scholarly journals Evaluation of the bio-toxicity and cytogenetic effects of methanolic leaf extract of Heliotropium indicum L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sekinat Okikiola Azeez ◽  
Rachael Aderonke Ayo-Lawal ◽  
Idowu Julius Olawuni ◽  
Olubukola Grace Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Index ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Metaphase Plate ◽  
Chromosome Breakage ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Root Meristematic Cells ◽  
Heliotropium Indicum ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties

Heliotropium indicum L. has been shown to be very important in traditional healing medicine. However, many reports have indicated that the toxicity is not unconnected with pharmaceutical properties. This study therefore investigated the cytotoxic, genotoxic and biotoxic activities of methanolic leaf extract of H. indicum using Brine Shrimp lethality assay. The results revealed that the leaf extract of H. indicum showed lethality against the Brine Shrimps nauplii. The highest mortality was recorded at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml. The LC50 value of the Brine Shrimps mortality of the extract was recorded to be 461.04±10.02 μg/ml. In addition, the extract inhibited mitotic division in A. cepa root meristematic cells. The mitotic index was reduced from 59.99% in the control to 2.2% at 1000 μg/ml of the leaf extract. Chromosomal aberrations were observed at different concentrations. These include sticky chromosomes at metaphase and anaphase, chromosome breakage, degenerated and disoriented chromosomes at metaphase plate. It can be concluded from this present study that methanolic leaf extract of H. indicum was cytotoxic and genotoxic to Brine Shrimps and A. cepa cells respectively. Hence, caution should be exercised with respect to the consumption of H. indicum leaf in any form. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Mitotic index, chromosome aberrations, Brine Shrimps Lethality assay, Allium cepa assay, leaf extract

Extracts affecting mitotic division in root-tip meristematic cells

Biologia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Greice Lubini ◽  
Juliana Fachinetto ◽  
Haywood Laughinghouse ◽  
Juçara Paranhos ◽  
Antonio Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Mitotic Index ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Antiproliferative Effects ◽  
Ethanol Acetic Acid ◽  
Allium Cepa L

AbstractSome species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae) are important in herbal medicine, where their extracts are used internally for infections of the female reproductive system, bronchitis, gastrointestinal disturbances, skin irritations, tumors, ulcers, and eye disturbances. The antiproliferative and genotoxic effects of Psychotria myriantha Mull. Arg. and P. leiocarpa Cham. et Schlecht infusions on the Allium cepa L. cell cycle were evaluated. The teas were prepared by infusing the leaves in distilled water, in two concentrations: 1.13 mg/mL and 6.78 mg/mL. Three groups of four bulbs were used for each Psychotria species. After the bulbs rooted in distilled water, they were transferred to the teas for 24 hours, except for the control that stayed in water. The rootlets were then collected, fixed in ethanol-acetic acid (3:1) for 24 hours, and stored in 70% ethanol. For each group of bulbs, 4000 cells were analyzed, calculating the mitotic indexes, submitting them to statistic analysis, using the χ 2 test (p = 0.05). The results showed a decrease in mitotic index with an increase in tea concentration in both species. In P. leiocarpa, the mitotic index values differed significantly between the control and concentration of 6.78 mg/mL (χ 2 = 9.863). For P. myriantha, the values referring to the mitotic index differed greatly between the control and the treatments (χ 2 = 124.8). With this study, it was determined that P. myriantha and P. leiocarpa infusions possess antiproliferative effects on the A. cepa cell cycle, and teas of P. myriantha also have genotoxic activity.

scholarly journals Biomonitoring of lead (Pb) toxicity through aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Kiran Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Mitotic Index ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Root Meristematic Cells ◽  
Biomonitoring Tool ◽  
Nr Activity

