scholarly journals Personality features and internal picture of the defect in adolescents with different types of dysontogenesis

Author(s):  
Ul’yana Yu. Sevast’yanova

The article presents the structure of the internal picture of a defect in adolescents with different variants of dysontogenesis (severe speech impairments, mental retardation, hearing impairment and visual impairment). A theoretical and empirical study was carried out, on the basis of which the features of the internal picture of the defect in adolescents with disabilities were revealed. A description of the personality specifics is given depending on the structure of the defect. A study carried out on 110 adolescents revealed that the existing personality traits of children with disabilities, such as sensitivity, rigidity, anxiety, emotiveness, are associated with the perception, consciousness and attitude of the child to its disorder, that is, with the internal picture of the defect. The study of the relationship between personality traits and the internal picture of a defect components of adolescents with disabilities showed that this mechanism acquires the greatest role in adolescents with hearing impairments in comparison with other nosological groups.

Author(s):  
Elena Grebennikova ◽  
Igor Shelekhov ◽  
Elena Filimonova

Межличностные отношения являются необходимым условием, определяющим развитие не только отдельных психических процессов, но и личности в целом. Имеется ряд работ, в которых показана деформация межличностных отношений у подростков с разным видом дизонтогенеза, в том числе и при умственной отсталости. Представлены результаты изучения межличностных отношений подростков, имеющих умственную отсталость, осложненную нарушением зрения. Результаты проведенного исследования позволили констатировать наличие как общих, так и специфических особенностей межличностных отношений у подростков с умственной отсталостью, осложненной нарушением зрения, и у их сверстников с неосложненной умственной отсталостью. В обследуемых группах только треть подростков рассматривают отца и мать как родительскую чету, при этом наблюдается высокая значимость взаимоотношений с матерью и отказ от общения с отцом. Для подростков обеих групп характерны: слабая включенность во взаимодействие со сверстниками; наличие чувственно дефицитного или чувственно чрезмерного типа взаимодействия с преобладанием чувственно дефицитного типа; нерешительность в принятии решений, стремление переложить ответственность на других; отсутствие тенденции к доминированию; частые конфликты со сверстниками и неспособность их конструктивно разрешить. Кроме того, подростки обследуемых групп часто демонстрируют реакции на фрустрацию активно-агрессивного или пассивно-страдательного типа, причем у подростков с неосложненной умственной отсталостью доминируют реакции активно-агрессивного типа, а у подростков с умственной отсталостью, осложненной нарушением зрения, – реакции пассивно-страдательного типа. Примечательно, что подростки с умственной отсталостью, осложненной нарушением зрения, склонны к изоляции от сверстников, проявляют бóльшую привязанность к дому и своей семье. Interpersonal relations are a prerequisite that determines the development of not only individual mental processes, but also the personality as a whole. There are a number of works that show the deformation of interpersonal relationships in adolescents with different types of dysontogenesis, including with mental retardation. This article presents the results of a study of the interpersonal relationships of adolescents with mental retardation complicated by visual impairment. The results of the study made it possible to ascertain the presence of both general and specific features of interpersonal relationships in adolescents with mental retardation complicated by visual impairment, and their peers with uncomplicated mental retardation. In the examined groups, only a third of adolescents consider the father and mother as a parental couple, while there is a high significance of the relationship with the mother and refusal to communicate with the father. For adolescents of both groups are characteristic: weak involvement in interaction with peers; the presence of a sensually deficient or sensually excessive type of interaction with a predominance of the sensually deficient type; indecision in decision making, the desire to shift responsibility to others; lack of a tendency to domination; frequent conflicts with peers and the inability to constructively resolve them. In addition, adolescents of the studied groups often show reactions to frustration of the activeaggressive or passive-suffering type, and in adolescents with uncomplicated mental retardation, the reactions of the active-aggressive type dominate, and in adolescents with mental retardation complicated by visual impairment, the reactions of passive-passive type. It is noteworthy that adolescents with mental retardation, complicated by visual impairment, are prone to isolation from their peers, show greater attachment to home and their family.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S77-S77
Author(s):  
Jessica S West ◽  
Scott Lynch

