The Relationship between Birth Weight and Neonatal Sepsis Incidence: Literature Review

Neonatal sepsis contributes as much as 75% in increasing the neonatal mortality rate that occurs first week of birth. Neonatal sepsis is characterized by entry of bacteria in the blood that can be life-threatening. Process of neonatal sepsis can occur very quickly, if not treated with adequate treatment, death can occur within 24-48 hours. Neonatal sepsis is affected by infant factors like low birth weight (LBW). LBW in neonates can be easily infected due to immature immune formation. The study used literature review methods. Literature sourced from five databases: Biomed Central, Plus One, Pubmed, Proquest and Science Direct. Search with PICOS framework 15 journals used to analyze and obtained. Results showed the incidence of neonatal sepsis with the percentage incidence of sepsis at 16.9%-77.8%. LBW is risk of developing sepsis with the highest percentage compared to other birth weight classifications. Majority of journals stated there was a significant relationship between birth weight and neonatal sepsis (p value: 0,0131-0,001). Nurses play a role in conducting assessment begin ranging from pregnant to the birth and give a comprehensive nursing care earlier for birth babies less than 2.500 gram. It's effort decrease incidence of neonatal sepsis.

Download Full-text

The Relationship of Birth Weight Infant with Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Resistance of Neonatal Sepsis

Asian Journal of Applied Sciences ◽

10.24203/ajas.v7i5.5932 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Nisrina Asysyifa ◽

Husjain Djajaningrat ◽

Diah Lestari

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

P Value ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Bacteriological Profile ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Neonatal sepsis is a major issue on neonatal-care field. This incident occurs by many factors, one of the factor is infant with a low birth weight. Blood culture is used as the gold standard for diagnosis. The spectrum of bacteria which caused neonatal sepsis is constantly change and vary due to antibiotic resistance phenomenon. This study aimed to determine the relationship of birth weight infant with bacteriological profile and antibiotic resistance of neonatal sepsis in RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta. This study used observational method with cross sectional design and purposive sampling method which is analyzed by chisquare test. Medical record data and blood culture and antibiotic resistance test from all subjects in Januari until December 2018 were reviewed. The sample in this research is neonatal sepsis patients who met inclusion criteria were 51 patients. From 51 (55,43%) subjects, there were 39 (76,47%) neonatal sepsis in low birth weight infant. Klebsiella pneumonia spp (41,17%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (19,60%) were the predominant pathogens. Amikacin (62,74%), and meropenem (50,98%) were the most susceptible antibiotic towards bacteria. Maximum resistance among organisms was seen in cefotaxime (84,31%), ceftazidime (78,43%), and amoxicillin (70,58%).Â The result of the analysis found there is a relationship between birth weight infant and bacteriological profile (p-value = 0,035), but there is no relationship between birth weight infant and antibiotic resistance of neonatal sepsis (p-value =0,092; 0,066; and 0,521). There is a relationship between birth weight infant and bacteriological profile , but there is no relationship between birth weight infant and antibiotic resistance of neonatal sepsis.

Download Full-text

VALIDITY OF C- REACTIVE PROTEIN IN DIAGNOSIS OF NEONATAL SEPSIS.

10.36106/ijsr/1506241 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Ghongade P. G. ◽

Khaire P. B.

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Screening Test ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Suspected Sepsis ◽

Adequate Treatment ◽

Reactive Protein

Background: Neonatal sepsis with its high incidence &grave prognosis, in spite of adequate treatment with modern antibiotics, has been a challenge for all times. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies are difficult to define. It is essential to diagnose early with laboratory investigation like serial CRP; so that a feasible, rapid and a relatively economic method to diagnose neonatal sepsis at earliest can be instituted even at basic health care level. hence a study was planned to find out the role of CRP against blood culture in early detection of neonatal sepsis. Aim & Objective: To evaluate Validity of C-Reactive Protein as a screening test in neonatal sepsis. Material and Method: This prospective study was carried out inpaediatric dept of medical college. 100 neonates (≤ 28 days) with suspected neonatal sepsis having a birth weight of ≥ 1000 grams admitted during a period from January 2020 to March 2020 were screened primarily with C-Reactive Protein. Serial level of CRPon the day of admission,2nd ,4th ,6th ,8th& 10th day was compared with the serial blood cultureon the day of admission,8th,15th& 21st day to establish the validity of CRP as a screening test.Data analysis carried out by Percentages, Chi Square test, Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value, Negative predictive value. Results: Amongst 100neonate 76% were early neonates,65% were low birth weight,CRP was having high sensitivity & specificity(78.57%,76.74% respectively). ROC analysis showed AUC 0.8 with p<0.001.Conclusion: CRP is a good screening test & establishes its validity in diagnosing suspected sepsis.