A study was performed for biomonitoring the toxicity of lead (Pb) in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). To assess phytotoxic response of the plant against Pb chlorophyll content, protein content and NR activity has been observed while genotoxiocity was analyzed by study of mitotic index and micronuclei (MNCs) as genotoxic end point. For this purpose, Plants of Eichhornia crassipes were exposed to various concentrations of Pb (0.0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 ppm) for 2 and 7 days durations. Pb induced phytotoxicity was evident by reduction in chlorophyll content, protein content and nitrate reductase activity (NR activity). All aforesaid parameters decreased in dose-duration dependent manner. Pb treatment also led to dose-duration dependent inhibition of mitotic index (MI) and induction of micronuclei in root meristematic cells of E. crassipes. Decline in MI reflects cytotoxicity that directly affects root growth and elongation. Pb may cause cell death, which may appear as decline in MI. Micronucleus induction involving the mitotic spindle and consequent production of laggard chromosomes during anaphase and loss of a complete chromosome. The present investigations revealed that E. crassipes exposed to Pb experienced phyto-genotoxicity, therefore it can be utilized as biomonitoring tool for toxicity of Pb assessment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10500 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 12-19

COMPARISON STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF SECONDARY METABOLITE AND PROTEIN EXTRACTS FROM CLINACANTHUS NUTANS

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
ASVINIDEVI ARUMUGAM ◽  
NYET KUI WONG
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Clinacanthus Nutans ◽  
Cytotoxicity Activities

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of the secondary metabolites and proteins extracted from Clinacanthus nutans. Methods: Methanol (ME) and acetone (AC) and also protein (PE) extracts were obtained from Clinacanthus nutans. Antioxidant activity of sample extracts was examined by using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrydyl Hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and antimicrobial activity was examined by using the agar diffusion method against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa bacterial strain. The cytotoxic potential was determined by brine shrimp lethality assay. Results: Methanol extract (ME) demonstrated to have the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 98.84 μg/ml, followed by acetone extract (AE) with IC50 value of 134.83µg/ml, and protein extract (PE) with IC50 value of 353.49 µg/ml. Among all of the sample extracts, only methanol crude extracts (ME) displayed moderate inhibition against Gram-positive B. cereus (7.33±1.15 mm) and S. pyrogenes (8.67±0.57 mm) at concentration of 100 mg/ml, while both acetone (AE) and protein (PE) extracts had no activity against all tested microorganisms. All extracts from methanol (ME), acetone (AE) and protein (PE) exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against brine shrimps at LC50 7.2 μg/ml, 1.42 μg/ml and 70.6 μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: These data proved that methanol extract from the leaves of Clinacanthus nutans is the most potent among all samples tested and has the potential to be developed as an antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents. Whilst, acetone and protein crude extracts have potent antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities.

Identification of degradation products of aflatoxin B1 and B2 resulting after their biodetoxification by aqueous extracts of Acacia nilotica

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
T. Anjum ◽  
W. Iram ◽  
M. Iqbal ◽  
A. Ghaffar ◽  
M. Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Acacia Nilotica ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
New Compounds

Contamination of food and feed items with mycotoxins causes extensive economic damage. It is therefore important to explore environmentally friendly approaches to manage these toxins with less drawbacks. Phytochemicals can provide a safe alternative to synthetic chemicals. This study was designed to investigate the detoxification potential of water-based extracts of Acacia nilotica against aflatoxins B1 and B2. First trials were carried out to standardise temperature, pH and incubation time for biodetoxification in spiked maize. A significant percentage of detoxification was observed under all tested conditions, showing an increasing detoxifying potential with an increase in all three parameters. Leaf extract was found to be more effective than shoot extract. Leaf extract resulted in 86-90% detoxification of both aflatoxin B1 and B2 when incubated for 72 h at 60 °C and pH 10. To avoid the detrimental effects of very high temperature and pH, experiments on spiked maize were conducted at 30 °C and pH 8. A significant detoxification of 82-83% was recorded during trials with spiked maize. MS/MS analyses showed conversion of aflatoxins B1 into seven and aflatoxins B2 into two new compounds. Most of the compounds were formed due to the removal of the double bond in the terminal furan ring and modification of the lactone group, indicating less toxicity as compared to the parent compounds. Decontamination and reduction in toxicity of treated aflatoxins was corroborated by a brine shrimps bioassay.

