Global Incidence and Mortality Rate of COVID-19; Special Focus on Iran, Italy and China

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new coronavirus, was diagnosed in China in December 2019. Around the globe, a total of 71429 were infected up to February 17, 2020, with 98.9% of cases in China. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized the COVID-19 as ‘pandemic’. Rapid positive worldwide incidence was the motivation behind this study to investigate the incidence and mortality globally. Methods: We used the data published by the WHO until March 9, 2020. Non-parametric tests and change point analysis were used for inferences. Results: Change point analysis for Iran and China and the world excluding China for the first 20 days revealed around 78, 195 and 2 further new cases per day, respectively. Italy had a big jump in incidence on the 36th day. Similarly, a sharp rise of positive cases was reported for the world on the 35th day. China successfully controlled the ascending reports of incidence on the 23rd day. Mortality in China and the world were almost similar for the first 20 days. There was an ascending incidence trend with two change points in Italy (30th and 36th days) and one change point in Iran on the 17th day. Mortality in the world jumped remarkably after day 42 with an estimation of almost more than 25 deaths per day. Conclusion: The incidence of COVID-19 varied by regions; however, after March 11, it became ‘pandemic’. It was observed that after about 6 days with an emergence of sharp increase in incidences, there would be a mutation in mortality rate. On the other hand, the importance of ‘on-time’ quarantine programs in controlling this virus was confirmed.

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Literature Review The Relationship Of Antenatal Class Towards Mothers’ Knowledge Of DangerousSign During Pregnancy

International Journal of Health Science and Technology ◽

10.31101/ijhst.v3i2.2169 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ayu Kurniati ◽

Enny Fitriahadi

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Literature Review ◽

World Health ◽

Live Births ◽

Complication Risk ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

IN 2013, the World Health Organization, released data in the form of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) worldwide, and the number reached 289,000 per 100, 000 live births, which 99% of cases occurred in developing countries. Research aims to discover the relationship of antenatal class towards mothers’ knowledge of the dangerous sign during pregnancy. The result showed that there is a relationship of antenatal class towards mothers’ knowledge of dangerous sign during pregnancy, From this result, the researcher concludes that antenatal class could increase mothers’ knowledge of dangerous sign during pregnancy and may decrease the complication risk during the childbirth.

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"CHRONIC SORROW THEORY APPLICATION" TO OVERCOME THE FEELING OF LOSS DUE TO INFANT MORTALITY IN POST-PARTUM WOMEN

Journal of Maternity Care and Reproductive Health ◽

10.36780/jmcrh.v2i1.70 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dedeh Sri Rahayu

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Post Partum ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

World Health ◽

Chronic Sorrow ◽

The World ◽

Theory Application ◽

Health Organization

Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012 stated that 44% of infant deaths in the world occurred in the first 28 days of life (neonatal period). The research results of the Central Statistics Agency (CSA) in 2016 noted that the infant mortality rate (IMR) reached 25.5%, West Java Province was one of the contributors to the highest maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR). Infant mortality inside the womb or outside the womb triggers grief and deep sorrow that is at risk of progressive, repetitive and permanent in women. Nurses in the maternity area play an important role in overcoming the problem of loss through various approaches to either theory or intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of chronic sorrow theory in post-partum women whose babies were dead at Sariningsih Hospital Bandung. Method: This research was qualitative research. Participants were 5 people selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was done by interviewing using a guide from the Burke / Eakes Chronic Sorrow Assessment Tool. Results: It was identified that women's opinions about the causes of infant mortalities were planned (abortion) and unplanned. Participants had effective coping strategies in dealing with their loss such as social support, and spiritual beliefs for comfort. Conclusion: participants felt the effectiveness of the chronic sorrow theory to overcome infant loss.Keywords: chronic sorrow theory application, loss, post-partum women, Qualitative.

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Covid-19 Vaccine Benefits and Concerns: Nigerian Perspectives

Journal of Clinical and Medical Research ◽

10.37191/mapsci-2582-4333-3(5)-083 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Olorunfemi Ayeotan

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Side Effects ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

World Health ◽

The Poor ◽

The World ◽

Poor Understanding ◽

The Government ◽

Health Organization

The World Health Organization reported 162,184,263 cases of COVID-19 and about 3,364,446 deaths globally with Nigeria statistics at 165,709 reported cases and 2,066 deaths as of May 16 2021. This increase in reported cases and deaths globally can be drastically reduced when significant number of the population of the world becomes vaccinated. Researchers have developed different COVID-19 vaccines in a bid to control the morbidity and mortality rate as well as mitigate disease severity. Popular concerns about the vaccine in Nigeria and Africa ranges from effectiveness and side effects, poor understanding of the virus, lack of trust in the government, fear of the vaccine being used as a bioweapon designed by advanced countries to reduce the population of the poor ones by causing infertility, and lack of appropriate infrastructure for safe storage of the vaccine. Howbeit, the vaccine has been proven to be safe and effective. Nationwide delivery and acceptance will confer herd immunity and curb the menace of drug resistance.

