A new method for Espresso Coffee brewing: Caffè Firenze

Espresso coffee is the most popular choice for Italian coffee consumers. It has been estimated that every day, in the world, over of 50 million of Espresso cups are taken. As a consequence of this success, a large number of devices to make Espresso have been developed. In this scenario, a new device has been recently developed and patented (Eu. Patent 06 023 798.9; US 2010/0034942 A1). This brew method, named “Caffè Firenze”, uses a sealed extraction chamber, where water and gas provides pressure higher than the other extraction methods. Three main parts compose the apparatus: the gas source, the extraction chamber and the heat exchanger. The gas source provides the pressured gas required to raise the pressure of the system. The extraction chamber is made with chrome-brass and accessorized with two heating glow plugs. Many are the factors affecting Espresso quality: it is known that, coffee type, roasting conditions and degree, grinding and storage strongly affect the obtained brew. Also, several studies have been carried out on the effect of the setting parameters on quality, for example water pressure, water temperature, and brew time. Among the characteristics that determine Espresso quality, the main attribute for the visual analysis is, without doubts, the foam, also called “crema”. Indeed, height, aspect, and persistency of foam are features much appreciates by consumers. Two distinguish Espresso foam parameters are the persistency and foam index. Equipping a commercial bar machine with the new designed extraction chamber makes feasible the comparison between the traditional way to brew Espresso and the new device. The comparison was made holding the previous mentioned conditions, and differences were evaluated in terms of physical parameters and aromatic profiles. Caffè Firenze shows pronounced differences compared with traditional Espresso in term of foam-related parameters. Also, the new extraction device produces coffees with higher values of body-related parameters, such density and viscosity. The two kinds of Espressos are perceived different at visual analysis and taste by a panel test.

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Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Coffee Prepared by Various Brewing and Roasting Methods

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1347

Author(s):

Ja-Myung Yu ◽

Mingi Chu ◽

Hyunbeen Park ◽

Jooyeon Park ◽

Kwang-Geun Lee

Keyword(s):

Volatile Compounds ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Measured Signal ◽

Roasted Coffee ◽

Green Coffee Beans ◽

Coffee Beans ◽

Espresso Coffee ◽

Roasting Temperature ◽

Roasted Coffee Beans ◽

Significant Factors

Volatile compounds of coffee brewed under various roasting conditions and by different brewing methods were analyzed. Green coffee beans (Coffea arabica) were roasted at 235 °C for 13 min, 240 °C for 15 min, and 245 °C for 17 min. Roasted coffee beans were ground into particles of three different sizes (710, 500, and 355 μm) and brewed by an espresso coffee machine and the cold brew method. Three types of water (filtered, tap, and bottled) were used for coffee extraction. SPME-GC-MS results indicated that increasing the roasting temperature and time increased the levels of 2,2′-methylene-bis-furan, guaiacol, and 4-ethylguaiacol (p < 0.05) and decreased the levels of furfural (p < 0.05). Grind size was inversely proportional to the measured signal of volatiles by GC-MS (p < 0.05). The measured GC/MS intensities of 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol were significantly higher in coffee brewed with filtered water (p < 0.05) than tap and bottled water. 2-Methylpyrazine, 1-methylpyrrole, and 2-acetylfuran were the most abundant components in the cold brew. Overall, roasting conditions and extraction methods were determined to be significant factors for volatile compounds in coffee. This is the first study showing the analysis of volatile compounds in coffee according to various types of water and extraction methods, such as espresso and cold brew coffee.