Download Full-text

Hubungan Karakteristik individu dan Perilaku Caring Perawat Dengan Kepuasan pasien di Ruang Rawat Inap RSUD Abdul Manap Jambi Tahun 2019

Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi ◽

10.33087/jiubj.v20i3.1090 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 996

Author(s):

Ernawati Ernawati ◽

Bettywati E Tumanggor

Keyword(s):

Nursing Care ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Caring Behavior ◽

Nursing Services ◽

Chi Square Analysis ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Nursing services have a big role to play in improving and determining the quality of health care. caring is an important component in nursing and is at the core of nursing practice because it contains humanistic values, respects human freedom of choice, emphasizes on improving ability and self-reliance, increasing knowledge and respecting every human being. Nurses who have value and caring spirit will have work behaviors that are in accordance with the principles of ethics due to the care of nurses who view clients as humanistic beings so motivated to provide high quality nursing services. This study is a quantitative study with a design description of correlation with a cross sectional approach to view the relationship of individual characteristics and caring behavior of nurses as independent variables and patient satisfaction as variable dependent. The goal is to know the relationship of individual characteristics and behavior of caring nurses with the satisfaction of inpatients of Abdul Manap Jambi Hospital. Samples of patients treated in the first and VIP inpatient rooms, how to take samples by accidental sampling. Data processing with chi-square analysis. Based on the results of the study the characteristics of individuals are mostly: male gender respondents (56.7%), low education (83.3%), age over 46 years (56.7%), and work (61.7%). Caring behavior of nurses is mostly well behaved (73.3%) and 70% of patients are satisfied with the services provided in the inpatient room of RsUD Abdul Manap Kota Jambi. The results of bivariate analysis there is no relationship of individual characteristics with the satisfaction of inpatients and there is a relationship of caring behavior of nurses with the satisfaction of inpatients in Abdul Manap Hospital Jambi City (p value 0.018). The results of the study are expected to improve the quality of nursing services, especially in providing nursing care by taking into account caring aspects to improve the satisfaction of inpatients. For nurses in the inpatient room consistently and further improve caring application in providing nursing care to patients especially in the fulfillment of basic needs and health education in the inpatient room.

Download Full-text

Penyebab Terjadinya Ruptur Perineum pada Persalinan Normal di RSUD Muntilan Kabupaten Magelang

Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia ◽

10.21927/jnki.2015.3(2).77-81 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Eka Prawitasari ◽

Anafrin Yugistyowati ◽

Dyah Kartika Sari

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Birth Spacing ◽

Statistical Test ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Normal Delivery ◽

Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery ◽

Birth Canal ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

The Relationship

<p>Perineal Rupture is a laceration on perineum when delivering a baby. Perineal rupture is one of lacerations on birth canal which can cause complication which is dangerous for mother. The danger and complication of perineal rupture are bleeding, hematoma, ﬁ stula, and infection. Based on the baseline study in RSUD Muntilan Magelang District, the number of normal deliveries in November 2013 to June 2014 found 612 people with normal delivery (spontaneous), as many as 243 people with a rupture perineum and the majority occur in women primiparous total of 37 people (15.22%), at a birth spacing >2 years as many as 87 people (35.80%), maternal aged 20-35 years as many as 46 people (18.93%), and 2.500-4.000 grams birth weight as much as 73 people (30.04%). The purposes of this study were to know the frequency distribution of perineal rupture on normal delivery and to know the relationship between perineal rupture and partum, birth spacing, mothers’ age, birth weight on normal delivery in RSUD Muntilan Magelang District of 2015. This study was observational analytics with cross sectional design. The research samples were 41 women of spontaneous vaginal delivery in RSUD Muntilan. The data were collected by using checklist. Based on the statistical test, there were no signiﬁ cant relationship between perineal rupture and partum (p-value=0.893), birth spacing (p-value=0.682), and mothers age (p-value=0.434); while on birth weight there was a signiﬁ cant relationship with the occurrence of rupture perineum (p-value=0.000). In conclusion, there was no inﬂ uence between partum, birth spacing, and mothers’ age on perineal rupture. In this study, the factor that inﬂ uences perineal rupture was the birth weight.</p>

