Influence of different materials used for 3D printing in miniature speaker enclosure development

Additive manufacturing techniques are commonly used in industry and mechanical prototyping. The past years brought rapid growth in this technology development, also in the speaker cabinets manufacturing industry. We observe numerous DIY projects on the market based on the 3D printed cabinet parts; however, this technology also offers novel options that should be investigated and documented. In the current state of the art, the basic properties and construction aspects for speaker acoustic performance is not provided as the 3d printing technique is usually treated as the tool for other projects' development. This paper will provide a detailed comparison of the most common 3D printing materials used in FDM techno9logy, such as PLA, TPE, PET-G, and others with different mechanical properties. Example enclosure for a loudspeaker of 37 mm diameter will be printed in different shapes and compared for frequency and sensitivity differences. The results will be discussed, investigating the possible use of different than traditional rigid plastic enclosures and new options using complicated geometry shapes possibly to manufacture with 3D printing techniques.

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3D Printing Manufacturing Techniques, Materials, and Applications: An Overview

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2021/5756563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

D. Srinivasan ◽

M. Meignanamoorthy ◽

M. Ravichandran ◽

V. Mohanavel ◽

S. V. Alagarsamy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Automobile Industry ◽

General Idea ◽

Milling Machine ◽

Production Techniques ◽

Digital Document ◽

3D Printed ◽

Manufacturing Techniques ◽

Materials Used ◽

3D Solid

3D printing, also called additive manufacturing (AM), is a method of creating 3D solid parts from a digital document. By utilizing additive routes, the fabrication of 3D-printed objects can be made. These layers can be viewed as a gently cut level cross-area of the manifest object. 3D printing is somewhat in obstruction to subtractive manufacture, which is expelling/discharging out a touch of metal or plastic for the occurrence of a milling machine. 3D printing authorizes creating multifarious profiles employing fewer materials than conventional fabrication systems. This review article provides the general idea of 3D printing production techniques, materials used, and applications in the aircraft and automobile industry and biomedical fields.

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3D Printed Chromophoric Sensors

Chemosensors ◽

10.3390/chemosensors9110317 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 317

Author(s):

Zachary Brounstein ◽

Jarrod Ronquillo ◽

Andrea Labouriau

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

3D Printing ◽

Material Properties ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Advanced Manufacturing ◽

Color Changes ◽

Printed Sensors ◽

3D Printed ◽

Manufacturing Techniques

Eight chromophoric indicators are incorporated into Sylgard 184 to develop sensors that are fabricated either by traditional methods such as casting or by more advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing. The sensors exhibit specific color changes when exposed to acidic species, basic species, or elevated temperatures. Additionally, material properties are investigated to assess the chemical structure, Shore A Hardness, and thermal stability. Comparisons between the casted and 3D printed sensors show that the sensing devices fabricated with the advanced manufacturing technique are more efficient because the color changes are more easily detected.

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DESIGN OF A 3D-PRINTED THREE-CLAW ROBOTIC GRIPPER END-EFFECTOR

ASEAN Engineering Journal ◽

10.11113/aej.v11.17865 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 70-79

Author(s):

Dino Dominic Forte Ligutan ◽

Argel Alejandro Bandala ◽

Jason Limon Española ◽

Richard Josiah Calayag Tan Ai ◽

Ryan Rhay Ponce Vicerra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Grip Force ◽

Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽

Robotic Arm ◽

End Effector ◽

Design Considerations ◽

3D Printed ◽

Materials Used ◽

Metal Work

The development of a novel 3D-printed three-claw robotic gripper shall be described in this paper with the goal of incorporating various design considerations. Such considerations include the grip reliability and stability, grip force maximization, wide object grasping capability. Modularization of its components is another consideration that allows its parts to be easily machined and reusable. The design was realized by 3D printing using a combination of tough polylactic acid (PLA) material and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material. In practice, additional tolerances were also considered for 3D printing of materials to compensate for possible expansion or shrinkage of the materials used to achieve the required functionality. The aim of the study is to explore the design and eventually deploy the three-claw robotic gripper to an actual robotic arm once its metal work fabrication is finished.

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Design and Development of 3D Printed Teaching Aids for Architecture Education

Architecture and Design ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7314-2.ch016 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 457-475

Author(s):

Min Jeong Song ◽

Euna Ha ◽

Sang-Kwon Goo ◽

JaeKyung Cho

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

3D Modeling ◽

3D Models ◽

Design And Development ◽

Architecture Education ◽

Teaching Aids ◽

Current State ◽

Practice Based Research ◽

Research Findings ◽

3D Printed

This article describes how the implementation of 3D printing in classrooms has brought many opportunities to educators as it provides affordability and accessibility in creating and customizing teaching aids. The study reports on the process of fabricating teaching aids for architecture education using 3D printing technologies. The practice-based research intended to illustrate the making process from initial planning, 3D modeling to 3D printing with practical examples, and addresses the potential induced by the technologies. Based on the investigation into the current state of 3D printing technologies in education, limitations were identified before the making process. The researchers created 3D models in both digital and tangible forms and the process was documented in textual and pictorial formats. It is expected that the research findings will serve as a guideline for other educators to create 3D printed teaching aids, particularly architectural forms.

