Nuovi problemi derivanti dall’impiego delle tecniche di fecondazione artificiale

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mancini ◽  
G. Grande ◽  
R. Festa ◽  
E.T.C. Giacchi ◽  
L. De Marinis ◽  
...  

Le tecniche di fecondazione artificiale (PMA) pongono al medico che opera nel campo delle metodiche della riproduzione e al bioeticista notevoli problemi di ordine morale, per la cui risoluzione è necessaria una base scientifica a monte della valutazione etica. Questo studio analizza, dunque, gli aspetti più propriamente scientifici in merito alla Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Tale tecnica è oggi quella più usata nei centri di PMA ed ha rivoluzionato l’approccio alla sterilità di coppia. Pur tuttavia essa pone notevoli problemi, sia in merito all’impiego di seme di soggetti infertili sia connessi alla stessa tecnica. Per quanto riguarda i primi, si distinguono aspetti correlati: 1. alla presenza di anomalie citogenetiche parentali e delle cellule spermatiche, onde è stato dimostrato che pazienti infertili ammessi a programmi ICSI hanno un alto tasso di aneuploidie negli spermatozoi, inversamente correlate con i parametri seminali e il numero di forme morfologicamente normali dopo selezione; 2. all’esistenza di microdelezioni del cromosoma Y. Su tale aspetto ci si sofferma, evidenziando il ruolo dei segmenti genici coinvolti, nonché il rischio di trasmissione della microdelezione ai figli concepiti via ICSI. Sono quindi descritte le principali problematiche connesse sia alla tecnica sia all’abilità dell’operatore, evidenziando il carattere di sperimentalità della tecnica in esame. Considerando, poi, i risultati delle procedure ICSI, occorre considerare sia il tasso di fecondazione e l’outcome ostetrico sia il seppur lieve aumento di incidenza di malformazioni ed anomalie citogenetiche. Inoltre, il tentativo di ottenere gravidanze da situazioni maschili sempre più severe, pone il problema di valutare i risultati in rapporto al quadro eziologico di partenza, ma vi sono poche osservazioni in tal senso. In conclusione vengono valutati i nuovi campi di indagine, con particolare riferimento alla round spermatid injection (ROSI), alla round spermatid nuclear injection (ROSNI) ed all’impiego di spermatogoni, fino alle forme di “semi-clonazione”, e gli ulteriori problemi che permangono ancora aperti, quali gli aspetti immunologici o la trasmissibilità dell’infezione da Human Immunodeficency Virus (HIV). ---------- The reproductive technologies (RTs) puts to the physician, involved in the reproductive medicine, and the bioethicist remarkable moral problems; therefore a solid scientific ground is necessary for an ethical evaluation. This study analyses the more properly scientific aspects, particularly related to Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Such technique, that is today the more used in the RTs centres, upsets the approach to couple sterility. It places, however, remarkable problems, both about the use of infertile man sperm and about the same technique. As to the first point, we can distinguish aspects connected to the presence of parental citogenetic anomalies and in sperm cells, so it was demonstrated that infertile patients admitted to ICSI programs have a high rate of aneuploidies in the spermatozoa, inversely correlated with the sperm parameters and the number of morphologically normal shapes after selection, and to the existence of micro-deletion of the Y chromosome. About this we meant to stop to us, evidencing the role of the deleted genic segments and the risk of transmission of the microdeletion to sons conceived via ICSI. Then the authors describe the major problems connected to the technique and to the ability of the operator, evidencing the experimentation of this technology. Considering, then, the outcomes of ICSI procedures, it is necessary to consider both the fecondation rate and the obstetrical outcome, and the slight increase of the incidence of malformations and citogenetical anomalies. Moreover, the attempt to obtain pregnancies from more and more severe male situations places the problem to estimate the outcome referred with the etiology, but there are only few observations about it. In conclusion we considered the new perspectives, specially about round spermatid injection (ROSI), round spermatid nuclear injection (ROSNI) and the use of spermatogonia, until “the semi-cloning reproduction” and the other problems still opened, as the immunological aspects or the transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kishigami ◽  
Hiroshi Ohta ◽  
Eiji Mizutani ◽  
Sayaka Wakayama ◽  
Hong-Thuy Bui ◽  
...  

AbstractTrichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, is a known teratogen causing malformations such as vertebral fusions when applied during the postimplantation period; TSA also causes developmental arrest when applied during the preimplantation period. Regardless of these hindrances, we have succeeded in the establishment of an efficient somatic cloning method for the mouse where reconstructed embryos are treated with TSA. To elucidate this apparent discrepancy, we treated fertilized mouse embryos generated either by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or round spermatid injection (ROSI) with 50 nM TSA for 20 h after fertilization as well as parthenogenetic embryos and found that TSA treatment inhibited the preimplantation development of ICSI embryos but not ROSI or parthenogenetic embryos. And, although we often observed hypomorphism following TSA treatment in embryos grown to full term produced by both ICSI (av. of body weight: 1.7 g vs. 1.5 g) and ROSI (1.6 g vs. 1.2 g), TSA treatment reduced the offspring production rate for ICSI from 57% to 34% but not for ROSI from 30% to 36%. Thus, these data indicate that the effects, harmful or not, of TSA treatment on embryonic development depend on their nuclear derivations. Also, the resulting hypomorphism after TSA treatment is a caveat for this procedure in current Assisted Reproductive Technologies.


