scholarly journals The Pathophysiology of Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for treatment of COVID-19 Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (supplement) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Adnan Haider ◽  
Muhammad Faheem ◽  
Sayed Babar Jamal ◽  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Atif Ali Khan Khalil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Novel Virus

Our planet earth has seen many viral pandemics The most recent pandemic was Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) commonly called Corona Virus disease (COVID-19). It was first reported inWuhan Peoples Republic of China, in December 2019. COVID-19 is a positive-sense single-strand enveloped RNA virus mainly found in mammals. To date, a total of six species of coronavirus have been reported that affected humans. These mainly cause respiratory, hepatic, enteric, and neurological complications. Since it is a novel virus, different therapies were used for the treatment These measures comprised of mostly repurposing of already available drugs, more specifically antiviral drugs. In this review article, we have summarized the virus- host relation and chemical structure and also discussed in detail the proposed mechanism of these repurposed antivirals drugs.

scholarly journals Novel immunogenomic insights of corona virus disease (COVID-19): Available potential immunotherapeutics, current challenges, immune cell recognition and ongoing managerial strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3906-3915
Author(s):  
Kabeer Haneef ◽  
Muhammad Umer Asghar ◽  
Ashiq Ali
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Managerial Strategies ◽  
Spread Of Infection

The emerging Corona virus strain (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)) harbors intricate in the development of corona virus infection (COVID-19)-induced pneumonia and subsequently ameliorates lung infection. Genome sequence and interventions reveal proximal resemblance of corona virus strain COVID-19 with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), transmittable to bats, suggesting similar primary hosts in the spread of infection. However, potential rapid human-to-human transmission has caused therapeutic challenges in treating a wide range of humans suffering from corona virus all over the world. However, up to now, no direct vaccines or antiviral drugs are available to treat COVID-19. Previously designed antiviral drugs and convalescent plasma are undergoing investigations as treatment for COVID-19 infected patients. Therapeutic challenges with regards to COVID-19 have prompted scientists to develop fruitful remedies to combat the pathogen. In this review, we address the role of current ongoing therapeutic strategies, , and complex mechanisms of adaptive immune system (B and T cells) to respond to viruses. Furthermore, we illustrate the current challenges in the treatment of COVID-19, managerial strategies, and ongoing and future perspectives.

scholarly journals Role of Anti-Viral Drugs in Combating SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sweta Kamboj ◽  
Rohit Kamboj ◽  
Shikha Kamboj ◽  
Rohit Dutt ◽  
Reeva Chabbra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Pox ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Virus

Viruses are the eventual assertion of parasitism, they not only take nutriments from the host cell, apart from that they direct its metabolic machinery to amalgamate novel virus particle and to diminish the ability of flu viruses to reproduce in an individual antiviral drugs are used. When used as directed, antiviral drugs may help to lessen the duration of flu symptoms and may reduce the severity of common flu symptoms. Antiviral drugs are the class of drugs which comes under the antimicrobials, and that also accommodates the larger group i.e. of antibiotics. They are broad-spectrum in nature and can be effective against a wide range of viruses. They can be used as a single drug as well as in combination of drugs. Antiviral drugs are dissimilar from the antibiotics, they do not demolish their target pathogen ideally they obstruct development of pathogen. To the greatest extent antiviral drugs currently accessible are delineate to deal with herpes viruses, covid-19, HIV, the hepatitis b and c viruses herpes simplex, small pox, picornavirus and influenza a and b viruses etc. Scientists are searching to drag out the range of antiviral to the other families of pathogens. They mainly act by inhibiting the attachment of viruses on cells, prevent genetic reproduction of virus, prevent viral protein production and vital for production of virus. The emanation of antiviral is generally the outcome about an appreciably expanded skills or proficiency of the generative, microscopic and atomic activity of organisms, allowing biomedical analyst to acknowledge the structure, mechanism of action and activity of viruses, significant progress within the procedure for come across the current drugs. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID 19) is highly infectious disease triggered by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus 2 causing nearly 2.9 million deaths worldwide. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the repurposing of antiviral drugs has come into picture.

