scholarly journals Rational design of hybrid polymetallic structures taking into account mass loads

Author(s):  
Юрий Владимирович Немировский

Рассмотрена проблема рационального (оптимального) проектирования высотных или административно-управленческих сооружений при активном использовании гибридных полиметаллических стандартизированных элементов, создаваемых на основе различных надежно разработанных технологий. Целью решения проблемы является подбор и перераспределение материалов, при которых с обеспечением требуемых комфортных и безопасных условий существования будут значительно улучшены экономические показатели создаваемого проекта. В качестве гарантированных требований комфортного существования использованы разработанные автором три различия критерия деформативности фазовых материалов в условиях заданных типов и полей внешних нагрузок. Первый критерий: «предельно допустимое упругое состояние» - когда ни один из фазовых материалов не будет деформироваться за пределом упругости. Второй критерий: «предельно допустимые деформации упрочнения» - когда фазовые материалы не переходят в состояние разупрочнения. Третий критерий: «предельно допустимые деформации разрушения» - когда какой-либо из фазовых материалов будет «локально» разрушаться. При расчетах учитывается, что ряд физических характеристик материалов в широких пределах технологических переработок довольно устойчиво сохраняют свои значения и используются как заранее известные данные из справочной литературы. К ним относятся пределы упругости и прочности, модули Юнга, удельные плотности и стоимости фазовых материалов. Такая малочувствительная технологическая устойчивость позволила для всех фазовых материалов при аппроксимации диаграммы деформирования различных металлических материалов использовать единообразную зависимость в виде кубической параболы, коэффициенты которой и упомянутые три предельно допустимые деформации выражаются через устойчивые характеристики - пределы упругости, прочности и модуль Юнга. На основе известных кинематических и статических гипотез описания неупругого деформирования стержневых систем для всех типов предельно-допустимых деформаций, получены единообразные системы уравнений, которые позволяют для заданных условий внешнего воздействия определить геометрические параметры и топологическую структуру распределения всех фазовых материалов по конструкции. В качестве внешних воздействий на конструкцию высотного сооружения рассматриваются традиционные ветровые нагрузки с заданным законом изменения вдоль вертикальной оси, заданные моменты и силы на верхнем вертикальном срезе и изменяемые при топологических перераспределениях массовые нагрузки. Степень усовершенствования проекта оценивается на основе анализа изменения введенных относительных характеристик несущей способности, податливости и стоимости проекта. Для сравнения используется эталонный проект из однородного материала. The problem of rational (optimal) design of high-rise or administrative and management structures with the active use of hybrid polymetallic standardized elements, created on the basis of various reliably developed technologies, is considered. The purpose of solving the problem is the selection and redistribution of materials, in which, with the provision of the required comfortable and safe conditions of existence, the economic indicators of the project being created will be significantly improved. Three differences in the deformability criterion of phase materials under conditions of specified types and fields of external loads, developed by the author, were used as guaranteed requirements for comfortable existence. The first criterion: "maximum permissible elastic state when none of the phase materials will deform beyond the elastic limit. The second criterion: "maximum permissible hardening deformations when phase materials do not pass into a softening state. The third criterion: "maximum permissible fracture strains when any of the phase materials will "locally"fail. The calculations take into account that a number of physical characteristics of materials in a wide range of technological processing rather stably retain their values and are used as data known in advance from the reference literature. These include the limits of elasticity and strength, Young’s moduli, specific densities and costs of phase materials. Such a low-sensitivity technological stability made it possible for all phase materials to use a uniform dependence in the form of a cubic parabola for approximating the deformation diagram of various metallic materials, the coefficients of which and the above three maximum permissible deformations are expressed in terms of stable characteristics - the limits of elasticity, strength and Young’s modulus. On the basis of the known kinematic and static hypotheses of the description of inelastic deformation of rod systems for all types of maximum permissible deformations, uniform systems of equations are obtained that allow for the given conditions of external action to determine the geometric parameters and the topological structure of the distribution of all phase materials over the structure. Traditional wind loads with a given law of variation along the vertical axis, given moments and forces on the upper vertical cut, and mass loads varying during topological redistributions are considered as external influences on the structure of a high-rise structure. The degree of improvement of the project is estimated based on the analysis of changes in the entered relative characteristics of bearing capacity, flexibility and cost of the project. For comparison, a reference design from a homogeneous material is used.