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Automated technique for high-pressure water-based window cleaning and accompanying parametric study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0242413 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0242413

Author(s):

Youngjoo Lee ◽

Daesung Kwon ◽

Changmin Park ◽

Myoungjae Seo ◽

TaeWon Seo

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Evaluation Method ◽

Water Pressure ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Field Tests ◽

Image Data ◽

Spray Angle ◽

Cleaning Performance ◽

Pressure Water ◽

Automated Technique

The maintenance of buildings has become an important issue with the construction of many high-rise buildings in recent years. However, the cleaning of the outer walls of buildings is performed in highly hazardous environments over long periods, and many accidents occur each year. Various robots are being studied and developed to reduce these incidents and to relieve workers from hazardous tasks. Herein, we propose a method of spraying high-pressure water using a pump and nozzle, which differs from conventional methods. The cleaning performance parameters, such as water pressure, spray angle, and spray distance, were optimized using the Taguchi method. Cleaning experiments were performed on window specimens that were contaminated artificially. The cleaning performance of the proposed method was evaluated using the image-evaluation method. The optimum condition was determined based on the results of a sensitive analysis performed on the image data. In addition, the reaction force due to high pressure and impact force on the specimens were investigated. These forces were not sufficient to affect the propeller thrust or cause damage to the building’s surface. We expect to perform field tests in the near future based on the output of this research.

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A New Wearable System for Sensing Outdoor Environmental Conditions for Monitoring Hyper-Microclimate

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s22020502 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 502

Author(s):

Roberta Jacoby Cureau ◽

Ilaria Pigliautile ◽

Anna Laura Pisello

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Environmental Monitoring ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Control Unit ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Wearable System ◽

New Device

The rapid urbanization process brings consequences to urban environments, such poor air quality and the urban heat island issues. Due to these effects, environmental monitoring is gaining attention with the aim of identifying local risks and improving cities’ liveability and resilience. However, these environments are very heterogeneous, and high-spatial-resolution data are needed to identify the intra-urban variations of physical parameters. Recently, wearable sensing techniques have been used to perform microscale monitoring, but they usually focus on one environmental physics domain. This paper presents a new wearable system developed to monitor key multidomain parameters related to the air quality, thermal, and visual domains, on a hyperlocal scale from a pedestrian’s perspective. The system consisted of a set of sensors connected to a control unit settled on a backpack and could be connected via Wi-Fi to any portable equipment. The device was prototyped to guarantee the easy sensors maintenance, and a user-friendly dashboard facilitated a real-time monitoring overview. Several tests were conducted to confirm the reliability of the sensors. The new device will allow comprehensive environmental monitoring and multidomain comfort investigations to be carried out, which can support urban planners to face the negative effects of urbanization and to crowd data sourcing in smart cities.

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Measurement of xylem water pressure using High-Capacity Tensiometer and benchmarking against Pressure Chamber and Thermocouple Psychrometer

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202019503014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 195 ◽

pp. 03014

Author(s):

Roberta Dainese ◽

Giuseppe Tedeschi ◽

Thierry Fourcaud ◽

Alessandro Tarantino

Keyword(s):

Water Flow ◽

Water Pressure ◽

High Capacity ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Pressure Chamber ◽

Rainwater Infiltration ◽

Thermocouple Psychrometer ◽

Earth Structures ◽

Pressure Water ◽

The Stability

The response of the shallow portion of the ground (vadose zone) and of earth structures is affected by the interaction with the atmosphere. Rainwater infiltration and evapotranspiration affect the stability of man-made and natural slopes and cause shallow foundations and embankments to settle and heave. Very frequently, the ground surface is covered by vegetation and, as a result, transpiration plays a major role in ground-atmosphere interaction. The soil, the plant, and the atmosphere form a continuous hydraulic system, which is referred to as Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC). The SPAC actually represents the ‘boundary condition’ of the geotechnical water flow problem. Water flow in soil and plant takes place because of gradients in hydraulic head triggered by the negative water pressure (water tension) generated in the leaf stomata. To study the response of the SPAC, (negative) water pressure needs to be measured not only in the soil but also in the plant. The paper presents a novel technique to measure the xylem water pressure based on the use of the High-Capacity Tensiometer (HCT), which is benchmarked against conventional techniques for xylem water pressure measurements, i.e. the Pressure Chamber (PC) and the Thermocouple Psychrometer (TP).

