scholarly journals Lightsticks cause adverse effects on behavior and mortality of marine mysids Promysis atlantica

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-639
Author(s):  
Caio Cesar-Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
High Toxicity ◽  
Internal Solution ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Toxicity Identification

Lightsticks baits are discharged into the ocean after their use in longline fishing. The traditional Brazilian community of Costa dos Coqueiros, Bahia, uses lightsticks as a medicine for rheumatism, vitiligo, and mycoses. It may affect marine life when its content leak into the ocean. This study assessed the toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) of lightsticks constituents on marine mysids Promysis atlantica. The internal solution was dissolved in seawater with ethanol. The lethal concentration of the contaminant that causes mortality in 50% of the exposed population (LC50) after 3h was 0.001%, demonstrating that lightstick is exceptionally toxic because low concentrations cause mortality to mysids P. atlantica. Due to lightsticks' high toxicity, the TIE baseline was 0.005% SSE (stock solution ethanol), and the selected endpoints were behavior and lethality. The sample submitted to aeration presented a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in toxicity (0.005% SSE) because the volatile compounds caused the toxic effect. The sodium thiosulfate treatment induced an insignificant decrease in toxicity. Thus, a new assay was conducted considering aeration and sodium thiosulfate. This combination reduced lightstick toxicity compared to the baseline lightstick, suggesting that volatile compounds and oxidants were responsible for toxicity; even in low concentrations, lightstick can promote significant behavior changes and deleterious effects. It is recommended to create new mechanisms to inspect fishing vessels, thus avoiding the improper disposal of attractors at sea and common garbage.

Changes in Volatile Compounds during Ripening in Grapes of Airén, Macabeo and Chardonnay White Varieties Grown in La Mancha Region (Spain)

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. García ◽  
J. L. Chacón ◽  
J. Martínez ◽  
P. M. Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Benzyl Alcohol ◽  
Volatile Compound ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Grape Variety ◽  
La Mancha ◽  
Low Concentrations

Changes in volatile compounds in musts and skins of grapes of Airén, Macabeo and Chardonnay white varieties were determined during ripening. The musts of the Airén variety contained higher concentrations of c-3-hexenol; musts of the Macabeo variety were the richest in t-3-hexenol and 2,4-hexadienal, while the Chardonnay musts stood out for having higher concentrations of benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. The skins of the three varieties were both qualitatively and quantitatively richer in volatiles than were the musts. The skins of the Airén grapes had the highest levels of nerol. Airén grapes were the only variety in which citronellol was present in the skins. Low concentrations of eugenol were detected in the skins of the Chardonnay grape variety but were not present in the other two varieties. Changes in the concentration of the volatile compounds during ripening were not uniform; this made difficult the determination of the optimum level of ripening for each variety on the basis of the volatile compound content. Nevertheless, results indicated that C6 compounds and terpene concentrations reached a maximum at 6-8 ° Baumé in the Airén grapes and at around 11 ° Baumé in the Chardonnay and Macabeo grapes.

INHIBITION OF BACTERIA BY SOME VOLATILE AND NON-VOLATILE COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH MILK

1974 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Kulshrestha ◽  
E. H. Marth
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Nutrient Broth ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Aerosol Cans ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Nutrient broth inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium was dispensed into epoxy-lined aerosol cans. Twenty-five volatile compounds were then individually added to the cans to yield or non-volatile compounds were then individually added to the cans to yield final concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm of each compound. Compounds tested included fatty acids (formic, acetic, butyric, hexanoic, octanoic and decanoic), aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and glyoxal), ketones (acetone, 2-butanone, and diacetyl), amines (propyl and hexylamine), alcohols (furfurol and methanol), sulfur compounds (methylsulfide, methylsulfone, methanethiol, and ethanethiol), acetonitrile, chloroform, ether, and ethylenedichloride. Bacteria were enumerated at intervals during incubation at 37 C. Shorter chain fatty acids generally inhibited S. typhimurium more than did longer chain acids. At 10 ppm formic acid was most effective of those tested and at 1 ppm fatty acids were generally not inhibitory. Formaldehyde and glyoxal were more inhibitory than acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde. Diacetyl was most effective of the three ketones tested. Low concentrations of acetone or 2-butaoone sometimes enhanced growth of S. typhimurium. Acetonitrile at all concentrations tested significantly inhibited S. typhimurium during the terminal stages of incubation. Ether (10 ppm), chloroform (10 ppm), ethylenedichloride (100 ppm), and methylsulfone (100 ppm) generally caused significant reduction in growth of S. typhimurium. Ethanethiol was more detrimental to growth of S. typhimurium than were methylsulfide or methanethiol; amines were more inhibitory than alcohols.