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Stathis C. Stiros ◽  
F. Moschas ◽  
P. Triantafyllidis

GNSS technology (known especially for GPS satellites) for measurement of deflections has proved very efficient and useful in bridge structural monitoring, even for short stiff bridges, especially after the advent of 100 Hz GNSS sensors. Mode computation from dynamic deflections has been proposed as one of the applications of this technology. Apart from formal modal analyses with GNSS input, and from spectral analysis of controlled free attenuating oscillations, it has been argued that simple spectra of deflections can define more than one modal frequencies. To test this scenario, we analyzed 21 controlled excitation events from a certain bridge monitoring survey, focusing on lateral and vertical deflections, recorded both by GNSS and an accelerometer. These events contain a transient and a following oscillation, and they are preceded and followed by intervals of quiescence and ambient vibrations. Spectra for each event, for the lateral and the vertical axis of the bridge, and for and each instrument (GNSS, accelerometer) were computed, normalized to their maximum value, and printed one over the other, in order to produce a single composite spectrum for each of the four sets. In these four sets, there was also marked the true value of modal frequency, derived from free attenuating oscillations. It was found that for high SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) deflections, spectral peaks in both acceleration and displacement spectra differ by up to 0.3 Hz from the true value. For low SNR, defections spectra do not match the true frequency, but acceleration spectra provide a low-precision estimate of the true frequency. This is because various excitation effects (traffic, wind etc.) contribute with numerous peaks in a wide range of frequencies. Reliable estimates of modal frequencies can hence be derived from deflections spectra only if excitation frequencies (mostly traffic and wind) can be filtered along with most measurement noise, on the basis of additional data.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinchao Tong ◽  
Fei Suo ◽  
Tianning Zhang ◽  
Zhiming Huang ◽  
Junhao Chu ◽  
...  

AbstractHigh-performance uncooled millimetre and terahertz wave detectors are required as a building block for a wide range of applications. The state-of-the-art technologies, however, are plagued by low sensitivity, narrow spectral bandwidth, and complicated architecture. Here, we report semiconductor surface plasmon enhanced high-performance broadband millimetre and terahertz wave detectors which are based on nanogroove InSb array epitaxially grown on GaAs substrate for room temperature operation. By making a nanogroove array in the grown InSb layer, strong millimetre and terahertz wave surface plasmon polaritons can be generated at the InSb–air interfaces, which results in significant improvement in detecting performance. A noise equivalent power (NEP) of 2.2 × 10−14 W Hz−1/2 or a detectivity (D*) of 2.7 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at 1.75 mm (0.171 THz) is achieved at room temperature. By lowering the temperature to the thermoelectric cooling available 200 K, the corresponding NEP and D* of the nanogroove device can be improved to 3.8 × 10−15 W Hz−1/2 and 1.6 × 1013 cm Hz1/2 W−1, respectively. In addition, such a single device can perform broad spectral band detection from 0.9 mm (0.330 THz) to 9.4 mm (0.032 THz). Fast responses of 3.5 µs and 780 ns are achieved at room temperature and 200 K, respectively. Such high-performance millimetre and terahertz wave photodetectors are useful for wide applications such as high capacity communications, walk-through security, biological diagnosis, spectroscopy, and remote sensing. In addition, the integration of plasmonic semiconductor nanostructures paves a way for realizing high performance and multifunctional long-wavelength optoelectrical devices.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Leitner ◽  
Ilja Vietor ◽  
Lukas A. Huber ◽  
Taras Valovka