Download Full-text

HUBUNGAN BERAT BADAN LAHIR RENDAH DAN STATUS IMUNISASI TERHADAP KEJADIAN ISPA PADA BALITA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS TANJUNG BARU OGAN KOMERING ULU

Masker Medika ◽

10.52523/maskermedika.v8i1.369 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 21-26

Author(s):

Arda Suryadinata Suryadinata

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Immunization Status ◽

Common Causes ◽

The Relationship

Pendahuluan: Pada usia balita seseorang lebih sering terkena penyakit dibandingkan orang dewasa. Hal ini disebabkan sistem pertahanan tubuh pada balita terhadap penyakit infeksi masih dalam tahap perkembangan dan mudah untuk terkena penyakit dan salah satunya adalah Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) yang merupakan penyakit menular melalui udara yang sering terjadi pada anak dan menjadi salah satu penyebab kematian tersering pada anak di dunia. Salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya ISPA pada balita ialah berat badan lahir rendah dan status imunisasi. Berdasarkan data wilayah kerjapuskesmas Tanjung Baru pada periode Januari-Desember 2018 menyebutkan bahwa sebanyak 150 balita yang menderita ISPA. Tujuan penelitian: untuk mengetahui hubungan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah dan Status imunisasi lengkap dengan kejadian ISPA di Wilayah Kerja UPTD Puskesmas Tanjung Baru Ogan Komering Ulu. Metode Penelitian: yaitu analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional dengan populasi adalah ibu di UPTD Puskesmas Tanjung Baru Kabupaten OKU yang berjumlah 53 orang, analisa data dengan uji statistik Chi-Square, dengan derajat kepercayaan 95%. Didapatkan Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara berat badan lahir rendah dengan kejadian ISPA dengan p value 0,011 < 0,050. Serta ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Status Imunisasi dengan Kejadian ISPAdengan p value 0,016 < 0,05. At the age of a toddler a person is more often affected by the disease than an adult. This is due to the body's defense system in infants against infectious diseases that are still in the developmental stages and are easy to contract the disease and one of them is Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) which is an infectious disease through the air that often occurs in children and is one of the most common causes of death in children. child in the world. One of the factors that can cause ARI in infants is low birth weight and immunization status. Based on data from the Tanjung Baru puskesmas in the January-December 2018 period, 150 150 toddlers suffer from ARI. This study aims to determine the relationship between low birth weight and complete immunization status with the incidence of ARI in the working area of the UPTD Puskesmas Tanjung Baru, East Baturaja Subdistrict, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency in 2019. The method used is analytic with cross sectional approach and the population is mothers with children under five. and have KMS in UPTD Puskesmas Tanjung Baru OKU Regency, totaling 53 people. Which was analyzed by Chi-Square statistical test, with 95% confidence level. There was a significant relationship between low birth weight with the incidence of ARI with p value 0.011 <0.050. And there is a significant relationship between Immunization Status and the incidence of ARI with p value 0.016 <0.05.

Download Full-text

The relationship between Apgar score and gender with the incidence of neonatal sepsis: systematic review

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214291 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 5473

Author(s):

Merry Lidya ◽

Umi Hanik Fetriyah ◽

Dini Rahmayani ◽

Malisa Ariani

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Apgar Score ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

P Value ◽

Apgar Scores ◽

Birth Attendants ◽

Total Incidence ◽

And Gender ◽

The Relationship

Neonatal sepsis is a cause of mordibity and mortality in newborns that causes long-term complications that can lead to death. One of risk factors for neonatal sepsis in infants is the Apgar score and gender. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between Apgar score and gender with the incidence of neonatal sepsis. This study was systematic review, in searching sourced from six databases (EBSCO, Clinicalkey Nursing, PubMed, ProQuest, Science Direct and Springer Link). In searching for studies using the PICOS framework, the selection study used The Joanna Brigss Guideline Critical Appraisal. The literature used was 14 studies. The results of this study were from 14 literatures used, the average total incidence of neonatal sepsis was 0.356 (35.6%).10 of the 14 literatures stated that the 5th minute Apgar score of less than seven (<7) could be an independent predictor of the risk of neonatal sepsis with a mean risk of 16.9% (p value<0.01) and there were 8 from 14 literatures which states that there is a significant relationship between gender and the incidence of male gender morbidity with a risk of 1.02 (p value=0.00). The results showed that there was a relationship between Apgar scores and gender with the incidence of neonatal sepsis. Therefore, nurses or birth attendants need to be vigilant and take preventive measures if they find babies have Apgar scores and male sex as signs of a possible higher risk of neonatal sepsis in newborns.