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Guidance for the Evaluation of Tuberculosis Diagnostics That Meet the World Health Organization (WHO) Target Product Profiles: An Introduction to WHO Process and Study Design Principles

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiz097 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 220 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. S91-S98 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claudia M Denkinger ◽

Samuel G Schumacher ◽

Christopher Gilpin ◽

Alexei Korobitsyn ◽

William A Wells ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Study Design ◽

Review Process ◽

World Health ◽

Index Test ◽

Target Product ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Evidence Generation

Abstract Existing high-priority target product profiles (TPPs) of the World Health Organization (WHO) establish important needs for tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic development. Building on this earlier work, this guidance series aims to provide study guidance for performing accuracy studies of novel diagnostic products that may meet the 4 high-priority WHO TPPs and thus enable adequate evidence generation to inform a WHO evidence review process. Diagnostic accuracy studies represent a fundamental step in the validation of all tests. Unfortunately, such studies often have limitations in design, execution, and reporting, leading to low certainty of the evidence about true test performance, which can delay or impede policy and scale-up decisions. This introductory paper outlines the following: (1) the purpose of this series of papers on study guidance; (2) WHO evidence needs and process for the development of policy guidelines for new TB diagnostic tests; and (3) study design considerations, ie, general diagnostic study considerations, intended use of test and role in the clinical pathway, choice of population and setting, index-test specific issues, suitable reference standard and comparators, study flow and specimen issues, and finally key issues beyond accuracy that should be considered. The other 4 papers in this series will provide more detailed guidance for each of the 4 WHO high-priority TPPs. By increasing the clarity around the clinical evaluation needs for tests that have the potential to meet the TPP specifications, we hope to support harmonized evidence generation and enable the WHO review process towards meeting the WHO End TB Strategy targets for reducing the incidence and mortality associated with TB.

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Quasi-Simpson paradox in estimating the expected mortality rate from the SARS-CoV-2

Science Progress ◽

10.1177/00368504211009673 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 104 (2) ◽

pp. 003685042110096

Author(s):

Yair Y Shaki

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

World Health ◽

High Infection Rate ◽

Confounding Variable ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

High Infection ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Expected Mortality

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS-CoV-2 a global pandemic, based on a high infection rate and a high case fatality rate (CFR). The combination of these two points led WHO to forecast a high expected mortality rate of approximately 2% of the population. The phenomenon of Simpson’s paradox teaches us that we should be careful when we combine two variables together. Indeed, despite the high mortality rate in several places, this forecast seems to have collapsed. We believe one of the reasons for the erroneous forecasts is that combining the above points ignored a confounding variable – many of the virus carriers are asymptomatic and therefore not diagnosed.

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Novel corona Virus (2019-nCoV) - An Ancient Ayurveda Epidemiology Literature Review.

National Journal of Research in Ayurved Science ◽

10.52482/ayurlog.v8i02.534 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (02) ◽

Author(s):

GANGAPRASAD ANANTRAO WAGHMARE

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

World Health ◽

Rate Estimate ◽

Corona Virus ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Epidemic Diseases

Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death Initially, the World Health Organization (WHO) had mentioned 2% as a mortality rate estimate in a press conference on Wednesday, January 29 and again on February 10. However, on January 29 2020 WHO specified that this was a very early and provisional estimate that might have changed. 3.4% Mortality Rate estimate by the World Health Organization (WHO) as of March 3 2020. The concept of epidemic was very much well defined in Ayurveda, Acharya Charaka the great physician of all ages had mentioned the epidemic diseases under the heading of “Janapadodhwans”.The aim of this review study is to understand the ancient Ayurveda epidemic literature , to prevent people from getting affected by epidemic diseases and to enlighten on epidemic diseases prevention & Management through Ayurveda. Keywords: Novel corona Virus (2019-nCoV),severe acute respiratory syndrome,Janapadodhwans,Ayurveda,epidemic Diseases,communicable disease,Panchakarma, Rasayan .

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A Normalized Mortality Rate Showed the Diverse Severity of COVID-19 in the World

10.20944/preprints202004.0308.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Santosh Kumar ◽

P.R. Renjith ◽

C. Priscilla ◽

Selva Kumar Ganesan

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

The United States ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

The Usa ◽

Respiratory Infectious Diseases ◽

Health Organization

Covid-19 has given a halt to all the activities in the world. Europe was most affected followed by the United States of America. In this study we have assessed the severity of Covid-19 by analyzing the mortality rate in Covid-19 and other diseases. The Covid-19 data and “death rate” data caused by other diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, non-communicable respiratory diseases, respiratory infectious diseases, diabetes mellitus, and kidney diseases) were downloaded from the world health organization (WHO) website. A normalized period based method was used to see the mortality rate of Covid-19 in comparison to other diseases. The deaths occurred by cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory diseases were more in number than the Covid-19 caused deaths in the 45 days period where most of the Covid-19 deaths had taken place. The mortality rate of Covid-19 was highest in France followed by Belgium and the lowest in Russia while the share of Covid-19 caused deaths in total deaths by all causes was the highest in Belgium followed by Spain and the lowest in Japan. The severity of Covid-19 in the USA was moderate. The severity of Covid-19 in Asian countries was found to be moderate to low. The severity of Covid-19 was diverse in the world. Europe showed the highest diversity in the mortality rate of Covid-19. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and non-communicable diseases were still more lethal and caused more deaths than Covid-19.