Abstract As the number of older adults increases, increased prevalence of cognitive and sensory impairments pose growing public health challenges. Research on the relationship between hearing impairment and cognition, however, is minimal and has yielded mixed results, with some studies finding that hearing impairment is associated with cognitive decline, and others reporting that the association is weak or non-existent. Most of this research has been conducted outside of the U.S., and the few U.S.-based longitudinal studies have relied mostly on small, non-representative samples involving short follow-up periods. Further, despite known gendered patterns in cognitive and hearing impairments, no studies to date have examined whether the relationship between the two varies by gender. Our study addresses these weaknesses in the literature by utilizing nine waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2014; n=14,169), a large, nationally representative, longitudinal study that facilitates examination of long-term interrelationships between hearing and cognitive impairments. In this study, we use autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) methods to model: 1) the relationship between hearing impairment and cognitive decline, and 2) sex differences in the relationship. ALT models enable us to determine whether hearing impairment and cognitive impairment are associated, net of their common tendency simply to co-trend with age. Results indicate that hearing and cognitive impairments are strongly interrelated processes that trend together over time. Moreover, hearing impairment has an increasing impact on cognitive impairment across age while the effect of cognitive impairment on hearing impairment levels out over time. Sex differences in these patterns are discussed.


2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 2219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Bilgin ◽  
Asena Yılmaz

The aim of the research, is to examine the relationship between adolescents' five-factor personality features by use of Social Media. As for sample, there are 548 girl and 441 boy students and they are between the ages of 11-18.  Adolescents’ data participating in the study, are determined by Big Five Factor personality traits Scale. Prepared data on the use of social media called "Personal Information Form" has been obtained by researcher. In the analysis of data, understanding of social media use times whether it differs according to big five personality traits, According to the social media using time, there was no significant difference between the agreeableness and openness subscales. On the other hand, there is a significant differences between conscientiousness, extraversion and neuroticism.  In association with five personality traits of social media purpose, it was found that there are significant differences with different personality traits for each purpose.


2020 ◽  
pp. 314-334
Author(s):  
Anna I. Akhmetzyanova ◽  
T.V. Artemieva ◽  
L.V. Artischiva

Relevance. The ability of children with hearing impairments to recognize and determine their own conditions and those around them, to build adequate forecasts determines the success in socializing, in their interaction with others, both adults and peers, and in establishing relationships with them, which determines the relevance of the study. The objective of the study is to determine the specifics of the relationship between the processes of identifying mental states, predicting and criteria for the success of interaction between children and other people measured by communication skills and emotional well-being / distress. The following methods were used: “Emotional faces” (N.Y. Semago), “Ugadayka” (L.I. Peresleni and V.L. Podobed), “Methodology for determining the level of development of the communicative abilities of preschool children” (N.E. Veraksa), “Scale of emotional distress and atypical behavior” (A.M. Kazmin, N.A. Konovko, O.G. Salnikova, E.K. Tupitsina, E.V. Fedina). Sample. The study involved 15 preschoolers with hearing impairment , 100 preschoolers without hearing impairment, 16 children of primary school age with hearing impairment, and 40 - without hearing impairment. Results. It was found that the processes of predicting and identifying mental states are interrelated; the relationship is mediated by other variables (emotional well-being, communication skills), the structure of the relationship is deteriorating with age in children with and without hearing impairments. The following conclusions were drawn: the structure of prognosis for children with normotypical development and hearing impairment has a general tendency in dynamics ( secondary variables fallout) and specific signs, manifested in the level of complexity and completeness of the structure; having a common foundation (subjective experience) identification and forecasting processes are interconnected only in preschool age; with time their relationship is mediated by additional variables (emotional well-being and communication skills); children with hearing impairments have a less complex structure of the relationship between predicting and identifying mental states against emotional well-being and communication skills.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Molchanov ◽  
O.V. Almazova