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Experiment and Simulation Analysis of the Pressure Carrying Capacity of X80 Pipe with Metal Loss Defect on the Girth Weld

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1035 ◽

pp. 813-818

Author(s):

Zheng Long Li ◽

Lin Chen ◽

Zhi Hong Li ◽

Guo Shuai Yan ◽

Wei Li

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Simulation Analysis ◽

Water Pressure ◽

Metal Loss ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Element Simulation ◽

Simulation Based ◽

Blasting Test ◽

Water Pressure Blasting

In order to study the pressure carrying capacity of X80 pipe with metal loss defect on the girth weld the water-pressure blasting test of the pipe with metal loss defect was analyzed by experiment and finite element simulation. Based on this, the sensitivity analysis of the factors affecting the pressure carrying of the pipeline, such as the circular size, the axial size, and the depth of the metal loss defect, was carried out. The research results show that the circular size of the metal loss defect on the girth weld had little impact to the pressure carrying capacity of the pipe while it reduced with the increasing of the axial size and the depth of the metal loss defect.

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Analysis on Water Inrush Process of Tunnel with Large Buried Depth and High Water Pressure

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr7030134 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 134 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Weimin Yang ◽

Zhongdong Fang ◽

Hao Wang ◽

Liping Li ◽

Shaoshuai Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Model Test ◽

Water Pressure ◽

Water Inrush ◽

High Water ◽

Surrounding Rock ◽

Karst Cave ◽

Tunnel Excavation ◽

Pressure Water ◽

High Water Pressure

In order to explore the catastrophic evolution process for karst cave water inrush in large buried depth and high water pressure tunnels, a model test system was developed, and a similar fluid–solid coupled material was found. A model of the catastrophic evolution of water inrush was developed based on the Xiema Tunnel, and the experimental section was simulated using the finite element method. By analyzing the interaction between groundwater and the surrounding rocks during tunnel excavation, the law of occurrence of water inrush disaster was summarized. The water inrush process of a karst cave containing high-pressure water was divided into three stages: the production of a water flowing fracture, the expansion of the water flowing fracture, and the connection of the water flowing fracture. The main cause of water inrush in karst caves is the penetration and weakening of high-pressure water on the surrounding rock. This effect is becoming more and more obvious as tunnel excavation progresses. The numerical simulation results showed that the outburst prevention thickness of the surrounding rock is 4.5 m, and that of the model test result is 5 m. Thus, the results of the two methods are relatively close to each other. This work is important for studying the impact of groundwater on underground engineering, and it is of great significance to avoid water inrush in tunnels.

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Pork: profile of the West of Paraná consumers and physical evaluation of chop

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3563 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 3563

Author(s):

Rosana Aparecida da Silva-Buzanello ◽

Daneysa Lahis Kalschne ◽

Silmara Maisa Heinen ◽

Claudete Pertum ◽

Alexia Francielli Schuch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meat Quality ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Exploratory Research ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Pig Farming ◽

Consumption Index ◽

The One ◽

Processing And Storage

Pork consumption in Brazil is still low despite its productive importance. Relevant issues such as swine breeding, meat quality, and evaluation of aspects and attributes considered important by pork consumers at the time of purchase allows identifying consumer market demands. Moreover, physical parameters evaluation or pork cuts are suggested to certify the meat quality. The aim of this study was to identify the current situation of pig farming and determine the main aspects considered by consumers when buying pork in the Western region of Paraná state, Brazil. Furthermore, the physical properties of five pork chop brands marketed in the region were determined. Initially, an exploratory research was conducted involving ten pig farming sector professionals. This research allowed identifying that professionals understand the factors affecting meat quality and that some municipalities in the region are beyond their absorption capacity for pig production market. A descriptive research involving one hundred pork consumers showed that, although most prefer beef, 41% reported to consume pork 2 to 3 times a week. Pork chops and ribs are the preferred cuts, either fried or roasted. Details such as expiration date and federal inspection register were considered the most important aspects at the time of purchase, while price was the least important one. The meat color was the most mentioned sensory attribute. The physical analyses of five pork chop brands showed no pH difference (p > 0.05), water holding capacity, and cooking loss results, distinctive from the one observed for color (L*, a* and b*) and shearing force, which showed differences among the brands (p ? 0.05). Comparing pH and L*, it can be suggested that two brands showed normal meat characteristics, one DFD meat (pH > 6.0 and L* < 45), and other two brands PSE (pH < 5.8 and L* > 50). The research contributed to identifying features considered important by pork consumers, suggesting strategic actions to achieve greater preference and consumption index. The evaluation of physical parameters showed there is variability involved in pork chop quality as the samples were obtained from commercially different origins and under different processing and storage conditions.