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3D printing of biofiber-reinforced composites and their mechanical properties: a review

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-08-2019-0214 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1113-1129

Author(s):

Lai Jiang ◽

Xiaobo Peng ◽

Daniel Walczyk

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Reinforced Composites ◽

Research Directions ◽

Content Type ◽

Reinforced Composite ◽

3D Printed ◽

Materials Used ◽

Printing Processes ◽

Pure Resin

Purpose This paper aims to summarize the up-to-date research performed on combinations of various biofibers and resin systems used in different three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, including powder-based, material extrusion, solid-sheet and liquid-based systems. Detailed information about each process, including materials used and process design, are described, with the resultant products’ mechanical properties compared with those of 3D-printed parts produced from pure resin or different material combinations. In most processes introduced in this paper, biofibers are beneficial in improving the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts and the biodegradability of the parts made using these green materials is also greatly improved. However, research on 3D printing of biofiber-reinforced composites is still far from complete, and there are still many further studies and research areas that could be explored in the future. Design/methodology/approach The paper starts with an overview of the current scenario of the composite manufacturing industry and then the problems of advanced composite materials are pointed out, followed by an introduction of biocomposites. The main body of the paper covers literature reviews of recently emerged 3D printing technologies that were applied to biofiber-reinforced composite materials. This part is classified into subsections based on the form of the starting materials used in the 3D printing process. A comprehensive conclusion is drawn at the end of the paper summarizing the findings by the authors. Findings Most of the biofiber-reinforced 3D-printed products exhibited improved mechanical properties than products printed using pure resin, indicating that biofibers are good replacements for synthetic ones. However, synthetic fibers are far from being completely replaced by biofibers due to several of their disadvantages including higher moisture absorbance, lower thermal stability and mechanical properties. Many studies are being performed to solve these problems, yet there are still some 3D printing technologies in which research concerning biofiber-reinforced composite parts is quite limited. This paper unveils potential research directions that would further develop 3D printing in a sustainable manner. Originality/value This paper is a summary of attempts to use biofibers as reinforcements together with different resin systems as the starting material for 3D printing processes, and most of the currently available 3D printing techniques are included herein. All of these attempts are solutions to some principal problems with current 3D printing processes such as the limit in the variety of materials and the poor mechanical performance of 3D printed parts. Various types of biofibers are involved in these studies. This paper unveils potential research directions that would further widen the use of biofibers in 3D printing in a sustainable manner.

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The Application of 3D-Printing Techniques in the Manufacturing of Cement-Based Construction Products and Experiences Based on the Assessment of Such Products

Buildings ◽

10.3390/buildings10090144 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 144

Author(s):

Guillermo Sotorrío Ortega ◽

Javier Alonso Madrid ◽

Nils O. E. Olsson ◽

José Antonio Tenorio Ríos

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Construction Industry ◽

Material Consumption ◽

Construction Products ◽

International Projects ◽

Substantial Progress ◽

3D Printed ◽

Materials Used ◽

Printing Techniques

The construction industry has embraced digitisation and industrialisation in response to the need to increase its productivity, optimise material consumption and improve workmanship. Additive manufacturing (AM), more widely known as 3D printing, has driven substantial progress in these respects in other industries, and a number of national and international projects have helped to introduce the technique to the construction industry. As with other innovative processes not covered by uniform standards, appropriate assessments and testing methodologies to control the quality of the 3D-printed end products, while not obligatory, are advisable. This article shows that regulation is not an obstacle to the use of an innovative product, such as 3D printing, by proposing quality-control tests and an assessment methodology, in the understanding that standardisation ensures the viability of a technology. The information, including the methods and results, is based on the authors’ experiences in the development of three research projects pertaining to 3D printing. This paper also discusses whether the performance of the materials used in 3D printing could be superior to traditional ones.

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A Review on the Biocompatibility of PMMA-Based Dental Materials for Interim Prosthetic Restorations with a Glimpse into Their Modern Manufacturing Techniques

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13132894 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 2894 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Silviu Mirel Pituru ◽

Maria Greabu ◽

Alexandra Totan ◽

Marina Imre ◽

Mihaela Pantea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Materials ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Oral Epithelial Cells ◽

Prosthetic Materials ◽

Oral Environment ◽

Pulp Cells ◽

3D Printed ◽

Manufacturing Techniques ◽

Materials Used ◽

Oral Epithelial

This paper’s primary aim is to outline relevant aspects regarding the biocompatibility of PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate))-based materials used for obtaining interim prosthetic restorations, such as the interaction with oral epithelial cells, fibroblasts or dental pulp cells, the salivary oxidative stress response, and monomer release. Additionally, the oral environment’s biochemical response to modern interim dental materials containing PMMA (obtained via subtractive or additive methods) is highlighted in this review. The studies included in this paper confirmed that PMMA-based materials interact in a complex way with the oral environment, and therefore, different concerns about the possible adverse oral effects caused by these materials were analyzed. Adjacent to these aspects, the present work describes several advantages of PMMA-based dental materials. Moreover, the paper underlines that recent scientific studies ascertain that the modern techniques used for obtaining interim prosthetic materials, milled PMMA, and 3D (three-dimensional) printed resins, have distinctive advantages compared to the conventional ones. However, considering the limited number of studies focusing on the chemical composition and biocompatibility of these modern interim prosthetic materials, especially for the 3D printed ones, more aspects regarding their interaction with the oral environment need to be further investigated.