The paper presents results of an empirical study of adolescents' concepts of responsibility in different types of moral dilemmas characterized by violations of moral norms. The study proved that the type of moral dilemma and the context of interaction of its participants determine the adolescents' readiness to recognize the responsibility of the main character of the dilemma for violating the norm. In dilemmas of asocial type adolescents are more willing to recognize the responsibility of the offender whose behavior leads to obvious damage for one of the participants in the interaction. As for prosocial dilemmas and dilemmas of confronting norms, adolescents tend to deny the responsibility of the offender. The paper provides a comparative analysis of empirically identified types of adolescent concepts of responsibility, including the differentiated responsibility with egoistic orientation, high responsibility, low responsibility and ‘polar’ responsibility. The authors highlight the ambiguity of the relationship between adolescents’ evaluation of behavior, their readiness to recognize responsibility in moral transgression, and their judgment about the necessity of punishment. The paper concludes with the discussion concerning the relationship between the level of development of moral judgments/moral reasoning and the concepts of responsibility in adolescents.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001-1001

"A Multiple-Source Method for Studying the Prevalence of Developmental Disabilities in Children: The Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Study" by Yeargin-Allsopp et al appeared in the April issue of Pediatrics (1992;89:624-630). Some of the information presented in this article has been revised using updated population estimates of the metropolitan Atlanta area. In the abstract on page 624, the statistics in the sentence, "The prevalence rates found in this study, per 1000 10-year-old children, were as follows: mental retardation, 10.3; cerebral palsy, 2.0; hearing impairment, 1.0; and visual impairment, 0.6," should be changed to "mental retardation, 12.0; cerebral palsy, 2.3; hearing impairment, 1.1; and visual impairment, 0.7." On page 625, in the first paragraph under "Study Population," the text beginning "From September 1985 to August 1988,..." shold read "From September 1985 to August 1988, the years in which we identified children with DDs, there were approximately 30 000 10-year-old children in the five-county study area each year. Sixty-three percent of these children were white and 37% were races other than white; 52% of these children were male and 48% were female. The population data used for determining prevalence rates were estimated from Georgia population estimates (1985 through 1987)." On page 627, under "Results," "1441 DDs" should be changed to "1439 DDs." On Table 3, page 627, the number of children with cerebral palsy should be changed to 204. The prevalence rates on Table 3 should be changed to: mental retardation, 12.0; cerebral palsy, 2.3; visual impairment, 0.7; hearing impairment, 1.1.


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Rudy Kurniawan

The purpose of this study describes children born with special needs or Down syndrome. Having characteristics that are easily recognized as mental retardation (mental retardation), visual impairment (visual impairment), hearing impairment (hearing impairment), hearing impairment (disability). Seen as a useless person. Not many people know that they can also be independent and excel. By looking at the communication of parents of children with Down syndrome. With a qualitative descriptive method, this study uses the Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Theory from Ivar O. Lavav which can change deviant behavior to control the behavior of children with Down syndrome. manage habitual problems and teach the skills needed by accepting communication and behavior in the family. The author observes a child with Down syndrome by interviewing his parents coupled with seeing the achievements that can be achieved by children with Down Syndrome. It turns out that the success of a child with Down syndrome in their daily lives is included in life activities, is introduced like a normal person, is responded to and respected. With love and patience communication and training in areas of interest, can make children with Down syndrome independent, achievers and can even make the nation proud. Tujuan penelitian ini menggambarkan Anak yang dilahirkan dengan berkebutuhan khusus atau down syndrome. Memilik karakteristik yang mudah dikenali dengan sebutan tunagrahita (hambatan mental), tunanetra (hambatan penglihatan), tunarungu (hambatan pendengaran), tunadaksa (cacat tubuh). Dipandang sebagai orang yang tidak berguna. Belum banyak yang mengetahui bahwa mereka ini juga dapat mandiri dan berprestasi. Dengan melihat Komunikasi orangtua terhadap anak penderita down Syndrom. Dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif, penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Applied BehaviourAnalysis (ABA) dari Ivar O.Lavass yangdapat mengubah perilaku menyimpang untuk mengontrol perilaku anak down syndrome. mengatur masalah kebiasaan dan mengajarkan kemampuan yang diperlukan dengan menerima cara komunikasi dan perilaku dalam keluarganya. Penulis mengamati seorang anak down syndrome dengan mewawancarai orangtuanya ditambah dengan melihat prestasi-prestasi yang dapat diraih anak-anak down syndrom. Ternyata keberhasilan anak down syndrome kesehariannya diikutsertakan dalam aktivitas kehidupan, dikenalkan layaknya orang normal, direspon dan dihargai. Dengan komunikasi kasihsayang dan kesabaran serta latihan bidang yang diminati, dapat menjadikan anak down syndrome mandiri, berprestasi bahkan dapat mengharumkan nama bangsa


