor with the mu-near-zero (MNZ) property is proposed for testing magnetodielectric material at 4.5 GHz. The sensor has a double-layer design consisting of a microstrip line and a metal strip with vias on layers 1 and 2, respectively. The proposed sensor can detect a unit change in relative permittivity and relative permeability with a difference in the operating frequency of 45 MHz and 78 MHz, respectively. The MNZ sensor is fabricated and assembled on two layers of Taconic RF-35 substrate, with thicknesses of 0.51 mm and 1.52 mm, respectively, for the measurement of the sample under test using a vector network analyzer. The dielectric and magnetic properties of two standard dielectric materials (Taconic CER-10 and Rogers TMM13i) and of yttrium–gadolinium iron garnet are measured at microwave frequencies. The results are found to be in good agreement with the values available in the literature, which shows the applicability of the prototype for sensing of magnetodielectric materials.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN MATEREIAL DIELEKTRIK BUATAN BERBASIS REKTANGULAR PATCH PADA ANTENA HORN UNTUK RADAR X-BAND

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 986
Author(s):  
M. Reza Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Return Loss ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Horn Antenna ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
X Band ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Waves

Dielectric materials play an important role in antennas in an effort to support data communication. The material used by the dielectric is usually not even one material, however, it is a combination of several dielectric materials. From the final simulation results, the antenna is obtained at a working frequency of 7.822 GHz with a return loss of -20.336 dB, a bandwidth of 830.6 MHz and a VSWR of 1.21. Whereas in the measurement results of the horn antenna using dielectric material that has been realized, it is found that the antenna is able to work at a frequency of 8.41GHz with a return loss of -13.31 dB, a bandwidth of 110 MHz, and a VSWR of 1.61. The difference in parameter results could be due to dimensional differences between the simulated antenna and the antenna that has been realized. The difference in parameter results could be due to dimensional differences between the simulated antenna and the antenna that has been realized. Measurements are not carried out in a closed room or specifically for measuring the antenna, thus allowing interference to the waves from the antenna being measured because the simulation results are made in ideal conditions.

Structuring, Motions and Shapes of Corona Emission Line Profiles

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
N. F. Tyagun
Keyword(s):  
Emission Line ◽  
Filling Factor ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Coronal Plasma ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Line Profiles ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Yellow Line ◽  
Red Line

AbstractThe interrelationship of half-widths and intensities for the red, green and yellow lines is considered. This is a direct relationship for the green and yellow line and an inverse one for the red line. The difference in the relationships of half-widths and intensities for different lines appears to be due to substantially dissimilar structuring and to a set of line-of-sight motions in ”hot“ and ”cold“ corona regions.When diagnosing the coronal plasma, one cannot neglect the filling factor - each line has such a factor of its own.

scholarly journals Investigations on the Optical Properties of InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Wells with Varying GaN Cap Layer Thickness

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Wang ◽  
Feng Liang ◽  
Degang Zhao ◽  
Zongshun Liu ◽  
Jianjun Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Quantum Wells ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Stark Effect ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Multiple Quantum ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Cap Layer ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Three InGaN/GaN MQWs samples with varying GaN cap layer thickness were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) to investigate the optical properties. We found that a thicker cap layer is more effective in preventing the evaporation of the In composition in the InGaN quantum well layer. Furthermore, the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) is enhanced with increasing the thickness of GaN cap layer. In addition, compared with the electroluminescence measurement results, we focus on the difference of localization states and defects in three samples induced by various cap thickness to explain the anomalies in room temperature photoluminescence measurements. We found that too thin GaN cap layer will exacerbates the inhomogeneity of localization states in InGaN QW layer, and too thick GaN cap layer will generate more defects in GaN cap layer.

scholarly journals MODELING OF THE SPREAD OF MOTOR TRANSPORT NOISE IN ŠIAULIAI CITY / AUTOTRANSPORTO TRIUKŠMO SKLAIDOS ŠIAULIUOSE MODELIAVIMAS / МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ РАССЕЯНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ШУМА В ГОРОДЕ ШЯУЛЯЙ