Genotoxicity of barley stripe mosaic virus in infected host plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Andronic ◽  
Anatol Jacota ◽  
Valeriu Bujoreanu ◽  
Tatyana Grigorov
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mitotic Index ◽  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Sister Chromatid Exchanges ◽  
Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Root Meristematic Cells ◽  
Chromatid Exchanges

AbstractA comparative study of the effect of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) and gamma irradiation on mitotic divisions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots was performed by evaluating the mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN) frequency and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE). Results indicate that, similarly to gamma irradiation at doses of 100, 150 and 250 Gy, BSMV reduces the mitotic activity, increases the micronucleus frequency and the rate of SCE and promotes the formation of C-metaphases. In root meristematic cells of the three barley cultivars studied (Galactic, Sonor and Unirea), the mitotic index of infected plants was found to be 52.5, 54.48 and 64.17%, respectively, lower than the uninfected control. An increase in frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was observed in all the experimental variants. In treatments involving viral infection alone or in combination with gamma irradiation chromosomes with three and more chromatid exchanges were observed, while their percentage in the control or in treatments with gamma irradiation alone was reduced. The results of the study indicate that in plants derived from irradiated seeds, BSMV produces an effect that is correlated nonlinearly with the radiation dose applied. Cytological analysis of mitotic divisions in barley roots revealed the genotoxicity of BSMV infection.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PURPLE LETTUCE AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN CYTOGENETICS ACTIVITY OF LETTUCE ROOT UNDER SALT STRESS

Vivências ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (31) ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Cristiane Deuner ◽  
Alison Munhos ◽  
Vera Lúcia Bobrowski ◽  
Sidnei Deuner ◽  
Andréia da Silva Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Mitotic Index ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Phase Index ◽  
Chromosome Stickiness

Salinity can affect cell division and cause chromosomal abnormalities such as the formation of micronuclei, chromosome stickiness, c-mitosis and multipolar anaphases. Plants react to salt stress with morphological, biochemical, physiological, cellular and molecular adjustments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different leaf extract concentrations of purple lettuce on the cytogenetic activity of lettuce roots, cv. Regina, from seeds subjected to salt stress. Four extract concentrations of purple lettuce (0, 50, 100 and 150 g lettuce leaves L-1 water)and five concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM) were tested, constituting 20 treatments, with distilled water for a negative control. The analyses were of mitotic index (MI), phase index of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) and the presence of chromosomal aberrations. Salt reduces the mitotic index and all index phases of the lettuce roots. The purple lettuce extract does not affect the mitotic index, reduces the cell index in prophase and increases the cells in telophase of lettuce roots. The purple lettuce extract and salt cause chromosomal abnormalities in lettuce root cells; however, a smaller number of mutations is found by applying 100 g L-1 extract.

scholarly journals Mutations in the Drosophila melanogaster gene three rows permit aspects of mitosis to continue in the absence of chromatid segregation

1993 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Philp ◽  
J.M. Axton ◽  
R.D. Saunders ◽  
D.M. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Metaphase Plate ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
P Element ◽  
Mitotic Progression ◽  
Chromosome Microdissection ◽  
Maternal Mrna ◽  
Chromatid Segregation ◽  
Blastoderm Stage

We have cloned the three rows (thr) gene, by a combination of chromosome microdissection and P element tagging. We describe phenotypes of embryos homozygous for mutations at the thr locus. Maternal mRNA and protein appear to be sufficient to allow 14 rounds of mitosis in embryos homozygous for thr mutations. However, a small percentage of cells in syncytial blastoderm stage thr embryos sink into the interior of the embryo as if they have failed to divide properly. Following cellularisation all cells complete mitosis 14 normally. All cells become delayed at mitosis 15 with their chromosomes remaining aligned on the spindle in a metaphase-like configuration, even though both cyclins A and B have both been degraded. As cyclin B degradation occurs at the metaphase-anaphase transition, subsequent to the microtubule integrity checkpoint, the delay induced by mutations at the thr locus defines a later point in mitotic progression. Chromosomes in the cells of thr embryos do not undertake anaphase separation, but remain at the metaphase plate. Subsequently they decondense. A subset of nuclei go on to replicate their DNA but there is no further mitotic division.

scholarly journals Structure Elucidation and Toxicity Analysis of the Byproducts Formed after Biodegradation of Aflatoxins B1 and B2 Using Extracts of Mentha arvensis

Toxins ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Tehmina Anjum ◽  
Wajiha Iram ◽  
Mazhar Iqbal ◽  
Mateen Abbas ◽  
Waheed Akram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Mentha Arvensis ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Toxicity Analysis ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Optimized Conditions

