scholarly journals Perbandingan Kadar Kolesterol pada Guru Obes dan Non-Obes di SMP Negeri I dan II Kauditan Minahasa Utara

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hizkia Rumampuk ◽  
Diana V.D. Doda ◽  
Hedison Polii
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Abstract: To date, obesity incidence is increasing globally in developing and developed countries. Increased prevalence of obesity suggests that there is an increased risk of obesity-related illnesses. Metabolic and lipid transport disorders can lead to hypercholesterolemia. This can happen especially among people with less physical activity, such as teacher. This study was aimed to assess the comparison of cholesterol levels in obese and non-obese teachers. This was an analytical descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Respondents were 35 teachers at SMP Negeri I and II (junior high school) Kauditan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara consisting of 26 females and 9 males. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and fasting cholesterol levels were checked from peripheral blood using autocheck tool. The results showed that there were 16 (45.7%) non-obese respondents and 19 (54.3%) obese respondents. Of the 35 respondents, 24 (68.6%) had normal cholesterol levels and 11 (31.4%) had hypercholesterolemia. The bivariate analysis using Mann Whitney test revealed that there was no significant difference in cholesterol levels between obese and non-obese teachers (P = 0.537). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in cholesterol levels between obese and non-obese teachers at SMP Negeri I and II Kauditan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara.Keywords: cholesterol level, BMl, teachers Abstrak: Insiden obesitas dilaporkan tetap mengalami peningkatan secara global, baik di negara berkembang maupun negara maju. Peningkatan prevalensi obesitas ini memberikan informasi bahwa terdapat peningkatan risiko penyakit yang terkait obesitas. Gangguan metabolism dan transportasi lipid bisa mengakibatkan hiperkolesterolemia. Hal ini bisa terjadi pada orang yang kurang aktif secara fisik, antara lain guru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kadar kolesterol guru yang obes dan tidak obes. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Responden ialah 35 orang guru di SMP Negeri I dan II Kauditan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, terdiri dari 26 perempuan dan 9 laki-laki. Indeks masa tubuh (IMT) dihitung dan kadar kolesterol puasa diperiksa dari darah perifer menggunakan alat autocheck. Analisis bivariat menggunakan Mann Whitney dengan nilai signifikan P ≤ 0,05. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 16 (45,7%) responden non-obes dan 19 (54,3%) responden obes. Kadar kolesterol normal pada 24 (68,6%) responden dan hiper-kolesterolemia pada 11 (31,4%) responden. Anilisis bivariat menggunakan uji Mann Whitney menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kadar kolesterol antara guru obes dan non-obes (P=0,537). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kadar kolesterol antara guru obes dan non-obes di SMP Negeri I dan II Kauditan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara.Kata kunci: kadar kolesterol, IMT, guru

scholarly journals Konsumsi makanan tinggi natrium, kesukaan rasa asin, berat badan, dan tekanan darah pada anak sekolah

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Heni Hendriyani ◽  
Enik Sulistyowati ◽  
Astidio Noviardhi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Background: It is a fact that natrium consumption relates to hypertension and the risk of heart disease and stroke. Even though it is common happened in later life, hypertension can be started in early age.Objective: The aim of the study is to identify salty food preference, high natrium food consumption, natrium intake, weight and its correlation with blood pressure among schoolchildren.Method: The study used cross-sectional design. There were 151 samples from junior high school chosen by purposive sampling. Food salty level data was assessed by eating the snack with three different salt concentration. High and low natrium source food and natrium intake data were taken using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer digital. Bivariate analysis was used Chi-square and Rank Spearman test.Results: The study revealed that 74,2% children prefer snack with the salt level above recommendation (> 0,5 gr salt per portion ). There were 22,5% children have natrium intake from food only ≥2000 mg (above recommendation). As much as 35,8% children fall into hypertension category based on their blood pressure (BP) level. There was a significant relationship between high natrium food consumption score with natrium intake (p=0,002). There were significant correlation between weight with systolic and diastolic BP ((p=0,000 r=-0,549 and p=0,000 r=-0,412). There were no correlation between atrium intake with systolic and diastolic BP (p=0,764;  r= 0,0025 and p=0,819 r=0,19).Conclusion: Healthy food and maintaining normal weight information and education must be done for children as early as possible.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN STATUS GIZI PADA SISWA SMP MARDI YUANA RANGKASBITUNG