2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
S. Kishigami ◽  
E. Mizutani ◽  
S. Wakayama ◽  
T. Wakayama

Reproductive technologies allow us to produce offspring using a variety of cells including sperm, spermatids, spermatocytes, somatic cells, and even parthenogenetic oocytes. In each of these technologies, failure of pronuclear formation after injection often prevents successful artificial reproduction. One of the possible causes is assumed to be that the breakage of the cytoplasmic membrane by simple pipetting is not enough to expose the nuclei to the ooplasm for pronuclear formation. To overcome this problem, we applied digitonin, a mild nonionic detergent, for the purpose of the permeabilization of cellular and nuclear membranes before injection. In this study, round spermatid cells in the mouse were used as a model because of their low pronuclear formation rate after injection. First, to examine the permeabilization of spermatids by digitonin, spermatid cells were incubated in CZB medium including 10 μg/mL of digitonin. Interestingly, the spermatids were lysed within 30 s after transfer but not other spermatogenic cells or somatic cells. Next, we conducted round spermatid injection (ROSI) using PVP including digitonin in a similar manner. Spermatids were picked up by injection pipette from spermatogenic cells suspended in a drop of PVP. These spermatids were transferred into another PVP drop including 1 μg/mL or 10 μg/mL of digitonin and left for 30 s. These digitonin-treated spermatids were then directly injected into previously activated oocytes. Six hours after injection, the fertilized oocytes were examined. Pronuclear formation rates were calculated as a proportion of oocytes with two pronuclei as well as one second polar body to total oocytes with one second polar body (Table 1). After digitonin treatment, fertilization rates significantly increased compared with ROSI without digitonin (Table 1). Further, these fertilized oocytes developed into blastocysts in vitro at comparable or higher rates. To further elucidate the effects of digitonin pretreatment on in vivo development, embryos were transferred into surrogate mothers 24 h after injection for offspring production. Although it is preliminary, we succeeded in the delivery of pups after ROSI with digitonin pretreatment (8 pups out of 14 transferred embryos). Thus, digitonin pretreatment is suggested to improve the success rate of ROSI. Table 1. Fertilization and in vitro development after ROSI with digitonin


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 967-971
Author(s):  
Poonam Thakre ◽  
Waqar M. Naqvi ◽  
Trupti Deshmukh ◽  
Nikhil Ingole ◽  
Sourabh Deshmukh

The emergence in China of 2019 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) previously provisionally names 2019-nCoV disease (COVID19) caused major global outbreak and is a major public health problem. On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared COVID19 to be the sixth international public health emergency. This present pandemic has engrossed the globe with a high rate of mortality. As a front line practitioner, physiotherapists are expected to be getting in direct contact with patients infected with the virus. That’s why it is necessary for understanding the many aspects of their role in the identification, contains, reduces and treats the symptoms of this disease. The main presentation is the involvement of respiratory system with symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, sneezing and characteristics of pneumonia leads to ARDS(Acute respiratory distress syndrome) also land up in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. This text describes and suggests physiotherapy management of acute COVID-19 patients. It also includes recommendations and guidelines for physiotherapy planning and management. It also covers the guidelines regarding personal care and equipment used for treatment which can be used in the treatment of acute adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.


2020 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
L. Guseva

The article considers urgent problem of modern society – progressive increase in the number of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Epidemiological characteristics of the pathogen are given, clinical signs of the disease and a modern strategy aimed at reducing the number of infected people are presented. The role of specialists with secondary medical education in the implementation of the Strategy aimed at combating the spread of HIV infection epidemic in the Russian Federation is emphasized.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5918
Author(s):  
Paweł Kordowitzki ◽  
Gabriela Sokołowska ◽  
Marta Wasielak-Politowska ◽  
Agnieszka Skowronska ◽  
Mariusz T. Skowronski

