Detection of 2-Alkylcyclobutanones, Markers for Irradiated Foods, in Adipose Tissues of Animals Fed with These Substances

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 1610-1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. HORVATOVICH ◽  
F. RAUL ◽  
M. MIESCH ◽  
D. BURNOUF ◽  
H. DELINCEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Irradiated Foods ◽  
Drinking Fluid

Laboratory rats received a freshly prepared drinking fluid containing 0.005% 2-tetradecyl- or 2-tetradecenyl-cyclobutanones daily for 4 months. These two compounds were recovered in the adipose tissues of the animals that consumed them. Less than 1% of the 2-alkylcyclobutanones ingested daily were excreted in the feces. In addition, our data indicate that 2-alkylcyclobutanones are able to cross the intestinal barrier, to enter into the bloodstream, and to be stored in the adipose tissue of an animal. However, the amounts of these substances detected in the adipose tissues and in the feces were much smaller than the amounts ingested.

scholarly journals Redox Regulation of Lipid Mobilization in Adipose Tissues

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1090
Author(s):  
Ursula Abou-Rjeileh ◽  
G. Andres Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Cellular Metabolism ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Redox Signaling ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Lipid Mobilization ◽  
Cellular Processes

Lipid mobilization in adipose tissues, which includes lipogenesis and lipolysis, is a paramount process in regulating systemic energy metabolism. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are byproducts of cellular metabolism that exert signaling functions in several cellular processes, including lipolysis and lipogenesis. During lipolysis, the adipose tissue generates ROS and RNS and thus requires a robust antioxidant response to maintain tight regulation of redox signaling. This review will discuss the production of ROS and RNS within the adipose tissue, their role in regulating lipolysis and lipogenesis, and the implications of antioxidants on lipid mobilization.

scholarly journals Reduced Expression of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator in Brown Adipose Tissue of Obese Mouse Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3407
Author(s):  
Chung-Ze Wu ◽  
Li-Chien Chang ◽  
Chao-Wen Cheng ◽  
Te-Chao Fang ◽  
Yuh-Feng Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Obese Mouse ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Brown Adipose

In recent decades, the obesity epidemic has resulted in morbidity and mortality rates increasing globally. In this study, using obese mouse models, we investigated the relationship among urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), metabolic disorders, glomerular filtration rate, and adipose tissues. Two groups, each comprised of C57BL/6J and BALB/c male mice, were fed a chow diet (CD) and a high fat diet (HFD), respectively. Within the two HFD groups, half of each group were euthanized at 8 weeks (W8) or 16 weeks (W16). Blood, urine and adipose tissues were collected and harvested for evaluation of the effects of obesity. In both mouse models, triglyceride with insulin resistance and body weight increased with duration when fed a HFD in comparison to those in the groups on a CD. In both C57BL/6J and BALB/c HFD mice, levels of serum uPA initially increased significantly in the W8 group, and then the increment decreased in the W16 group. The glomerular filtration rate declined in both HFD groups. The expression of uPA significantly decreased in brown adipose tissue (BAT), but not in white adipose tissue, when compared with that in the CD group. The results suggest a decline in the expression of uPA in BAT in obese m models as the serum uPA increases. There is possibly an association with BAT fibrosis and dysfunction, which may need further study.

Tryptophan metabolism activation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in adipose tissue of obese women: an attempt to maintain immune homeostasis and vascular tone

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (2) ◽  
pp. R135-R143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Wolowczuk ◽  
Benjamin Hennart ◽  
Audrey Leloire ◽  
Alban Bessede ◽  
Marion Soichot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
T Cell ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Vascular Tone ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Ido1 Expression

Human obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation in white adipose tissue and is often associated with hypertension. The potential induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), the rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan/kynurenine degradation pathway, by proinflammatory cytokines, could be associated with these disorders but has remained unexplored in obesity. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected IDO1 expression in white adipose tissue of obese patients, and we focused on its contribution in the regulation of vascular tone and on its immunoregulatory effects. Concentrations of tryptophan and kynurenine were measured in sera of 36 obese and 15 lean women. The expression of IDO1 in corresponding omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues and liver was evaluated. Proinflammatory markers and T-cell subsets were analyzed in adipose tissue via the expression of CD14, IL-18, CD68, TNFα, CD3ε, FOXP3 [a regulatory T-cell (Treg) marker] and RORC (a Th17 marker). In obese subjects, the ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan, which reflects IDO1 activation, is higher than in lean subjects. Furthermore, IDO1 expression in both adipose tissues and liver is increased and is inversely correlated with arterial blood pressure. Inflammation is associated with a T-cell infiltration in obese adipose tissue, with predominance of Th17 in the omental compartment and of Treg in the subcutaneous depot. The Th17/Treg balance is decreased in subcutaneous fat and correlates with IDO1 activation. In contrast, in the omental compartment, despite IDO1 activation, the Th17/Treg balance control is impaired. Taken together, our results suggest that IDO1 activation represents a local compensatory mechanism to limit obesity-induced inflammation and hypertension.

A Tale of Three Systems: Toward a Neuroimmunoendocrine Model of Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 549-573
Author(s):  
Conan J.O. O'Brien ◽  
Emma R. Haberman ◽  
Ana I. Domingos
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Adipose Tissue Macrophages ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Established Role

The prevalence of obesity is on the rise. What was once considered a simple disease of energy imbalance is now recognized as a complex condition perpetuated by neuro- and immunopathologies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms underlying obesity. We examine the pleiotropic effects of leptin action in addition to its established role in the modulation of appetite, and we discuss the neural circuitry mediating leptin action and how this is altered with obesity, both centrally (leptin resistance) and in adipose tissues (sympathetic neuropathy). Finally, we dissect the numerous causal and consequential roles of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity and highlight recent key studies demonstrating their direct role in organismal energy homeostasis.