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Sarma Eko Natalia Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Food Habit ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Regression Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: pencegahan obesitas perlu dilakukan sejak dini karena kelebihan berat badan dapat menjadi obesitas pada saat usia dewasa. Tujuan: penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara jenis kelamin, umur, kebiasaan sarapan, kebiasaan makan fast food, kebiasaan jajan di sekolah/ngemil, pengetahuan tentang gizi, olahraga dengan peningkatan status gizi siswa di SMP Mardi Yuana Rangkasbitung. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 76 orang. Hasil: analisis bivariat dengan uji t-test menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara variabel umur (P = 0.038) dengan peningkatan status gizi. Hasil uji multivariate dengan regresi  linier ganda menunjukkan variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan status gizi adalah kebiasaan sarapan. ABSTRACT Introduction: Prevention of obesity needs to be done early because obesity can become obese as adult. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship among sex, age, breakfast habits, the consumption habits fast food, habit of eating snack, knowledge, exercise  and nutritional status of the students of Junior High School (SMP) Mardi Yuana in Rangkasbitung. This descriptive quantitative study utilized cross-sectional design with 76 (seventy-six) respondents. The result of the bivariate analysis using t-test  shows a significant relationship between age ( P = 0.039) and nutritional status. The multivariate analysis using  multiple linear regression test shows that breakfast is highly correlated to the nutritional status.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN KADAR KOLESTEROL HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN DARAH PADA WANITA OBES DAN NON OBES

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanif B. S. Gani
Keyword(s):  
Serum Triglyceride ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Serum Triglyceride Level ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Obese Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Abstract: In general, obesity is associated with a decrease of blood HDL-cholesterol level and an increase of serum triglyceride level. In obese people, the  triglyceride is deposited in the subcutaneous layer of the skin. This triglyceride plays an important role in the formation of VLDL and LDL-cholesterol in the liver which will be released into the blood. This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. Samples were 22 obese female students and 22 non-obese female students of Faculty of Medicine, University of Sam Ratulangi Manado aged 18-22 years. The results showed that the mean HDL-cholesterol levels in obese females was 57.64 mg/dL, meanwhile of the non-obese females was 61.77 mg/dL. Albeit, the statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the HDL-cholesterol levels of obese and non-obese females (P-value 0.974). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the HDL-cholesterol levels of obese females and non obese females. Keywords: HDL-cholesterol levels, females, obese, non obese     Abstrak: Obesitas berhubungan dengan penurunan kadar kolesterol HDL darah dan peningkatan kadar serum trigliserida.3 Pada individu obes, trigliserida disimpan pada jaringan subkutan. Trigliserida itu merupakan bahan utama pembentukan VLDL dan LDL di hati yang akan dilepaskan ke dalam darah. Penelitian ini bersifat observasional dengan menggunakan cross-sectional design. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 22 mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi yang obes dan 22 mahasiswi yang non-obes. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa rerata kadar kolesterol HDL pada sampel yang obes 57,64 mg/dL dan pada yang non-obes 61,77 mg/dL. Uji statistik memperlihatkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar kolesterol HDL darah pada wanita yang obes dan yang non-obes (P = 0,974). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar kolesterol HDL darah pada wanita obes dan wanita non-obes. Kata kunci: kadar kolestrol HDL, wanita, obes, non-obes.