scholarly journals Antiviral Therapy in Corona Virus Disease-19 (Covid-19)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-462
Author(s):  
Laisa Azka ◽  
Irvan Medison ◽  
Dessy Mizarti
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by a new coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, PRC. The total number of COVID-19 cases worldwide has reached 102 million cases with 54 million cases recovered and 2.3 million cases dead. Handling for this pandemic is still being carried out. In Indonesia, the antiviral drugs used are those that meet the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) requirements, and are included in the COVID-19 management guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health. Antiviral options used are Oseltamivir, Favifirapir, Remdesivir. Until now, the use of antivirus is still being researched regarding the effectiveness and security of the antivirus used. Oseltamivir is used as an antiviral for COVID-19 with a mild clinical course, Favifirapir is used for mild to moderate clinical cases of COVID-19. For the use of remdesivir in COVID-19 patients with severe and critis clinical conditions.

scholarly journals Repurposing Dupilumab May Treat Advanced COVID-19 Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome By Mitigating Cytokine Storm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Geraci ◽  
Bronnil Hawill
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Contagious Nature ◽  
Positive Sense

SARS-CoV-02, or more popularly known asCOVID-19, is a positive-sense RNA virus thatis currently the cause of a pandemic. Dueto its highly contagious nature, many countriesare closing their borders and placing populationsin quarantine in order to slow down transmission.The sharp surge in demand for immediate careunits are leaving hospitals depleted of resources.Drug repositioning is the attempt at using an already approved drug to create a favorable phenotype to a disease it was not originally intended for.Drug repositioning is the quickest and safest wayto treat patients with such limited time.

scholarly journals Diabetes mellitus augments the complications of patients with COVID-19: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2716
Author(s):  
Parthiba Pramanik ◽  
Purushottam Pramanik
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Appropriate Therapy

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is current pandemic infection caused by RNA virus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS Cov-2). The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID-19 and people were died due to severe acute respiratory s syndrome, pneumonia and multi-organs failure. Fatality rate was more, those who suffer in chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus (DM). As COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating , it is important to understand the molecular mechanism through which DM increases the severity related to COVID-19 to able to design more appropriate therapy. The aims of this study was to identify mechanisms through re-analysis of publicly available data by which DM increases susceptibility for COVID-19 infection and/or increase complication for SARS-Cov-2 infection. SARS Cov-2 accesses host cells via membrane bound enzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). This leads to imbalance of vasoprotective and vasodeletorious arms of renin angiotensin system (RAS) with over activity of vasodeletorious arms. Such imbalance of RAS induces alveolar damage, flooding the alveoli and difficulty in breathing. DM augmented the chance of pulmonary infection by impairment of innate immunity and down regulation of ACE2. Hence, diabetic patients of COVID-19 die from multi-organ failure, shock, heart failure, arrhythmias and renal failure along with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Thus it is concluded that DM augments the complications from COVID-19 by enhancing development of RAS imbalance. From view point of public health it is suggested to keep the lung healthy, maintain blood glucose level properly, and intake foods rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents to prevent and ameliorate the acute effect of COVID-19 in diabetic patients.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Effects of Favipiravir on Coronavirus: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 1087-1095
Author(s):  
Prerna Tejaswi ◽  
Kumar Devashish ◽  
Raj Ranjan Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Novel Virus

The coronavirus pandemic is the worst health crisis of our time. There is a massive upsurge of the cases and no specific treatment options of this novel virus (SARS-CoV-2).Due to no time for research and development of a new drug or a vaccine, old and existing broad spectrum antiviral drugs were tried and tested. Favipiravir showed promising results in mild to moderate COVID-19 infection in small studies. The drug is approved with precaution under emergency use, as its safety profile is still not clear. We have considered every aspect of favipiravir and compiled all the latest information about the drug in this review article.

