scholarly journals Gut microbial signature and gut-lung axis: A possible role in the therapy of COVID-19

Bioimpacts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ata Mahmoodpoor ◽  
Ali Shamekh ◽  
Sarvin Sanaie
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Prognostic Marker ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Nutrition Therapy ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Personalized Nutrition ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
The Impact

The impact of gut as the origin of different disorders has led to the "gut-origin concept" of diseases. The gut microbiome regulates host defenses against viral infections, thus dysbiosis can play a major role in triggering the cascade of inflammation and causing immune imbalances in COVID-19 patients. It appears that gut microbial signature in COVID-19 patients can be used as a potential diagnostic, therapeutic, and even a prognostic marker. Personalized nutrition therapy can be used by profiling the gut microbiota of individual patients and specialized probiotics/synbiotics to modify gut dysbiosis. Hence, improving overall immune responses can be recommended in these patients.

scholarly journals Respiratory Viral Infection Alters the Gut Microbiota by Inducing Inappetence

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen T. Groves ◽  
Sophie L. Higham ◽  
Miriam F. Moffatt ◽  
Michael J. Cox ◽  
John S. Tregoning
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Lung Infection ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Respiratory viral infections are extremely common, but their impacts on the composition and function of the gut microbiota are poorly understood. We previously observed a significant change in the gut microbiota after viral lung infection. Here, we show that weight loss during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza virus infection was due to decreased food consumption, and that the fasting of mice altered gut microbiota composition independently of infection. While the acute phase tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) response drove early weight loss and inappetence during RSV infection, this was not sufficient to induce changes in the gut microbiota. However, the depletion of CD8+ cells increased food intake and prevented weight loss, resulting in a reversal of the gut microbiota changes normally observed during RSV infection. Viral infection also led to changes in the fecal gut metabolome, with a significant shift in lipid metabolism. Sphingolipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) valerate were all increased in abundance in the fecal metabolome following RSV infection. Whether this and the impact of infection-induced anorexia on the gut microbiota are part of a protective anti-inflammatory response during respiratory viral infections remains to be determined. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota has an important role in health and disease: gut bacteria can generate metabolites that alter the function of immune cells systemically. Understanding the factors that can lead to changes in the gut microbiome may help to inform therapeutic interventions. This is the first study to systematically dissect the pathway of events from viral lung infection to changes in gut microbiota. We show that the cellular immune response to viral lung infection induces inappetence, which in turn alters the gut microbiome and metabolome. Strikingly, there was an increase in lipids that have been associated with the resolution of disease. This opens up new paths of investigation: first, what is the (presumably secreted) factor made by the T cells that can induce inappetence? Second, is inappetence an adaptation that accelerates recovery from infection, and if so, does the microbiome play a role in this?

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2-Indigenous Microbiota Nexus: Does Gut Microbiota Contribute to Inflammation and Disease Severity in COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil Chattopadhyay ◽  
Esaki M. Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Indigenous Microbiota ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Microbiome Profiling

Gut microbiome alterations may play a paramount role in determining the clinical outcome of clinical COVID-19 with underlying comorbid conditions like T2D, cardiovascular disorders, obesity, etc. Research is warranted to manipulate the profile of gut microbiota in COVID-19 by employing combinatorial approaches such as the use of prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics. Prediction of gut microbiome alterations in SARS-CoV-2 infection may likely permit the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Novel and targeted interventions by manipulating gut microbiota indeed represent a promising therapeutic approach against COVID-19 immunopathogenesis and associated co-morbidities. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on host innate immune responses associated with gut microbiome profiling is likely to contribute to the development of key strategies for application and has seldom been attempted, especially in the context of symptomatic as well as asymptomatic COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota and Healthy Aging: A Mini-Review

Gerontology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangkyu Kim ◽  
S. Michal Jazwinski
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Nutrient Signaling