scholarly journals Discrimination and risk assessment due to the volatile compounds and the inorganic elements present in the Greek marc distillates Tsipouro and Tsikoudia

OENO One ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos H. Soufleros ◽  
Pantelis Natskoulis ◽  
Angeliki S. Mygdalia
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Geographic Indications ◽  
High Concentrations

<p style="text-align: justify;">Tsipouro and Tsikoudia are two denominations with geographic indications of the traditional Greek marc distillate, which is produced in continental Greece and in the island of Crete respectively. It is produced by the Greek winegrowers as well as by the professional distillers. To provide data on the safety of domestic Tsipouro and Tsikoudia distillates for human consumption and to draw conclusions from any essential results, which might have an impact on the quality of this product, 23 samples were analysed for: (a) Volatile compounds by the use of gas chromatography, (b) Inorganic elements, using atomic absorption spectrometry and (c) the pH values through-out using standard methods. Data revealed differences between these two denominations, which have been confirmed by the application of a statistic analysis and a PCA. Thus, Tsikoudia was found to contain statistically higher amounts of acetalde-hyde. However, the levels that have been observed did not exceed the official limits. Most of the Tsipouro and Tsikoudia samples also contained low concentrations of estragol, an anise compound, lead and copper, which do not represent a risk to consumer health due to their toxicity. On the other hand, the total concentration of higher alcohols was higher than the official minimum limit (140 g.hl<sup>-1</sup> Absolute Alcohol-AA), while the amylic alcohols rarely exceeded 300 g.hl<sup>-1</sup> AA. The high concentrations of ethyl acetate (&gt;300 g.hl<sup>-1</sup> AA) and ethyl lactate in a few samples showed the necessity of limiting unwanted fermentations in the grape pomace. The analytical study showed that the quality of the marc distillate is, generally, satisfactory. However, it revealed great differences between Tsipouro and Tsikoudia even among the samples of each denomination and, con-sequently, these domestic distillates need standardization and a more systematic production.</p>

scholarly journals The case against tributyltin

Oryx ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Mutagenic Effects

The use of paints containing tributyltin (TBT) to keep boat hulls clean is threatening marine life in some coastal regions, especially where boating for pleasure is popular. Research so far has shown that very low concentrations of the chemical have lethal or mutagenic effects on some marine invertebrates and stop the growth of phytoplankton. Legislation is being drawn up by many countries to control the use of these paints, but the author fears that it may be too little and too late for some populations of organisms.

Eugenol Toxicity in Human Dental Pulp Fibroblasts of Primary Teeth

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Escobar-García ◽  
Karen Rodríguez-Contreras ◽  
Socorro Ruiz-Rodríguez ◽  
Mauricio Pierdant-Pérez ◽  
Bernardino Cerda-Cristerna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Phenazine Methosulfate ◽  
High Toxicity ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Dental Pulp Tissue ◽  
Human Dental Pulp

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the eugenol concentrations at which toxicity occurs in human dental pulp fibroblasts of primary teeth. Study design: Samples of primary dental pulp tissue were taken. Tissue samples were seeded by means of explant technique and used in the 4th–5th pass. Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet), phenazine MeThoSulfate (MTS), LIVE/DEAD® Cell Viability/Toxicity and trypan blue assays for evaluation of the cytotoxicity of increasing concentrations of eugenol (0.06 to 810 μM) were performed. Results: The results of toxicity tests showed toxic effects on dental pulp fibroblasts, even at very low concentrations of eugenol (0.06 μM). Very low concentrations of eugenol produce high toxicity in human dental pulp fibroblasts. Conclusions: All of the concentrations of eugenol that we evaluated produced high toxicity in human dental pulp fibroblasts of primary teeth.

scholarly journals Chronic effects of fire suppressors on the reproduction of the copepod Nitocra sp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (E) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Maysa Ueda-De-Carvalho ◽  
Lucas Buruaem-Moreira ◽  
Luciane Maranho-Alves ◽  
Denis Moledo-de-Souza-Abessa
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Organic Pollutant ◽  
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
High Toxicity ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fecundity Reduction

Fire suppressors are widely used in firefighting and their chemical composition may present a mixture of perfluorochlorinated surfactants (PFCs), including the perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) which has been internationally banned due to its classification as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). PFCs have been found in environmental matrices and soft tissues of organisms, but the potential effect of such compounds on marine organisms has been overlooked. Here, it was evaluated whether the chronic exposures (i.e., seven days) to the fire suppressors Ageofoam, Cold Fire, Kidde and Argus could affect the reproduction of the copepod Nitocra sp. The tested concentrations consisted of those recommended on the products’ manuals and those ranging between 0.0001% and 1%. For each compound, the effective concentrations to 50% exposed organisms (EC50) and the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) were estimated. All the fire suppressors exhibited high toxicity, causing fecundity reduction. At the recommended dilutions, 100% lethality occurred for all compounds. The EC50 values ranged from 0.00817% - Ageofoam - to 0.03081% - Argus. The LOECs ranged from 0.001% - Ageofoam - to 0.1% - Argus and Kidde; and were much lower than the concentrations recommended for commercial use. The fire suppressors showed high toxicity to the copepod, reducing the reproduction rates, even in very low concentrations, suggesting that the release of such substances in the estuary caused severe effects to the environment. This assessment provides subsides to the environmental regulation of fire suppressors in Brazil, because these compounds do not have national regulations for their use and disposal.