Factors Associated with Dating Behavior of Adolescents in North Coastal Line, West Java

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juariah Juariah ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
West Java ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Background: Interest to the opposite sex is one changing that is happened in adolescence. Dating behavior of adolescents can be the beginning of premarital sex that will impact on the emergence of adolescent reproductive health problems such as unintended pregnancy and STDs/HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study was to give description of factors related to dating behavior of early adolescents in North Coastal line, West Java. Subject and Methods: Type of this research was descriptive analytic with cross sectional design. The research was conducted in Pusakajaya Public Junior High School 1 and 2, Subang Regency. Population of this study was all of students at class VII in the selected schools. Sample of the study determined by purposive sampling technique with criteria the students ever had a lover or currently they were having a boyfriend/girlfriend. Number of respondents were 269 students. Data collection was done by interview using questionnaire as a tool. Data was reviewed using univariate and bivariate analysis. Results: Results of this study showed that 36,8% of the respondent had risky dating behavior, 25,7% did not live with their parent, 57,2% of them had low religiosity,74,7% had lack of knowledge in sexuality, 47,6% had negative attitude toward risky dating, 53,9% ever accessed pornography content and 48,3% had friend with risky dating behavior. Using Chi Square test to analyze showed that factors related to risky dating behavior were low religiosity (OR=44,68 ;95%CI=15,65 to 127,56; p=0,000), lack of knowledge (OR=14,34; 95%CI=5,03 to 40,87; p=0,000), negative attitude (OR=34,73; 95%CI=16,01 to 75,35; p=0,000), accessed pornography content (OR=79.02; 95%CI=23,89 to 261,33; p=0,000) and negative behavior of friends (OR=201,3 ;95%CI=47,19 to 859,04; p=0,000). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between religiosity, knowledge, attitude, access to pornography content and dating behavior of friends with risky dating behavior. Keywords: factors, risky, dating behavior, early adolescent, north coastal line Correspondence: Juariah.The Agency of Research and Development West Java Province. Jl. Kawaluyaan Indah Raya No. 6, Bandung, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected]. Mobile: 081313452500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.17

scholarly journals Violence Determinant on Teenagers in Yogyakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
Erni Gustina ◽  
Liena Sofiana ◽  
Suci Musvita Ayu ◽  
Marsiana Wibowo ◽  
Inggrid Dwita Wardani
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Counseling Services ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physically Abused ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Violence can adversely affect teenagers. Teenagers rarely report violence to their friends or family. Teens who are experienced with violent outbreaks have symptoms such as depression and anxiety, deviant behaviours such as smoking, drugs and alcohol and even attempted suicide. This Study used a cross-sectional design. The sample of the study were student aged 15-19 years who came from 18 Junior High School in Yogyakarta City. The study was conducted during August 2017. Sample size is 481 adolescents. Technique sampling used multistage random cluster sampling. The instrument used questionnaires on violence, knowledge, attitudes, self-confidence, family roles, peer roles, teacher roles and information sources. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis used chi square test. Results showed that 77.5% of adolescents were violent and 68.4% were physically abused. Peers are a risk factor for adolescents to engage in violence (PR: 1.335; CI 95%:1.205-1.479) and families also play an important role for adolescents engaged in violence (PR: 1.179; CI 95%: 1.079-1.292). The existence of teen counseling services such as Youth Information and Counseling Center to increase adolescent insight about juvenile delinquency especially violence and impact on adolescents.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Kadar Endotelin-1 Plasma pada Penderita Preeklampsia dengan Kehamilan Normotensif

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susi Hartati ◽  
Rahmatina B Herman ◽  
Darwin Amir
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Endothelial Layer ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Biomedical Laboratory