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonas Paulauskas ◽  
Robertas Klimas
Keyword(s):  
Personal Computer ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Noise Measurement ◽  
Motor Transport ◽  
City Environment ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Environment Noise ◽  
Level Detector

Rapidly growing urbanization causes the increase of noise level of various sources, that have a negative impact upon people's health. The contribution of noise caused by motor transport in city environment composes up to 80% of general impact of all the sources. The article presents the results of modeling of the spread of motor transport noise of Šiauliai city, maps of motor transport noise, recommendations for management of environment noise. MapNoise programme module, adapted to work in the ArcGIS Desktop 9.1 environment, was used for modeling motor transport noise. Noise measurement researches have been carried out using digital noise isolator Nor121, completed with digital level detector. NorXfar software was used to send the data to personal computer. Having evaluated the validity of modeling results it has been determined that the difference between the night noise modeling and measurement results does not exceed 2.2%, and varies from 0.5dB(A) to 1.1 dB(A). The obtained results indicate that 7.2% of the apartments of all city residents are influenced by the LDEN noise that exceeds the permitted noise level (LDEN >65 dB(A)) and 31.2% of the apartments of the residents are influenced by night noise that exceeds the permitted noise level (LN > 55 dB(A)). Santrauka Sparčiai vykstant urbanizacijos procesui, kinta įvairių šaltinių keliamo triukšmo lygis, didėja neigiama įtaka žmonių sveikatai. Miestų aplinkoje iki 80 % visuminio visų triukšmo šaltinių poveikio tenka autotransporto keliamam triukšmui.Straipsnyje pateikta autotransporto triukšmo sklaidos Šiauliuose modeliavimo rezultatai, autotransporto triukšmo žemėlapiai, aplinkos triukšmo valdymo rekomendacijos. Autotransporto triukšmui modeliuoti naudotas MapNoise programinismodulis, pritaikytas darbui ArcGIS Desktop 9.1 aplinkoje. Iš rezultatų matyti, kad 7,2% visų miesto gyventojų būstų yra veikiami paros triukšmo, viršijančio leidžiamąjį triukšmo lygį (LDVN > 65 dB(A)), ir 31,2% gyventojų būstų veikiami nakties triukšmo, viršijančio leidžiamąjį triukšmo lygį (LN > 55 dB(A)). Įvertinus modeliavimo rezultatų patikimumą nustatyta, kad paros ir nakties triukšmo modeliavimo ir matavimo rezultatų neatitiktis neviršija 2,2 % ir svyruoja nuo 0,5dB(A) iki 1,1dB(A). Резюме При быстром росте урбанизации увеличивается уровень шума, создаваемого разными источниками и отрицательно влияющего на здоровье населения. Шум от автотранспорта в городах составляет около 80% от всех источников шума. В статье представлены результаты моделирования рассеяния шума от автотранспорта в городеШяуляй, карты автотранспортного шума, рекомендации по управлению шумом в окружающей среде. Приизмерении шума был использован числовой анализатор шума № 121, укомплектованный с числовым детекторомуровня RMS. Для передачи данных в персональный компьютер использована программа NorXfer. Для моделирования автотранспортного шума использован программный модуль MapNoise, приспособленный дляработы в среде ArcGIS desktop 9.1. При анализе достоверности результатов моделирования было установлено, чтоих отличие от результатов измерения шума в течение суток и ночное время не превышает 2,2% и колеблется от0,5дБ(A) до 1,1дБ(A). Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о том, что 7,2% жилых помещений городаподвергаются суточному шуму, уровень которого превышает допустимый (LDVN > 65 дБ(A)) и 31,2% жилыхпомещенийгородаподвергаютсяшумувночноевремя,уровень которогопревышаетдопустимый (LN > 55дБ(A)).

scholarly journals Numerical Network Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer through Capillary-Porous Building Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1819
Author(s):  
Borys Basok ◽  
Borys Davydenko ◽  
Anatoliy M. Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Moisture Transfer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Three Dimensional Coordinate ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Heat And Moisture