Download Full-text

HUBUNGAN USIA IBU BERSALIN, PARITAS DAN BERAT BAYI LAHIR DENGAN KEJADIAN PARTUS TAK MAJU

Jurnal Muara Sains, Teknologi, Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan ◽

10.24912/jmstkik.v5i1.9955 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 215

Author(s):

Paskalia Tri Kurniati

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Maternal Age ◽

P Value ◽

Early Screening ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Keywords Birth Weight ◽

Prolonged Labor ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

The Relationship

About 9% of maternal deaths are due to complications during pregnancy, childbirth and after delivery. The cause of maternal death was bleeding 30.1%, hypertension 26.9%, infection 5.6%, abortion 1.6%, prolonged labor 1.8% and others 34.5%. Data obtained at the Ade Mohammad Djoen Regional Hospital for the last 3 years has seen an increase in cases of prolonged labor. In 2017 there were 37 cases, in 2018 there were 39 cases, and in 2019 there were 48 cases. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal age, parity and birth weight with the incidence of non-progressive labor. The research method is quantitative analytic with cross sectional design, using a retropective approach. The results of this study showed a relationship between maternal age and the incidence of prolonged labor with (p value = 0.008 (p <0.05) and an OR value of 2,250, which means that the age of mothers who gave birth who was <20 years or> 35 years had a risk of developing non-progressive labor 2,250. There is a relationship between parity and the incidence of underdeveloped labor (p value = 0.026 (p <0.05) with an OR value of 1.977, which means parity with the number of deliveries 1 or> 3 has a risk of developing non-progressive labor by 1.977 times. Between the birth weight and the incidence of non-progressive labor with (p value = 0.040 (p <0.05) with an OR value of 1.953, which means that the birth weight at risk >4000 grams has a 1.953 times greater risk of developing prolonged labor. This needs to increase service innovation in dealing with emergencies of underdeveloped labor, one of which is through early screening steps with antenatal care so that cases of prolonged labor can be prevented. Keywords : birth weight; Prolonged labor; maternal age; parity AbstrakSekitar 9% kematian maternal akibat komplikasi selama kehamilan, persalinan dan setelah persalinan. Penyebab kematian ibu perdarahan 30,1%, hipertensi 26,9%, infeksi 5,6%, abortus 1,6%, partus tak maju 1,8% dan lain-lain 34,5%. Data yang diperoleh di RSUD Ade Mohammad Djoen selama 3 tahun terakhir terjadi peningkatan kasus partus tak maju. Tahun 2017 ada 37 kasus, tahun 2018 ada 39 kasus, dan tahun 2019 menjadi 48 kasus. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui Hubungan Usia Ibu Bersalin, Paritas dan Berat Bayi Lahir dengan Kejadian Partus Tak Maju. Metode Penelitian adalah analitik kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional, menggunakan pendekatan retropektif. Hasil penelitian ini ada hubungan usia ibu bersalin dengan kejadian partus tak maju dengan (p value = 0,008 (p < 0,05) dan nilai OR 2,250 yang berarti usia ibu bersalin yang <20 Tahun atau >35 tahun mempunyai resiko terjadinya partus tak maju 2,250 kali lebih besar. Ada hubungan paritas dengan kejadian partus tak maju dengan (p value = 0,026 (p < 0,05) dengan nilai OR 1,977 yang artinya paritas dengan jumlah persalinan 1 atau >3 mempunyai resiko terjadinya partus tak maju 1,977 kali. Ada hubungan antara berat bayi lahir dengan kejadian partus tak maju dengan (p value = 0,040 (p < 0,05) dengan nilai OR 1,953 yang artinya berat bayi lahir yang beresiko >4000 gram mempunyai resiko terjadinya partus tak maju 1,953 kali lebih besar. Saran dalam penelitian ini perlu meningkatkan inovasi pelayanan dalam menangani kegawatdaruratan partus tak maju salah satunya melalui langkah penapisan sejak awal dengan pemeriksaan kehamilan sehingga kasus partus tak maju dapat dicegah.