AbstractThe nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) family of dimeric transcription factors regulates a wide range of genes by binding to their specific DNA regulatory sequences. NF-κB is an important therapeutic target linked to a number of cancers as well as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, effective high-throughput methods for the detection of NF-κB DNA binding are essential for studying its transcriptional activity and for inhibitory drug screening. We describe here a novel fluorescence-based assay for quantitative detection of κB consensus double-stranded (ds) DNA binding by measuring the thermal stability of the NF-κB proteins. Specifically, DNA binding proficient NF-κB probes, consisting of the N-terminal p65/RelA (aa 1–306) and p50 (aa 1–367) regions, were designed using bioinformatic analysis of protein hydrophobicity, folding and sequence similarities. By measuring the SYPRO Orange fluorescence during thermal denaturation of the probes, we detected and quantified a shift in the melting temperatures (ΔTm) of p65/RelA and p50 produced by the dsDNA binding. The increase in Tm was proportional to the concentration of dsDNA with apparent dissociation constants (KD) of 2.228 × 10–6 M and 0.794 × 10–6 M, respectively. The use of withaferin A (WFA), dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and p-xyleneselenocyanate (p-XSC) verified the suitability of this assay for measuring dose-dependent antagonistic effects on DNA binding. In addition, the assay can be used to analyse the direct binding of inhibitors and their effects on structural stability of the protein probe. This may facilitate the identification and rational design of new drug candidates interfering with NF-κB functions.


1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Peters ◽  
K. N. Lamb

The foundations for numerous dams in proglacial and interglacial valleys in the Prairie provinces consist of soft alluvial soils. The deposits are up to 60 m deep, and contain thick layers of clay interspersed with lenses and layers of silt, sand, and gravel.This paper describes the damsite investigation and laboratory testing required, the design methods and construction procedures used, and the foundation performance observed during and after construction. A number of empirical relationships between index tests and physical properties of the soils, which provide useful guidelines for preliminary design, are presented.The design approach has gradually evolved from an empirical design with limited testing to a more rational design based on detailed investigations and thorough instrumentation. Increased reliance is placed on observational apparatus to monitor movements and pore pressures to confirm design assumptions as construction proceeds. The theoretical design is always checked with former designs of dams that have performed satisfactorily.Safe economical dams have been constructed in spite of large deformations and high pore pressures. Two case histories illustrate the wide range in dam design for alluvial foundations. The first shows an older design cross section with modifications required to ensure a stable dam, and the second describes a recently constructed dam that incorporates many of the latest design concepts.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
V. P. Bui ◽  
◽  
S. S. Gavruishin ◽  
V. B. Phung ◽  
H. M. Dang ◽  
...  

A new technique is described, used by the authors to automate the design process of the main drive of a new generation machine intended for industrial washing of fruits and vegetables. To solve the problem of multi-criteria design, the original approach is proposed that uses interconnected mathematical models describing the dynamic behavior, strength reliability and functional characteristics of the machine in a unified information space. The generalized mathematical model includes 12 controlled parameters, 16 functional constraints, and 3 quality criteria. A genetic algorithm was used to find the space of Pareto-optimal solutions. The situational approach was used to select the final rational solution from a set of solutions belonging to the Pareto-optimal domain. The rational design of option the washer found using the proposed approach is compared with the existing ones. The proposed design methodology can be recommended for the design of a wide range of similar mechanical structures.


Author(s):  
Alessandro Bianchini ◽  
Francesco Balduzzi ◽  
John M. Rainbird ◽  
Joaquim Peiro ◽  
J. Michael R. Graham ◽  
...  

Accurate post-stall airfoil data extending to a full range of incidences between −180° to +180° is important to the analysis of Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) since the blades experience a wide range of angles of attack, particularly at the low tip-speed ratios encountered during startup. Due to the scarcity of existing data extending much past stall, and the difficulties associated with obtaining post-stall data by experimental or numerical means, wide use is made of simple models of post-stall lift and drag coefficients in wind turbine modeling (through, for example, BEM codes). Most of these models assume post-stall performance to be virtually independent of profile shape. In this study, wind tunnel tests were carried out on a standard NACA0018 airfoil and a NACA 0018 conformally transformed to mimic the “virtual camber” effect imparted on a blade in a VAWT with a chord-to-radius ratio c/R of 0.25. Unsteady CFD results were taken for the same airfoils both at stationary angles of attack and at angles of attack resulting from a slow VAWT-like motion in an oncoming flow, the latter to better replicate the transient conditions experienced by VAWT blades. Excellent agreement was obtained between the wind tunnel tests and the CFD computations for both the symmetrical and cambered airfoils. Results for both airfoils also compare favorably to earlier studies of similar profiles. Finally, the suitability of different models for post-stall airfoil performance extrapolation, including those of Viterna-Corrigan, Montgomerie and Kirke, was analyzed and discussed.


Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1576
Author(s):  
Biswaroop Mukherjee ◽  
Buddhapriya Chakrabarti

Surface segregation of the low molecular weight component of a polymeric mixture is a ubiquitous phenomenon that leads to degradation of industrial formulations. We report a simultaneous phase separation and surface migration phenomena in oligomer–polymer ( O P ) and oligomer–gel ( O G ) systems following a temperature quench that induces demixing of components. We compute equilibrium and time varying migrant (oligomer) density profiles and wetting layer thickness in these systems using coarse grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) and mesoscale hydrodynamics (MH) simulations. Such multiscale methods quantitatively describe the phenomena over a wide range of length and time scales. We show that surface migration in gel–oligomer systems is significantly reduced on account of network elasticity. Furthermore, the phase separation processes are significantly slowed in gels leading to the modification of the well known Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) law ℓ ( τ ) ∼ τ 1 / 3 . Our work allows for rational design of polymer/gel–oligomer mixtures with predictable surface segregation characteristics that can be compared against experiments.


2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-270
Author(s):  
Maria Stoicanescu ◽  
Aurel Crisan ◽  
Ioan Milosan ◽  
Mihai Alin Pop ◽  
Jose Rodriguez Garcia ◽  
...  

This paper presents and discusses research conducted with the purpose of developing the use of solar energy in the heat treatment of steels. For this, a vertical axis solar furnace called at Plataforma Solar de Almeria was adapted such as to allow control of the heating and cooling processes of samples made from 1.1730 steel. Thus temperature variation in pre-set points of the heated samples could be monitored in correlation with the working parameters: the level of solar radiation and implicitly the energy used the conditions of sample exposed to solar radiation, and the various protections and cooling mediums.The recorded data allowed establishing the types of treatments applied for certain working conditions. The distribution of hardness, as the representative feature resulting from heat treatment, was analysed on all sides of the treated samples. In correlation with the time-temperature-transformation diagram of 1.1730 steel, the measured values confirmed the possibility of using solar energy in all types of heat treatment applied to this steel. In parallel the efficiency of using solar energy was analysed in comparison to the energy obtained by burning methane gas for the heat treatment for the same set of samples. The analysis considered energy consumption, productivity and the impact on the environment. Thanks to various data obtained through developed experiences, which cover a wide range of thermic treatments applied steels 1.1730 model, we can certainly state that this can be a solid base in using solar energy in applications of thermic treatment at a high industrial level.


2019 ◽  
pp. 64-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marise Cremona

This chapter explores the ways in which the EU uses its external relations powers and its wide range of external instruments to extend the reach of EU law, and the ways in which law shapes the EU’s external action. It examines three dimensions of the relationship between law and external action: first, the role law plays in the construction of the EU’s international presence as a ‘Union of values’; second, the use of law by the EU as a way of conducting its foreign policy and constructing its relationships; third, the EU as a regulatory actor engaged in shaping, importing and promoting international legal norms. These dynamics illustrate different aspects of the notion of the global reach of EU law and in so doing they raise questions about the ambivalent role that law plays in these processes, challenging our understanding of law as the foundation of the EU’s external power and the instrument through which, and in accordance with which, it expresses that power.


2018 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 03032
Author(s):  
Irina Pocebneva ◽  
Vadim Belousov ◽  
Irina Fateeva

This article provides a methodical description of resource-time analysis for a wide range of requirements imposed for resource consumption processes in scheduling tasks during the construction of high-rise buildings and facilities. The core of the proposed approach and is the resource models being determined. The generalized network models are the elements of those models, the amount of which can be too large to carry out the analysis of each element. Therefore, the problem is to approximate the original resource model by simpler time models, when their amount is not very large.


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