The oocyte is the major determinant of embryo developmental competence in all mammalian species. Although fundamental advances have been generated in the field of reproductive medicine and assisted reproductive technologies in the past three decades, researchers and clinicians are still trying to elucidate molecular factors and pathways, which could be pivotal for the oocyte’s developmental competence. The cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix communications are crucial not only for oocytes but also for multicellular organisms in general. This latter mentioned communication is among others possibly due to the Connexin and Pannexin families of large-pore forming channels. Pannexins belong to a protein group of ATP-release channels, therefore of high importance for the oocyte due to its requirements of high energy supply. An increasing body of studies on Pannexins provided evidence that these channels not only play a role during physiological processes of an oocyte but also during pathological circumstances which could lead to the development of diseases or infertility. Connexins are proteins that form membrane channels and gap-junctions, and more precisely, these proteins enable the exchange of some ions and molecules, and therefore they do play a fundamental role in the communication between the oocyte and accompanying cells. Herein, the role of Pannexins and Connexins for the processes of oogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and fertilization will be discussed and, at the end of this review, Pannexin and Connexin related pathologies and their impact on the developmental competence of oocytes will be provided.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonatan Almagor ◽  
Stefano Picascia

AbstractA contact-tracing strategy has been deemed necessary to contain the spread of COVID-19 following the relaxation of lockdown measures. Using an agent-based model, we explore one of the technology-based strategies proposed, a contact-tracing smartphone app. The model simulates the spread of COVID-19 in a population of agents on an urban scale. Agents are heterogeneous in their characteristics and are linked in a multi-layered network representing the social structure—including households, friendships, employment and schools. We explore the interplay of various adoption rates of the contact-tracing app, different levels of testing capacity, and behavioural factors to assess the impact on the epidemic. Results suggest that a contact tracing app can contribute substantially to reducing infection rates in the population when accompanied by a sufficient testing capacity or when the testing policy prioritises symptomatic cases. As user rate increases, prevalence of infection decreases. With that, when symptomatic cases are not prioritised for testing, a high rate of app users can generate an extensive increase in the demand for testing, which, if not met with adequate supply, may render the app counterproductive. This points to the crucial role of an efficient testing policy and the necessity to upscale testing capacity.


Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Eric Rossi ◽  
Megan E. Meuser ◽  
Camille J. Cunanan ◽  
Simon Cocklin

The capsid (CA) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an essential structural component of a virion and facilitates many crucial life cycle steps through interactions with host cell factors. Capsid shields the reverse transcription complex from restriction factors while it enables trafficking to the nucleus by hijacking various adaptor proteins, such as FEZ1 and BICD2. In addition, the capsid facilitates the import and localization of the viral complex in the nucleus through interaction with NUP153, NUP358, TNPO3, and CPSF-6. In the later stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, CA plays an essential role in the maturation step as a constituent of the Gag polyprotein. In the final phase of maturation, Gag is cleaved, and CA is released, allowing for the assembly of CA into a fullerene cone, known as the capsid core. The fullerene cone consists of ~250 CA hexamers and 12 CA pentamers and encloses the viral genome and other essential viral proteins for the next round of infection. As research continues to elucidate the role of CA in the HIV-1 life cycle and the importance of the capsid protein becomes more apparent, CA displays potential as a therapeutic target for the development of HIV-1 inhibitors.


Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Rose ◽  
Stephanie J. Spada ◽  
Rebecca Broeckel ◽  
Kristin L. McNally ◽  
Vanessa M. Hirsch ◽  
...  

An evolutionary arms race has been ongoing between retroviruses and their primate hosts for millions of years. Within the last century, a zoonotic transmission introduced the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1), a retrovirus, to the human population that has claimed the lives of millions of individuals and is still infecting over a million people every year. To counteract retroviruses such as this, primates including humans have evolved an innate immune sensor for the retroviral capsid lattice known as TRIM5α. Although the molecular basis for its ability to restrict retroviruses is debated, it is currently accepted that TRIM5α forms higher-order assemblies around the incoming retroviral capsid that are not only disruptive for the virus lifecycle, but also trigger the activation of an antiviral state. More recently, it was discovered that TRIM5α restriction is broader than previously thought because it restricts not only the human retroelement LINE-1, but also the tick-borne flaviviruses, an emergent group of RNA viruses that have vastly different strategies for replication compared to retroviruses. This review focuses on the underlying mechanisms of TRIM5α-mediated restriction of retroelements and flaviviruses and how they differ from the more widely known ability of TRIM5α to restrict retroviruses.


2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1736) ◽  
pp. 2269-2274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Bebber ◽  
Mark A. Carine ◽  
Gerrit Davidse ◽  
David J. Harris ◽  
Elspeth M. Haston ◽  
...  

Discovering biological diversity is a fundamental goal—made urgent by the alarmingly high rate of extinction. We have compiled information from more than 100 000 type specimens to quantify the role of collectors in the discovery of plant diversity. Our results show that more than half of all type specimens were collected by less than 2 per cent of collectors. This highly skewed pattern has persisted through time. We demonstrate that a number of attributes are associated with prolific plant collectors: a long career with increasing productivity and experience in several countries and plant families. These results imply that funding a small number of expert plant collectors in the right geographical locations should be an important element in any effective strategy to find undiscovered plant species and complete the inventory of the world flora.


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