The gut microbiota shows a wide inter-individual variation, but its within-individual variation is relatively stable over time. A functional core microbiome, provided by abundant bacterial taxa, seems to be common to various human hosts regardless of their gender, geographic location, and age. With advancing chronological age, the gut microbiota becomes more diverse and variable. However, when measures of biological age are used with adjustment for chronological age, overall richness decreases, while a certain group of bacteria associated with frailty increases. This highlights the importance of considering biological or functional measures of aging. Studies using model organisms indicate that age-related gut dysbiosis may contribute to unhealthy aging and reduced longevity. The gut microbiome depends on the host nutrient signaling pathways for its beneficial effects on host health and lifespan, and gut dysbiosis disrupting the interdependence may diminish the beneficial effects or even have reverse effects. Gut dysbiosis can trigger the innate immune response and chronic low-grade inflammation, leading to many age-related degenerative pathologies and unhealthy aging. The gut microbiota communicates with the host through various biomolecules, nutrient signaling-independent pathways, and epigenetic mechanisms. Disturbance of these communications by age-related gut dysbiosis can affect the host health and lifespan. This may explain the impact of the gut microbiome on health and aging.

scholarly journals The gut-microbiota-brain axis in autism: what Drosophila models can offer?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safa Salim ◽  
Ayesha Banu ◽  
Amira Alwa ◽  
Swetha B. M. Gowda ◽  
Farhan Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Drosophila Models

AbstractThe idea that alterations in gut-microbiome-brain axis (GUMBA)-mediated communication play a crucial role in human brain disorders like autism remains a topic of intensive research in various labs. Gastrointestinal issues are a common comorbidity in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although gut microbiome and microbial metabolites have been implicated in the etiology of ASD, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In this review, we have summarized recent findings in human and animal models highlighting the role of the gut-brain axis in ASD. We have discussed genetic and neurobehavioral characteristics of Drosophila as an animal model to study the role of GUMBA in ASD. The utility of Drosophila fruit flies as an amenable genetic tool, combined with axenic and gnotobiotic approaches, and availability of transgenic flies may reveal mechanistic insight into gut-microbiota-brain interactions and the impact of its alteration on behaviors relevant to neurological disorders like ASD.

Role of the gut microbiota in airway immunity and host defense against respiratory infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maike Willers ◽  
Dorothee Viemann
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Colonization of the intestine with commensal bacteria is known to play a major role in the maintenance of human health. An altered gut microbiome is associated with various ensuing diseases including respiratory diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the impact of the gut microbiota on airway immunity with a focus on consequences for the host defense against respiratory infections. Specific gut commensal microbiota compositions and functions are depicted that mediate protection against respiratory infections with bacterial and viral pathogens. Lastly, we highlight factors that have imprinting effects on the establishment of the gut microbiota early in life and are potentially relevant in the context of respiratory infections. Deepening our understanding of these relationships will allow to exploit the knowledge on how gut microbiome maturation needs to be modulated to ensure lifelong enhanced resistance towards respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Altered diversity and composition of gut microbiota in Wilson's disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangsheng Cai ◽  
Lin Deng ◽  
Xiaogui Ma ◽  
Yusheng Guo ◽  
Zhiting Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Wilson’S Disease ◽  
Wilson's Disease ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Lower Abundance ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bacterial Groups

AbstractWilson’s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of chronic copper toxicosis with high mortality and disability. Recent evidence suggests a correlation between dysbiosis in gut microbiome and multiple diseases such as genetic and metabolic disease. However, the impact of intestinal microbiota polymorphism in WD have not been fully elaborated and need to be explore for seeking some microbiota benefit for WD patients. In this study, the 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on fecal samples from 14 patients with WD and was compared to the results from 16 healthy individuals. The diversity and composition of the gut microbiome in the WD group were significantly lower than those in healthy individuals. The WD group presented unique richness of Gemellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Spirochaetaceae at family level, which were hardly detected in healthy controls. The WD group had a markedly lower abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia, and a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Fusobacteria than that in healthy individuals. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in the WD group was significantly lower than that of healthy control. In addition, the functional profile of the gut microbiome from WD patients showed a lower abundance of bacterial groups involved in the host immune and metabolism associated systems pathways such as transcription factors and ABC-type transporters, compared to healthy individuals. These results implied dysbiosis of gut microbiota may be influenced by the host metabolic disorders of WD, which may provide a new understanding of the pathogenesis and new possible therapeutic targets for WD.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome Modulation Based on Probiotic Application for Anti-Obesity: A Review on Efficacy and Validation