Abstrak Endotelin-1 merupakan derivat endotelium yang ampuh sebagai vasokontriksi  paling kuat yang memiliki 21 asam amino. Kerusakan lapisan endotel mengaktivasikan peningkatan vasokontriksi yaitu endotelin-1. Peningkatan endotelin-1 ini menyebabkan terjadinya resistensi diseluruh sistem vaskuler maternal yang memiliki lapisan endotel sehingga menimbulkan manifestasi klinis preeklampsia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan perbedaan kadar endotelin-1 plasma pada penderita preeklampsia dan kehamilan normotensif. Penelitian bersifat observasional dengan desaincross sectional comparative. Penelitian ini dilakukan di RSUP Dr.M.Djamil Padang dan RS Tk.III Reksodiwiryo Padang. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari dua kelompok yaitu 16 penderita preeklampsia dan 16 kehamilan normotensifdengan waktu penelitian dari  Juni sampai Agustus 2014. Analisis sampel dilakukan di Laboratorium Biomedik Universitas Andalas Padang. Pemeriksaan kadar endotelin-1 menggunakan metode ELISA. Analisa statistik mengunakan univariat dan bivariat. Analisa bivariat mengunakan uji t tidak berpasangan yang telah dilakukan uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa rerata kadar endotelin-1 plasma pada penderita preeklampsia yaitu 0,73 ± 0,15 pg/ml, rerata kadar endotelin-1 plasma pada kehamilan normotensif yaitu 0,56 ±0,13 pg/ml dengan nilai p<0,05 (0,002). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat perbedaan kadar endotelin-1 yang signifikan rerata kadar endotelin-1 plasma pada penderita preeklampsia dengan kehamilan normotensif.Kata kunci: preeklampsia, endotelin-1, normotensifAbstract  Endothelin-1 is potent endothelium derived as the strongest vasocontrictor that has 21 amino acids. Damage of endothelial layer activated the increasing of vasoconstriction which is endothelin-1. The increasing of endothelin-1 caused a resistence across the maternal vascular system that has endothelial layer make a clinical manifestations of preeclampsia. The objective of this study was to determine the difference of endothelin-1 plasm level of preeclampsia and normotensive pregnancies. This study was an observational study with cross sectional design. This study hasbeen done in RSUP Dr.M.Djamil and Reksodiwiryo hospital in Padang. The sample of this study consisted of two groups 16 patients with preeclampsia and 16 normotensive pregnancies from June to August 2014. The sampleanalyzed in biomedical laboratory of Andalas University Padang. Endothelin-1 plasm level examined by using ELISA method statically. The data analyse using univariate and bivariate analyses. Bivariate analysis using unpaired t-test that used test of normality and homogenity test before. Result found that the avarege of endothelin-1 plasm level onpreeclampsia was 0.73±0.15 pg/ml while the avarege in normotensive pregnancy was 0.56±0.13 pg/ml. The probability value was 0.002 (p<0.05). This reseach concluded that there is significant difference of endothelin-1 plasm level between preeclampsia and normotensive. Keywords: preeclampsia, endothelin-1, normotensive

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN TEKANAN DARAH PASIEN HIPERTENSI

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Ninda Putri Ramarianda
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Hypertension is often referred to as the silent killer. Hypertension is a condition of elevated bloodpressure in the arteries that lead to increased risk for stroke, aneurysm, heart failure, heart attack and kidneydamage. Some of the causes of hypertension were age, sex, carbohydrate intake, saturated fat and unsaturatedfat. The purpose of this study to determine the factors that most influence the blood pressure of hypertensivepatients. This type of research analytic survey with a cross-sectional design with independent variables (age,sex, carbohydrate intake, saturated fat and unsaturated fat) and the dependent variable (blood pressure). Totalpopulation of 476 hypertensive patients. Samples taken by accidental sampling. The Total samples is 83. Theresults showed that there is a significant relationship between age, intake of carbohydrates, saturated fat andunsaturated fat with blood pressure. There is no significant difference in blood pressure between the sexes. Themost dominant factor is the systolic blood pressure is age and diastolic blood pressure is carbohydrate intake.

scholarly journals Pengetahuan dan Sikap mengenai Infertilitas pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran dan Fakultas Non Kedokteran Universitas YARSI