Author(s):  
Natalia S. Shipova

The presented article describes the results of the study of the components of the internal picture of the defect and their relationship with personality traits in adults with deficient dysontogeny type (respondents with visual impairment, speech impairment, musculoskeletal system impairment, hearing impairment). At the theoretical level, an analysis of the possibilities of a defect to determine violations of personal development and personal changes is presented. We noted a greater number of connections in the group of people with visual impairments, and the least in the group of people with severe speech impairments. As a result of empirical analysis, correlations of personality traits and components of the internal picture of a defect in respondents of various nosological groups were revealed, and the influence of personality traits on the folding of structure of internal picture of the defect as a whole was determined. As a result of regression analysis, the influence of spontaneity and sensitivity on the physical and sensitive components in the group of persons with musculoskeletal disorders was revealed; anxiety on the physical and sensitive component of internal picture of the defect in the group of people with visual impairment. When considering the influence of personal characteristics on the components of the internal picture of the defect without reference to nosological groups, the main influence of spontaneity was revealed.


2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 385-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Sheldrick ◽  
A. Krug ◽  
V. Markov ◽  
D. Leube ◽  
T.M. Michel ◽  
...  

AbstractThe gene encoding catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme which regulates prefrontal cortex dopamine, contains a common functional single nucleotide polymorphism (val158met, rs4680 G/A), which accounts for part of the interindividual variance in performance during working memory tasks and also predicts personality traits.We examined the relationship between the val158met polymorphism and cognitive function as well as personality traits in 522 healthy individuals (mean age: 24.75 years, SD = 5.84, mean years of education: 15.59, SD = 2.65).COMT val158met genotype was related in allele dosage fashion to performance in an executive function test, with the met/met carriers scoring highest. Subjects carrying the met/met genotype also scored higher in the disorganization domain of the SPQ-B personality inventory.Consistent with evidence from previous studies, higher dopamine availability of the met/met genotype enhances prefrontally mediated executive function in healthy individuals.Furthermore, we replicated findings from a recent study whereby the COMT genotype also predicts disorganized personality features.


1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Walden ◽  
Daniel M. Schwartz ◽  
Allen A. Montgomery ◽  
Robert A. Prosek

The relationship between consonant recognition under conditions of acoustic filtering and hearing loss was studied in subjects with unilateral hearing impairments, Using a procedure involving suprathreshold loudness balance between ears, a spectrum shaper was used to match the (suprathreshold) audiometric configuration of the impaired ear. Consonant recognition data were obtained from the impaired ear and from the normal ear listening through the spectrum shaper. To the extent that consonant recognition was similar in the two ears, the effect of the patient's hearing impairment on phoneme identification could be related to the audiometric configuration. A comparison between consonant recognition scores for the impaired ears and for the ears listening through the spectrum shaper revealed large individual differences among subjects. Mean consonant recognition ability, however, was generally lower in the impaired ear. Although overall consonant recognition and the error probabilities for individual consonants tended to be different between ears, the patterns of feature recognition were quite similar.


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