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaliyan Barathikannan ◽  
Ramachandran Chelliah ◽  
Momna Rubab ◽  
Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri ◽  
Fazle Elahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Fecal Transplantation ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Impact

The growing prevalence of obesity has become an important problem worldwide as obesity has several health risks. Notably, factors such as excessive food consumption, a sedentary way of life, high sugar consumption, a fat-rich diet, and a certain genetic profile may lead to obesity. The present review brings together recent advances regarding the significance of interventions involving intestinal gut bacteria and host metabolic phenotypes. We assess important biological molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of gut microbiota on hosts including bile salt metabolism, short-chain fatty acids, and metabolic endotoxemia. Some previous studies have shown a link between microbiota and obesity, and associated disease reports have been documented. Thus, this review focuses on obesity and gut microbiota interactions and further develops the mechanism of the gut microbiome approach related to human obesity. Specifically, we highlight several alternative diet treatments including dietary changes and supplementation with probiotics. The future direction or comparative significance of fecal transplantation, synbiotics, and metabolomics as an approach to the modulation of intestinal microbes is also discussed.

scholarly journals 2579. Impact on the Gut Microbiota of the Prolonged Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients with Bone and Joint Infection (BJI): Results From the OSIRIS Prospective Study in France

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S896-S896
Author(s):  
Benoit Levast ◽  
Cécile Batailler ◽  
Cécile Pouderoux ◽  
Lilia Boucihna ◽  
Sébastien Lustig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Prosthetic Joint ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background There is growing interest about the deleterious impact of antibiotics on loss of gut symbiosis, called dysbiosis. As patients with BJI require antibiotics usually during 6 to 12 weeks, it is of interest to determine whether dysbiosis is frequent in this population, and if it could potentially reversible or not. Methods Multicentric prospective cohort study in France (EudraCT 2016-003247-10) including patients with 3 categories of BJI: native, osteosynthesis-related and prosthetic joint infection (PJI). At the time of suspicion (V1), at the end of therapy (V2) and then 2 weeks after stopping therapy (V3), blood and fecal samples were collected. Extracted DNA from stool was sequenced using shotgun metagenomic sequencing based on illumina library and Iseq instrumentation. Data run through a dedicated pipeline in order to produce microbiome indexes such as Sympson or Shannon diversities indexes. Gut microbiome and inflammation markers were analyzed including fecal neopterin, a maker of gut inflammation. Results Concerning the 62 patients included (mean age, 60 years; mean duration of antibiotics, 66 days), 27 had native, 14 had osteosynthesis and 21 had PJI. The most frequently prescribed drug was a fluoroquinolone, followed by a third-generation cephalosporin and vancomycin. Stools from 42 of them were analyzed as per protocol. Overall, the mean Shannon richness index decreased from 0.904 at V1 to 0.845 at V2; the Bray-Curtis index underlined the difference in microbiome reconstitution at V3 in comparison with V1. We report significant microbiome loss of diversity at V2, that was reversible at V3 in patients with native BJI and osteosynthesis-related BJI, but not in patients with PJI (figure). Fecal neopterin increased between V1 and V2 (mean 221.6 and 698.1 pmol/g of feces, respectively) and then decreased at V3 (422.5 pmol/g), and could be a potential surrogate marker of gut dysbiosis. Of note, patients with abnormal CRP at the end of antibiotics had high neopterin values, that raises the hypothesis that abnormal CRP at the end of antibiotics could be in relation with gut dysbiosis rather than uncured BJI. Conclusion The impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiota of patients with BJI seems to be significant, especially in patients with PJI who could be candidate for fecal microbiota transplantation. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals An Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain and Galacto-Oligosaccharides Accelerate Clearance of Salmonella Infections in Poultry through Modifications to the Gut Microbiome