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Association between NT-proBNP Level and the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia

Cardiology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2021/5537275 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Lan Wang ◽

Fei Chen ◽

Lin Bai ◽

Lang Bai ◽

Zhixin Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Potential Risk ◽

World Health ◽

Single Centre ◽

Radiographic Findings ◽

Natural Logarithm ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

In this study, we investigated the association between the plasma NT-proBNP level at admission and the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. For this retrospective, single-centre cohort study, we enrolled consecutive patients from February 9 to March 4, 2020, in a COVID-19 ward of Hubei General Hospital (East Branch) in Wuhan, which is a government-assigned centre for COVID-19 treatment. Diagnosis was confirmed by microbiological and radiographic findings following the interim guidance of the World Health Organization (WHO). A total of 91 (92.9%) patients were finally included in this study. The median age of the patients was 61 years (IQR, 47–69), and 39 (43.0%) of them were male. Two cases of death were reported (2.3%). Twenty-three patients (25.3%) had NT-proBNP levels above 300 pg/ml. Higher NT-proBNP levels were associated with worse PSI and CT scores. The natural logarithm of the NT-proBNP level was positively correlated with the PSI and CT scores (PSI score: rS = 0.396, P = 0.001 ; CT score: rS = 0.440, P < 0.001 ). Patients with NT-proBNP ≥300 pg/ml showed a potential risk for higher mortality than patients with NT-proBNP <300 pg/ml (mortality rate, 8.7% vs. 0%; P = 0.062 ). The plasma NT-proBNP level of COVID-19 patients was significantly related to the severity of pneumonia.

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European Immunization Week 2008 - time for reflection

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.13.16.18835-en ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

Author(s):

P Kreidl ◽

H Gomes ◽

P L Lopalco ◽

K Hagmaier ◽

L Pastore Celentano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Vaccination Coverage ◽

World Health ◽

Special Focus ◽

Target Groups ◽

Population Groups ◽

Raising Awareness ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

This week’s edition of Eurosurveillance is dedicated to European Immunization Week 2008, which will take place from 21 to 27 April. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) organised the first European Immunization Week (http://www.euro.who.int/vaccine/eiw/20050608_1) to increase vaccination coverage by raising awareness about the importance of immunisation, with a special focus on reaching vulnerable and hard-to-reach population groups. During the week, each participating country implements activities to inform and engage key target groups using the slogan “prevent-protect-immunise” and focuses on critical challenges regarding immunisation in their country.

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State Reporting of Live Births of Newborns Weighing Less Than 500 Grams: Impact on Neonatal Mortality Rates

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.78.5.850 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 78 (5) ◽

pp. 850-854

Author(s):

Ann L. Wilson ◽

Lawrence J. Fenton ◽

David P. Munson

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Neonatal Mortality ◽

Live Birth ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

World Health ◽

Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽

Live Births ◽

The World ◽

Definition Of ◽

Health Organization

The National Center for Health Statistics reports that in 1983 65% of all infant deaths in the United States occurred in the neonatal period. Of these reported neonatal deaths, 17% were of infants weighing less than 500 g at birth. There was, however, variation in state-reported incidence of live births of newborns in this weight cohort (0.2 to 2.2 per 1,000 live births). Thé states with the lowest neonatal mortality rate have the lowest incidence of birth weights less than 500 g (ρ = .77). If it is assumed that mortality for this weight category is nearly 100%, there is marked variation (5% to 32%) in the contribution of this weight cohort to a state's total neonatal mortality rate. Contributing to this variation may be definitions of live birth used by states. The World Health Organization defines a live birth as the product of conception showing signs of life "irrespective of the duration of pregnancy" and this definition is used by 33 states. Only one state (Ohio) includes the gestational criteria of "at least 20 weeks" in its definition of live birth. There is evidence to suggest that definitions are not uniformly used within individual states. For example, in 1983, 20 states did not report any live births with weights less than 500 g among their "other" populations of nonwhite, nonblack residents. Half of these states, however, use the World Health Organization definition of live birth. Despite the exclusionary wording in Ohio's definition of live birth, 16% of newborns who died in that state had birth weights less than 500 g. Inconsistency in state definitions and possible variations in reporting live births less than 500 g affect state comparisons of infant and neonatal mortality rates.

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