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A Comprehensive Guide to Different Fracturing Technologies: A Review

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13133326 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 3326

Author(s):

M. S. Liew ◽

Kamaluddeen Usman Danyaro ◽

Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Shale Gas ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Unconventional Resources ◽

Gas Source ◽

Good Production ◽

Cryogenic Fracturing ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

Pulsed Arc

Hydraulic fracturing has made the production of gas more economical. Shale gas possesses the potential to arise as a main natural gas source worldwide. It has been assessed that the top 42 countries, including the U.S., are predicted to own 7299 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of technically recoverable shale gas resources. The main goal of this paper is to serve as a guide of different shale gas extraction methods. The significance of these methods and possible pros and cons are determined. Each technique was explained with the support of literature review. Specifically, this paper revealed that some fracking methods such as pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharges (PAED), plasma stimulation and fracturing technology (PSF), thermal (cryogenic) fracturing, enhanced bacterial methanogenesis, and heating of rock mass are at the concept stage for conventional and other unconventional resources. Thus, these found to be significant for stimulating natural gas wells, which provides very good production results. This paper also discovered that fracking remains the recommended technique used by the oil and gas industries.

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Experimental insights into consolidation rates during one-dimensional loading with special reference to excess pore water pressure

Acta Geotechnica ◽

10.1007/s11440-020-01042-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 3571-3591

Author(s):

Bartłomiej Szczepan Olek

Keyword(s):

Pore Water ◽

Large Scale ◽

Pore Water Pressure ◽

Water Pressure ◽

Small Scale ◽

Coefficient Of Consolidation ◽

Consolidation Process ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Fine Grained Soil

AbstractConsolidation rate has significant influence on the settlement of structures founded on soft fine-grained soil. This paper presents the results of a series of small-scale and large-scale Rowe cell consolidation tests with pore water pressure measurements to investigate the factors affecting the consolidation process. Permeability and creep/resistance structure factors were considered as the governing factors. Intact and reconstituted marine clay from the Polish Carpathian Foredeep basin as well as clay–sand mixtures was examined in the present study. The fundamental relationship correlating consolidation degrees based on compression and pore water pressure was assessed to indicate the nonlinear soil behaviour. It was observed that the instantaneous consolidation parameters vary as the process progresses. The instantaneous coefficient of consolidation first drastically increases or decreases with increase in the degree of consolidation and stabilises in the middle stage of the consolidation; it then decreases significantly due to viscoplastic effects occurring in the soil structure. Based on the characteristics of the relationship between coefficient of consolidation and degree of dissipation at the base, the consolidation range that complies with theoretical assumptions was established. Furthermore, the influence of coarser fraction in clay–sand mixtures in controlling the consolidation rates is discussed.

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Behaviour of a cemented clay

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t95-086 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 899-904 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jaroslav Feda

Keyword(s):

Shear Strength ◽

Pressure Measurement ◽

Pore Water Pressure ◽

Water Pressure ◽

Stress Strain ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Undisturbed Samples ◽

Principal Factors ◽

Lacustrine Clay ◽

Sample Disturbance

A series of 18 triaxial CIUP (undrained isotropically consolidated with pore pressure measurement) tests of fissured cemented Neogene lacustrine clay from northern Bohemia is analyzed, with special reference to the shear strength. The effects of sample disturbance, swelling, and cementation are shown to be the principal factors affecting the shear envelope. During the prepeak stage of testing, destruction of the cementation of some specimens occurs, which is reflected in the wavy form of the stress–strain diagrams. The linear strength envelopes were found to be arranged according to the amount of disturbance (as expressed in the magnitude of swelling). Cemented and uncemented specimens differ when pore-water pressure and stress–strain diagrams are compared. Key words : Miocene clay, undisturbed samples, triaxial test, structural bonds, cementation, sample disturbance.

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