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril ◽  
Natasha Butz ◽  
Maria Belen Cadenas ◽  
Matthew Koci ◽  
Anne Ballou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Salmonella is estimated to cause one million foodborne illnesses in the United States every year. Salmonella -contaminated poultry products are one of the major sources of salmonellosis. Given the critical role of the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission, a manipulation of the chicken intestinal microenvironment could prevent animal colonization by the pathogen. In Salmonella , the global regulator gene fnr ( f umarate n itrate r eduction) regulates anaerobic metabolism and is essential for adapting to the gut environment. This study tested the hypothesis that an attenuated Fnr mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (attST) or prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) could improve resistance to wild-type Salmonella via modifications to the structure of the chicken gut microbiome. Intestinal samples from a total of 273 animals were collected weekly for 9 weeks to evaluate the impact of attST or prebiotic supplementation on microbial species of the cecum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. We next analyzed changes to the gut microbiome induced by challenging the animals with a wild-type Salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:r:− (Nal r ) strain and determined the clearance rate of the virulent strain in the treated and control groups. Both GOS and the attenuated Salmonella strain modified the gut microbiome but elicited alterations of different taxonomic groups. The attST produced significant increases of Alistipes and undefined Lactobacillus , while GOS increased Christensenellaceae and Lactobacillus reuteri . The microbiome structural changes induced by both treatments resulted in a faster clearance after a Salmonella challenge. IMPORTANCE With an average annual incidence of 13.1 cases/100,000 individuals, salmonellosis has been deemed a nationally notifiable condition in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Earlier studies demonstrated that Salmonella is transmitted by a subset of animals (supershedders). The supershedder phenotype can be induced by antibiotics, ascertaining an essential role for the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission. Consequently, modulation of the gut microbiota and modification of the intestinal microenvironment could assist in preventing animal colonization by the pathogen. Our study demonstrated that a manipulation of the chicken gut microbiota by the administration of an attenuated Salmonella strain or prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) can promote resistance to Salmonella colonization via increases of beneficial microorganisms that translate into a less hospitable gut microenvironment.

scholarly journals The influence of the gut microbiota on influenza vaccine-induced immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Anna Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Viral Control ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
The Impact

<p>Currently, annual vaccination is widely considered the most effective method for preventing and controlling influenza virus infection. However, many individuals mount suboptimal immune responses to vaccination and the factors leading to poor immune responses are yet to be elucidated. Interestingly, it has been proposed that microorganisms that inhabit the intestinal tract, the gut microbiota, can profoundly influence many facets of the host immune system, including the strength of the immune response to influenza vaccination.  In line with these observations, we observed that short-term administration of antibiotics drastically reduced influenza vaccine-specific antibody production. In particular, antibiotic treatment diminished the frequency and activation status of multiple myeloid cell subsets in the draining lymph nodes at steady-state and following vaccination, with associated impairments in B and TFH cell responses.  Composition and function of gut microbiota communities can be rapidly altered through dietary changes. Therefore, the impact of potential prebiotic and probiotic nutritional interventions on the immune response to influenza vaccination and subsequent infection was assessed. No improvement in antibody responses to influenza vaccination was observed following the nutritional interventions studies. However, oral administration of a propolis formulation led to some improvement in viral control following infection.  Collectively, this investigation indicates that alterations in microbial-associated signals leads to severe impairments in cellular responses crucial to humoral immunity and subsequent vaccine-induced antibody production. Furthermore, by altering the gut microbiota through dietary interventions, there is potential to improve immune responses to vaccination.</p>

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