The aqueous extracts of leaves and shoots of Mentha arvensis were checked for their potential to biodegrade aflatoxin B1 and B2 (AFB1; 100 µg/L and AFB2; 50 µg/L) through in vitro assays. Overall, the results showed that leaf extract degrades aflatoxins more efficiently than the shoot extract. First, the pH, temperature and incubation time were optimized for maximum degradation by observing this activity at different temperatures between 25 and 60 °C, pH between 2 and 10 and incubation time from 3 to 72 h. In general, an increase in all these parameters significantly increased the percentage of biodegradation. In vitro trials on mature maize stock were performed under optimized conditions, i.e., pH 8, temperature 30 °C and an incubation period of 72 h. The leaf extract resulted in 75% and 80% biodegradation of AFB1 and AFB2, respectively. Whereas the shoot extract degraded both toxins up to 40–48%. The structural elucidation of degraded toxin products by LCMS/MS analysis showed seven degraded products of AFB1 and three of AFB2. MS/MS spectra showed that most of the products were formed by the loss of the methoxy group from the side chain of the benzene ring, the removal of the double bond in the terminal furan ring and the modification of the lactone group, indicating less toxicity compared to the parent compounds. The degraded products showed low toxicity against brine shrimps, confirming that M. arvensis leaf extract has significant potential to biodegrade aflatoxins.

scholarly journals Cassia oleoresin Mediated Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
G. Anjana ◽  
Anitha Roy ◽  
S. Rajeshkumar ◽  
D. Ezhilarasan
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Visible Spectroscopy ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Uv Visible

Cassia oleoresin is an extract isolated from dried barks of Cinnamomum cassia Blume (family Lauracea). The plant has been reported to have anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-hypertriglyceridemic effect, mainly due to its phytochemical constituents such as phenolic and volatile compounds. Cinnamon also helps in arthritis, fibromyalgia and psoriasis. The aim of this study was to prepare  magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Cassia oleoresin and to evaluate the cytotoxic effect on Brine shrimp. The magnesium oxide nanoparticle was prepared from magnesium chloride and Cassia oleoresin and was confirmed by UV- Visible Spectroscopy and morphology was confirmed by TEM. Brine shrimps lethality bioassay was carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity of Cassia oleoresin mediated magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Ten brine shrimp nauplii were placed in each well of the Eliza plate and filled with 5 µL ,10 µL ,15 µL ,20 µL ,25 µL of Cassia oleoresin mediated magnesium oxide nanoparticles After 24 hours of incubation, the wells were observed and the number of surviving brine shrimp nauplii were counted to assess the cytotoxicity. The UV -Visible spectroscopy showed a peak at 400 peak and TEM analysis showed a particle size of 70 nm. After 24 hours incubation of the brine shrimps in the nanoparticle solution, all 10 brine shrimps survived in 5µL and 10 µL concentrations. 3 brine shrimps nauplii survived in 15µL conc. 1 brine shrimp nauplii survived in 20µL and 25µL concentrations each. Within the limits of this study it can be concluded that at low concentrations the prepared nanoparticle was safe and may be used for biomedical application.

Generative cell mitosis in pollen tubes of Nicotiana tabacum: Ultrastructure and 3-D reconstruction

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 848-849
Author(s):  
Hong-Shi Yu ◽  
S. D. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Generative Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Metaphase Plate ◽  
Preprophase Band ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Mitotic Apparatus ◽  
Cell Mitosis

In bicellular pollen, the two sperm cells are formed by mitotic division of the generative cell (GC) in the pollen tube. This division is characterized by several unique features, including: lack of a preprophase band (PPB), absence of a metaphase plate, absence of normal spindle formation, and irregular patterns of cytokinesis. Purportedly, this is the result of spatial constraints within the pollen tube, which in vivo may be as narrow as 3 μm (as in Nicotiana) and slightly wider in vitro.Immunofluorescence studies of GC mitosis have been published in the last five years2−7, but only one incomplete ultrastructural report on GC division in vitro is available. This study is the first using three-dimensional (3-D) techniques to reconstruct the mitotic apparatus of the GC in vivo.

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