scholarly journals Awareness of COVID-19 Pandemic and General Management Protocol for Home Isolated Patients through Modern and Ayurvedic Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 210-215
Author(s):  
Mishra Meenu ◽  
Pandey Mahima ◽  
Borkar Shubham
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
General Management ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Management Protocol

The corona virus pandemic, is an ongoing pandemic of corona virus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2. The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The aim and objectives are to describe awareness factors for COVID-19 pandemic and to summarize general protocol for home isolated patients through modern and Ayurveda perspective. For this study Ayurveda Samhitas, authentic publications, internet and modern medical literature have been reviewed. By this review article it is concluded that all introducing, recognizing, spreading, preventive and treatment modalities for COVID-19 pandemic are very important to aware and controlling this pandemic. Key words: COVID-19 pandemic, Awareness of COVID-19, Home isolated patient.

Neurological Complications in COVID-19 Patients and its Implications for Associated Mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-530
Author(s):  
Hanin A. AboTaleb
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Positive Polarity ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

: Coronavirus is an enveloped, non-segmented, positive-polarity and single-stranded RNA virus. It has four types of genera that infect mammals and birds, with only alpha and beta types found to affect humans with varying severity. A specific clade of beta coronaviruses is reported as lethal zoonotic viruses and has created major epidemic troubles, starting with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002, then the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and lastly Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2019. However, many neurological complications reported in COVID-19 patients have highlighted a critical pattern of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Awareness of such an association could create new insight to consider neurological manifestations as a COVID-19 differential diagnosis during the pandemic period of COVID-19 to avoid delayed diagnosis and prevent further transmission. : This mini-review aims to collect the current knowledge regarding the mechanism behind the neuroinvasive capacity of SARS-CoV-2, to summarize the common documented neurological symptoms and associated complications in COVID-19 patients, and to review the impact of neurological manifestations on COVID-19 mortality.

Overview of COVID-19 and neurological complications

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasrin Hosseini ◽  
Shabnam Nadjafi ◽  
Behnaz Ashtary
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Abstract The sudden and storming onset of coronavirus 2 infection (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) was associated by severe acute respiratory syndrome. Recently, corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) has appeared as a pandemic throughout the world. The mutational nature of the virus, along with the different means of entering and spreading throughout the body has involved different organs. Thus, patients are faced with a wide range of symptoms and signs. Neurological symptoms, such as anosmia, agnosia, stroke, paralysis, cranial nerve deficits, encephalopathy, meningitis, delirium and seizures, are reported as common complications affecting the course of the disease and its treatment. In this review, special attention was paid to reports that addressed the acute or chronic neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients who may present acute respiratory syndrome or not. Moreover, we discussed the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) complications in SARS-Cov2-infected patients, and also the pathophysiology of neurological abnormalities in COVID-19.

Life Lessons of the Pandemic ”Covid - 19”

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 469-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagyashri Vijay Chaudhari ◽  
Priya P. Chawle
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
The People ◽  
Life Lessons

“A lesson learned the hard way is a lesson learned for a lifetime.” Every bad situation hurts; however, it sure does teach us something a lesson. In the same manner of a new lesson for Human lifetime, history is observing 'The Novel COVID-19 ’, a very horrible and strange situation created due to fighting with a microscopic enemy. WHO on 11 February 2020 has announced a name for new disease as - 19 and has declared as a global public health emergency and subsequently as pandemic because of its widespread. This began as an outbreak in December 2019, with its in Wuhan, the People Republic of China has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. is the group of a virus with non-segmented, single-stranded and positive RNA genome. This bad situation of pandemic creates new scenes in the life of people in a different manner, which will be going to be life lessons for them. Such lessons should be kept in mind for the safety of living beings and many more things. In this narrative review article, reference was taken from a different article published in various databases which include the view of different authors and writers on the "Lessons to be from Corona".

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