scholarly journals The use of phytochemicals as fumigants for the control of stored product insect pests

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Shaaya ◽  
Moshe Kostyukovsky
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Carbon Disulphide ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Eruca Sativa ◽  
High Toxicity ◽  
Stored Product Insects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Mammalian Toxicity

The current study is aimed to evaluate the potential use of the known isothyiocyanates, as compared to a new isothyiocyanate (ITC) isolated from <em>Eruca sativa </em>(salad rocket) as fumigants for the control of stored product insects. The biological activity of methyl iodide (CH3I), carbon disulphide (CS2), benzaldehyde (C7H6O) and essential oils were also evaluated. The toxicity of the various fumigants was assessed against adults and larvae of a number of major stored product insects. ITCs are known to have high toxicity and only very low concentrations are needed for the control of stored product insects. <em>Eruca sativa </em>is used worldwide as a food supplement. Methylthio butyl ITC, the main bioactive component in this plant has high toxicity against insects, but lower mammalian toxicity as compared to other active ITCs. This makes this compound a potential candidate for insect control. Comparative studies with CH3I, CS2 and C7H6O showed that the first was the most active compound against stored product insects followed by the second and third. C7H6O was found active, but very sorptive; therefore it was less effective against insects. The activity of a large number of essential oils (EOs) isolated from aromatic plants was also evaluated.

scholarly journals Honey Volatiles as a Fingerprint for Botanical Origin—A Review on their Occurrence on Monofloral Honeys

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra M. Machado ◽  
Maria Graça Miguel ◽  
Miguel Vilas-Boas ◽  
Ana Cristina Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Botanical Origin ◽  
Complex Matrix ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Lime Tree ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Marker Compounds ◽  
Reliable Marker

Honeys have specific organoleptic characteristics, with nutritional and health benefits, being highly appreciated by consumers, not only in food but also in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Honey composition varies between regions according to the surrounding flora, enabling its characterization by source or type. Monofloral honeys may reach higher market values than multifloral ones. Honey’s aroma is very specific, resulting from the combination of volatile compounds present in low concentrations. The authentication of honey’s complex matrix, according to its botanical and/or geographical origin, represents a challenge nowadays, due to the different sorts of adulteration that may occur, leading to the search for reliable marker compounds for the different monofloral honeys. The existing information on the volatiles of monofloral honeys is scarce and disperse. In this review, twenty monofloral honeys and honeydews, from acacia, buckwheat, chestnut, clover, cotton, dandelion, eucalyptus, fir tree, heather, lavender, lime tree, orange, pine, rape, raspberry, rhododendron, rosemary, strawberry tree, sunflower and thyme, were selected for volatile comparison purposes. Taking into consideration the country of origin, the technique of isolation and analysis, the five main volatiles from each of the honeys are compared. Whereas some compounds were found in several types of monofloral honey, and thus not considered good volatile markers, some monofloral honeys revealed characteristic volatile compounds independently of their provenance.

scholarly journals The effects of air pollution on the frequency of respiratory symptoms in the population of Nis and Niska Banja

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Stankovic ◽  
Dragana Nikic ◽  
Maja Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Low Concentrations

Introduction. Ambient air pollution, particularly in densely populated urban areas, is a major risk factor for the health of the exposed population. The respiratory tract is the primary target for air pollutants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of respiratory symptoms and diseases. Material and methods. Measurements of air pollutants: sulphur dioxide and soot particles, were carried out daily at the Institute of Public Health in Nis at two locations, in Nis and in Niska Banja, during the period 1999-2003. The Air Quality Index was calculated for both areas. The investigation included 654 women, nonsmokers, between 20-30 years of age, from two areas with different levels of common air pollutants. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases was determined on the basis of a modified WHO standard questionnaire completed by doctors. Results. The obtained results show that examinees from Nis had a statistically higher prevalence of some respiratory symptoms (cough with cold and phlegm) whereas women from Niska Banja had a statistically significantly higher prevalence of lower respiratory tract diseases. Conclusion. Long-term exposure to low concentrations of air pollutants is a contributing factor to the development of respiratory symptoms and diseases.

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