Download Full-text

Hubungan Umur Ibu dengan Kejadian Persalinan Prematur di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kaliangkrik Kabupaten Magelang Tahun 2012

Journal of Health ◽

10.30590/vol1-no2-p91-96 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 91

Author(s):

Fatimah Sari ◽

Evy Ernawati ◽

Indartik Indartik

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Preterm Labor ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

The Body ◽

P Value ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Relationship

Background: One of the most common causes of death of neonates are low birth weight (LBW) either at term or preterm (premature). As a result of the premature births, children born will experience a variety of health problems due to lack of maturation of the fetus at birth which resulted in many organs of the body that have not been able to work perfectly. factors that can lead to preterm labor (preterm) or low birth weight infants is mother's first factor is less than 20 years of age or over 35 years . Method: This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal age with the incidence of preterm labor. Objective: This research is the type of observational analytic study with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique using saturated sample and the number of samples in this study were 75 respondents. Result: The results showed no association with maternal age on the incidence of preterm labor Puskesmas Kaliangkrik Magelang Regency in 2012 with a p value of 0.000 (0.000 < 0.05) and the relationship is strong enough that the value of the Contingency Coefficient .431. Conclusion: There is a relationship with the mother's age incidence of preterm labor.

Download Full-text

Study of renal profile in septicemic neonates

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20180533 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 448

Author(s):

Sharwari J. Bhutada ◽

Chandrakant M. Bokade

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Neonatal Morbidity ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

P Value ◽

Etiological Agents

Background: Neonatal sepsis can cause multiorgan involvement causing neonatal morbidity and mortality. The kidneys are an important organ affected in septicemic newborns. In this study we evaluated the renal functions and its association with various risk factors along with outcome in septicemic neonates.Methods: This study was a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The sample size was 276 cases of septicemic new-borns and study duration was 2 years. The profile of acute renal failure (ARF) and various risk factors were studied in a sample of 276 septicemic neonates. Detailed clinical examination and investigations were done to confirm the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis and the occurrence of ARF was studied among these septicemic newborns. Risk factors like birth weight, gestational age, shock, etiological agents, DIC were studied for the occurrence of ARF and mortality in ARF patients among septicemic neonates.Results: 30.07% of septicemic neonates developed ARF. DIC (p value=0.014), shock (p value=<0.0001), gestational age (p value=0.005), birth weight (p value=0.003), were found to be analytically significant for the occurrence of ARF. Birth weight (p value=0.006), age of onset of sepsis (p value=0.019), shock (p value =<0.0001), oliguria (p value =<0.0001), and DIC (p value=0.015) were significant predictors of mortality in ARF among septicemic neonates.Conclusions: Awareness and early identification of various risk factors and ARF in septicemic neonates can prevent morbidity and mortality among neonates.

Download Full-text

Sports participation and adiposity do not mediate the relationship between birth weight and arterial thickness in adolescents: ABCD Growth Study

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951119000325 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 620-625

Author(s):

Jacqueline Urban ◽

Suziane Cayres ◽

Jamile Codogno ◽

Bruna Turi-Lynch ◽

Alessandra Mantovani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Effect Size ◽

Sports Participation ◽

Intima Media Thickness ◽

P Value ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Growth Study ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Small Effect Size ◽

The Relationship

AbstractObjective:To analyse the relationship of altered birth weight with metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes among adolescents, as well as to identify if sports participation is able to attenuate or even eliminate the impact of birth weight on health outcomes.Methods:Cross-sectional study (Analysis of Behaviours of Children During Growth [ABCD Growth Study]). Adolescents with age ranging from 11 to 18 years old (14.7±2.1) stratified according to normal (n = 230) and altered (n = 35) birth weight composed the sample. Birth weight was self-reported by adolescent’s parents. Sports participation was assessed by face-to-face interview. Carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) and femoral intima–media thickness (FIMT) were measured using an ultrasound device. C-reactive protein levels were used to assess the inflammatory status. Blood pressure, Z score of metabolic risk (dyslipidemia and glucose), adiposity, and insulin resistance were covariates.Results:In the crude model, FIMT (p value = 0.037) and C-reactive protein (p value = 0.029) were affected by altered birth weight. In the adjusted models, altered birth weight affected FIMT (p value = 0.048; small effect size of 1.7%), independently of sports participation. For C-reactive protein, previous time of engagement in sports (p value = 0.001; small effect size of 4.8%) affected C-reactive protein, independently of birth weight.Conclusion:Vascular structure seems to be affected by birth weight in adolescents, while its impact on inflammation seems to be attenuated by the regular engagement in sports.

Download Full-text