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annisha Jehan Khaerunnisa ◽  
Mirfat Mirfat
Keyword(s):  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Good Attitude

Infertility is a disease characterized by the failure to establish a pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. As the incidence of infertility increases, knowledge and attitude about infertility on students may decrease the incidence of infertility in the future. The aim of this study is to determine and compare the knowledge and attitude regarding infertility among YARSI University students based on their faculty and gender. This was an analytic study with cross-sectional design, which conducted on September until November 2016. The samples were using bachelor’s degree students from 2013 classes of YARSI University in total 86 respondents. Data were obtained by using questionnaire that has been validated. This study used univariate and bivariate analysis method.The results of this study showed that majority of students have moderate level of knowledge regarding infertility (46,5%) and good attitude towards infertility (97%). Significant difference was found in knowledge about infertility between faculties (p=0,000; ?0,05). While there was no significant difference in knowledge about infertility between genders with (p=0,471;0,05). Significant differences were also not found in attitudes regarding infertility between faculties with (p=0,399; 0.05) and genders with (p=0,083; 0.05). Based on the research results medical students have a better knowledge about infertility than non-medical student. Faculty affect the knowledge about infertility, but do not affect the attitude towards infertility. Meanwhile, genders do not affect both knowledge and attitude towards infertility. Thus, it is important to improve student’s knowledge and attitude regarding infertility.

scholarly journals Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kadar Hemoglobin pada Siswa SMP

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Aisyah Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Male Student ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Research Population

This research intent on known factors that associated with hemoglobin rate in junior high school student at bekasi whether there is associated beetwen age, gender, breakfast habbit, ferosus tablet consuption, smoking cigarettes, knowladge about anemia, maternal education, job status, parents income and infection related with hemoglobin rate. This research used Quantitative methode with cross sectional design. Research population are students in SMP B at Bekasi year of 2015, and total sample of this research choosen by the inclusion criteria are 171 respondents Analyzis date use chisquare and multiple logistic regression. This research shows that haemoglobin rate < 12gr/100 ml in female student and < 13 gr/ 100 ml in male student are 16,5%. Bivariate analysis shows that there are significant difference in ferrosus tablet comsuption (P=0,001), knowledge rate about anemia  (P=0,001), maternal education (P=0,009), Parents income (P=0,034), and infection status (P=0,040). Multivariate analysis shows that the most dominan factor are ferrosus tablet consuption (OR = 0,018 dan P=0,001) and knowladge rate about anemia (7,253 dan p-value 0,001).

Hubungan Antara Anemia dan Kebiasaan Merokok pada Ibu Hamil dengan Kejadian BBLR di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Tahun 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Intan Sari
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional

Low Birth Weight (LBW) is an infant born with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams regardless of gestation. Birth weight is the weight of the baby weighed in 1 hour after birth. (Depkes RI, 2009). Based on WHO and UNICEF data, in 2013 about 222 million babies were born in the world, of which 16% were born with low birth weight. The percentage of LBW in developing countries is 16.5% twice that of developed countries (7%) (Scholar Unand, 2014). The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between anemia and Smoking Habit in Pregnant Women with LBW occurrence in General Hospital Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Year 2016. This research use analytical survey method with cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all mothers who gave birth monthly in Midwifery Installation of Dr. General Hospital Mohammad Hoesin Palembang in 2016 as many as 315 respondents. The sample of this research is some of mothers who give birth enough month in Midwifery Installation of Dr. General Hospital Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Year 2016 as many as 315 respondents. ". From the results of bivariate analysis of anemic respondents with the occurrence of LBW obtained statistical test X2 count = 23.22 which means there is a significant relationship between anemia with the incidence of BBLR. Respondents smoking with the occurrence of LBWR obtained statistical test X2 count = 41.20 which means there is a relationship Meaningful between smoking and LBW incidence. From the results of this study is expected that this research can be a reference material and is a complete information and useful for the development of knowledge about LBW.

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