The article presents the modeling of the dynamics of the vapor-gas mixture and heat and mass transfer (sorption-desorption) in the capillary structure of the porous medium. This approach is underpinned by the fact that the porous structure is represented by a system of linear microchannels oriented along the axes of a three-dimensional coordinate system. The equivalent diameter of these channels corresponds to the average pore diameter, and the ratio of the total pore volume to the volume of the entire porous material corresponds to its porosity. The entire channel area is modeled by a set of cubic elements with a certain humidity, moisture content, pressure and temperature. A simulation is carried out taking into account the difference in temperatures of each of the phases: solid, liquid and gas.

scholarly journals A Simple Method for the Detection of Biofilms Using a Heatable Capacitive Sensor Structure (CSS): Description, Proof of Concept, and Some Technical Improvements

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Kai-Uwe Zirk ◽  
Manuel Olze ◽  
Harald Pötzschke
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Capacitive Sensor ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Realistic Condition ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Sensor Structure ◽  
The Difference

This article presents a novel method for the detection of biofilms based on a heatable, capacitive sensor structure (CSS). Biofilms are capable of strongly binding large amounts of water to their extracellular biopolymer matrix, which is detectable via its dielectric properties. A main challenge is to determine the difference between the inherent occurring presence of moisture in the ecosystem, which is necessary to form a biofilm and an actual formed biofilm. Therefore, the CSS is carefully heated to evaporate unbound surface moisture and determine whether there is a remaining residual alternation of the capacitance in comparison to the dry state. As a reproduceable substitute for complex, real biofilms, a hygroscopic, medical hydrogel-based on polysaccharides was used and applied by spray coating. Printed circuit boards (PCB) in different geometries and materials were used as CSS and compared in terms of their performance. A layer-thickness of 20 µm for the hydrogel coating to be sufficiently detected was defined as a realistic condition based on known values for real biofilms cited in literature. For this thickness a double-meander structure proves to be preferable over interdigitating and spiral geometries. It does offer a 30% lower, yet sufficient sensitivity, but shows advantages in manufacturing (one layer instead of two) and conductive heating capability. In the experiments, free water showed virtually no residual change, while the hydrogel-coated CSS still shows an approx. 300% higher value compared to a dry capacity. Yet, the overall small capacities of about 6–30 pF in dry state are difficult to measure and therefore sensitive to interferences and noise, which results in a high deviation. The principle of measurement can be evaluated as proofed by the carried out experiments, though offering room for improvement in the design of the study. The new method might be especially useful for pipes (e.g., hydrodynamically ineffective sensors installed in a pipe wall) if they at least are not permanently flooded with an aqueous medium, but can occasionally dry. If the internal surface is still only moist, it can be dried by initial heating.

scholarly journals Aportes para el análisis comparativo del comportamiento higrotérmico y mecánico de los materiales de construcción con tierra

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Guadalupe Cuitiño-Rosales ◽  
Rodolfo Rotondaro ◽  
Alfredo Esteves
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
Vernacular Building ◽  
Natural Building ◽  
Earth Block