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3D Printing for Medical Applications: Current State of the Art and Perspectives during the COVID-19 Crisis

Surgeries ◽

10.3390/surgeries2030025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 244-259

Author(s):

Andrew Hagen ◽

Megan Chisling ◽

Kevin House ◽

Tal Katz ◽

Laila Abelseth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Personal Protective Equipment ◽

Protective Equipment ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Extreme Stress ◽

Current State ◽

Life Saving ◽

3D Printed ◽

Recent Trends

The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected over one hundred million people worldwide and has resulted in over two million deaths. In addition to the toll that coronavirus takes on the health of humans infected with the virus and the potential long term effects of infection, the repercussions of the pandemic on the economy as well as on the healthcare system have been enormous. The global supply of equipment necessary for dealing with the pandemic experienced extreme stress as healthcare systems around the world attempted to acquire personal protective equipment for their workers and medical devices for treating COVID-19. This review describes how 3D printing is currently being used in life saving surgeries such as heart and lung surgery and how 3D printing can address some of the worldwide shortage of personal protective equipment, by examining recent trends of the use of 3D printing and how these technologies can be applied during and after the pandemic. We review the use of 3D printed models for treating the long term effects of COVID-19. We then focus on methods for generating face shields and different types of respirators. We conclude with areas for future investigation and application of 3D printing technology.

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3D printing of graphene-based polymeric nanocomposites for biomedical applications

Functional Composite Materials ◽

10.1186/s42252-021-00020-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Magda Silva ◽

Isabel S. Pinho ◽

José A. Covas ◽

Natália M. Alves ◽

Maria C. Paiva

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Polymeric Nanocomposites ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Graphene Derivatives ◽

3D Printed ◽

Biomedical Field ◽

Manufacturing Techniques

AbstractAdditive manufacturing techniques established a new paradigm in the manufacture of composite materials providing a simple solution to build complex, custom designed shapes. In the biomedical field, 3D printing enabled the production of scaffolds with patient-specific requirements, controlling product architecture and microstructure, and have been proposed to regenerate a variety of tissues such as bone, cartilage, or the nervous system. Polymers reinforced with graphene or graphene derivatives have demonstrated potential interest for applications that require electrical and mechanical properties as well as enhanced cell response, presenting increasing interest for applications in the biomedical field. The present review focuses on graphene-based polymer nanocomposites developed for additive manufacturing fabrication, provides an overview of the manufacturing techniques available to reach the different biomedical applications, and summarizes relevant results obtained with 3D printed graphene/polymer scaffolds and biosensors.

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Potential Development of Sustainable 3D-Printed Meat Analogues: A Review

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13020938 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 938

Author(s):

Karna Ramachandraiah

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Food Products ◽

Consumer Acceptance ◽

Meat Production ◽

Vascular Networks ◽

Waste Production ◽

3D Printed ◽

Materials Used

To mitigate the threat of climate change driven by livestock meat production, a multifaceted approach that incorporates dietary changes, innovative product development, advances in technologies, and reductions in food wastes/losses is proposed. The emerging technology of 3D printing (3DP) has been recognized for its unprecedented capacity to fabricate food products with intricate structures and reduced material cost and energy. For sustainable 3DP of meat substitutes, the possible materials discussed are derived from in vitro cell culture, meat byproducts/waste, insects, and plants. These material-based approaches are analyzed from their potential environmental effects, technological viability, and consumer acceptance standpoints. Although skeletal muscles and skin are bioprinted for medical applications, they could be utilized as meat without the additional printing of vascular networks. The impediments to bioprinting of meat are lack of food-safe substrates/materials, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. The sustainability of bioprinting could be enhanced by the utilization of generic/universal components or scaffolds and optimization of cell sourcing and fabrication logistics. Despite the availability of several plants and their byproducts and some start-up ventures attempting to fabricate food products, 3D printing of meat analogues remains a challenge. From various insects, powders, proteins (soluble/insoluble), lipids, and fibers are produced, which—in different combinations and at optimal concentrations—can potentially result in superior meat substitutes. Valuable materials derived from meat byproducts/wastes using low energy methods could reduce waste production and offset some greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Apart from printer innovations (speed, precision, and productivity), rational structure of supply chain and optimization of material flow and logistic costs can improve the sustainability of 3D printing. Irrespective of the materials used, perception-related challenges exist for 3D-printed food products. Consumer acceptance could be a significant challenge that could hinder the success of 3D-printed meat analogs.

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