Resumen Se analizan las características térmicas y de resistencias mecánicas de materiales y elementos constructivos elaborados con suelos naturales estabilizados. La metodología parte de la recopilación bibliográfica de fuentes primarias, secundarias e información de ensayos propios, sobre la densidad, la conductividad térmica y las resistencias a la compresión, a la flexión y al corte correspondientes al adobe, los bloques de tierra comprimida (BTC), la tapia y la quincha, según diferentes autores. Además, se consideraron los valores establecidos por normas argentinas IRAM referidas al acondicionamiento térmico de edificios. Se elaboraron comparaciones entre sí y con algunos materiales industrializados, tales como los bloques de hormigón, los ladrillos cerámicos huecos y los ladrillos cocidos macizos. A partir de este análisis, se concluyó que la revisión bibliográfica no es suficiente para obtener una estandarización de los valores de conductividad y transmitancia térmica de los materiales y los elementos constructivos naturales. Así mismo, a partir de las comparaciones de valores se pudo observar cómo se relacionan la densidad de los materiales y la de los morteros, según las distintas técnicas, con el comportamiento térmico y las resistencias mecánicas. Palabras clave: Adobe; arquitectura sostenible; bahareque; bloque de tierra comprimida-BTC; materiales vernáculos de construcción; propiedades térmicas; quincha; resistencia mecánica; tapial   Comparative analysis of the thermal aspects and mechanical resistances for materials and elements of earth construction Abstract The thermal characteristics and mechanical resistance of some materials and constructive elements elaborated with stabilized natural soils are analyzed. The methodology took into account the bibliographic compilation of primary and secondary sources and information from own tests, on density, thermal conductivity and resistance to compression, flexion and cutting, corresponding to adobe, BTC, tapia and wattle and daub, according to different authors. In addition, it was considered the values established by Argentine standards IRAM referring to the thermal conditioning of buildings. Comparisons were made with each other and with some industrialized materials such as concrete blocks, hollow ceramic bricks, and solid fired bricks. From this analysis, it was concluded that the literature review is not enough to obtain a standardization conductivity and thermal transmittance values of natural building materials and elements. Furthermore, from the comparisons of values it was possible to observe how the density of materials and mortars, according to the different techniques, are related to thermal behavior and mechanical resistance. Keywords: Adobe; sustainable architecture; bahareque; compressed earth block (BTC); vernacular building materials; thermal properties; quincha; mechanical strength; tapial; wattle; daub   Recibido: octubre 22 / 2018  Evaluado: septiembre 10 / 2019  Aceptado: octubre 15 / 2019 Publicado en línea: noviembre de 2019                               Actualizado: noviembre de 2019

scholarly journals Efektifitas Pembayangan yang dihasilkan Pohon dan Bangunan di Koridor Jalan Perkotaan Untuk Mencapai Kenyamanan Termal

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Jockie Zudhy Fibrianto ◽  
Mochamad Hilmy
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Road ◽  
Analysis Phase ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Road Corridors ◽  
East West

The road corridor in Pontianak City has different shading output depending on the sun orientation. The difference has caused a temperature difference that affects the pedestrian thermal comfort along the corridor. Identification and measurement of shading temperatures that occur due to buildings and trees were carried out for three days in each afternoon with relatively similar weather conditions. The road corridor that becomes the research location was at A. Yani St.-Gajah Mada St.-Tanjung Pura St., which has a North-South orientation and Teuku Umar St.-Diponegoro St.-Sisingamangaraja St., who has an East-West direction. The analysis phase is done by comparing the effectiveness of imagery produced by buildings and trees. After that, the identification and measurement results are compared with Indonesian thermal comfort standards SNI T-14-1993-03 to obtain suitable thermal comfort in the road corridors in Pontianak City.

scholarly journals Design Lighting Quality Based on DIALux Evo 8.1

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
R. Febriyursandi ◽  
A.Z. Azryenni ◽  
A. Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Class A ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lighting Systems

This research develops and implements methods for calculating lighting systems for classrooms in the Khairul Ummah Boarding School. The lumen is used to determine the number of luminaires needed to improve lighting quality following SNI 6197:2011. The number of luminaires obtained from this study was entered into the DIALux Evo 8.1 software. The results obtained of this study indicate that the lighting in the classroom at Khairul Ummah Boarding School didn’t reach the recommended standard, the direct measurement results of the average lighting level of class A was 10.79 lux, while the class X-IPA-3 was 11.66 lux. To improve this condition, class A requires 15 luminaires, and X-IPA-3 requires 12 luminaires. The difference in the results obtained from the two calculations for class A is 0.6%, and X-IPA-3 is 3.4%. Investment costs are needed to improve the lighting system in these classes worth Rp.2,700,000.00 to provide 27 lamps.

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