Carotenoid and retinol concentrations in serum, adipose tissue and liver and carotenoid transport in sheep, goats and cattle

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1809 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Yang ◽  
TW Larsen ◽  
RK Tume
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Retinol Concentration

Carotenoid and retinol concentrations were determined in various tissues of sheep, goats and cattle, ruminants known to have widely different levels of pigmentation of their adipose tissues. An objective assessment of fat colour confirmed the whiteness of sheep and goat fat compared with that of cattle. No G-carotene was detected in the serum or fat of sheep and goats, but it was the predominant carotenoid present in the serum and fat of cattle. The major pigment present in serum and fat of sheep and goat was lutein, although its concentration was only 5-10% of that found in cattle. G-carotene was present in the liver of all three species with the highest concentration in cattle. Although lutein was the only carotenoid found in the serum and fat of sheep and goats, it could not be detected in their livers. The concentrations of retinol in serum and fat were similar for each species, but the liver of sheep had about three times the retinol concentration of the liver of goats and cattle. The transport of carotenoids in plasma was investigated. In sheep and goats, the pigments were associated mainly with very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas in cattle, high density lipoprotein (HDL) was the major lipoprotein fraction involved.

scholarly journals Treatment with atrial natriuretic peptide induces adipose tissue browning and exerts thermogenic actions in vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruka Kimura ◽  
Tomohisa Nagoshi ◽  
Yuhei Oi ◽  
Akira Yoshii ◽  
Yoshiro Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Ucp1 Expression ◽  
Tissue Browning

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests natriuretic peptides (NPs) coordinate inter-organ metabolic crosstalk with adipose tissues and play a critical role in energy metabolism. We recently reported A-type NP (ANP) raises intracellular temperature in cultured adipocytes in a low-temperature-sensitive manner. We herein investigated whether exogenous ANP-treatment exerts a significant impact on adipose tissues in vivo. Mice fed a high-fat-diet (HFD) or normal-fat-diet (NFD) for 13 weeks were treated with or without ANP infusion subcutaneously for another 3 weeks. ANP-treatment significantly ameliorated HFD-induced insulin resistance. HFD increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) cell size with the accumulation of lipid droplets (whitening), which was suppressed by ANP-treatment (re-browning). Furthermore, HFD induced enlarged lipid droplets in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), crown-like structures in epididymal WAT, and hepatic steatosis, all of which were substantially attenuated by ANP-treatment. Likewise, ANP-treatment markedly increased UCP1 expression, a specific marker of BAT, in iWAT (browning). ANP also further increased UCP1 expression in BAT with NFD. Accordingly, cold tolerance test demonstrated ANP-treated mice were tolerant to cold exposure. In summary, exogenous ANP administration ameliorates HFD-induced insulin resistance by attenuating hepatic steatosis and by inducing adipose tissue browning (activation of the adipose tissue thermogenic program), leading to in vivo thermogenesis during cold exposure.

scholarly journals Distinct infrastructure of lipid networks in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in overweight humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 979-990
Author(s):  
Anish Zacharia ◽  
Daniel Saidemberg ◽  
Chanchal Thomas Mannully ◽  
Natalya M Kogan ◽  
Alaa Shehadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

ABSTRACT Background Adipose tissue plays important roles in health and disease. Given the unique association of visceral adipose tissue with obesity-related metabolic diseases, the distribution of lipids between the major fat depots located in subcutaneous and visceral regions may shed new light on adipose tissue–specific roles in systemic metabolic perturbations. Objective We sought to characterize the lipid networks and unveil differences in the metabolic infrastructure of the 2 adipose tissues that may have functional and nutritional implications. Methods Paired visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained from 17 overweight patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Ultra-performance LC-MS was used to measure 18,640 adipose-derived features; 520 were putatively identified. A stem cell model for adipogenesis was used to study the functional implications of the differences found. Results Our analyses resulted in detailed lipid metabolic maps of the 2 major adipose tissues. They point to a higher accumulation of phosphatidylcholines, triacylglycerols, and diacylglycerols, although lower ceramide concentrations, in subcutaneous tissue. The degree of unsaturation was lower in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) phospholipids, indicating lower unsaturated fatty acid incorporation into adipose tissue. The differential abundance of phosphatidylcholines we found can be attributed at least partially to higher expression of phosphatidylethanolamine methyl transferase (PEMT). PEMT-deficient embryonic stem cells showed a dramatic decrease in adipogenesis, and the resulting adipocytes exhibited lower accumulation of lipid droplets, in line with the lower concentrations of glycerolipids in VAT. Ceramides may inhibit the expression of PEMT by increased insulin resistance, thus potentially suggesting a functional pathway that integrates ceramide, PEMT, and glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways. Conclusions Our work unveils differential infrastructure of the lipid networks in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues and suggests an integrative pathway, with a discriminative flux between adipose tissues.

Fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissues of physically trained rats in vivo

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (1) ◽  
pp. E8-E13
Author(s):  
K. Tokuyama ◽  
H. Okuda
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Brown Adipose

The effect of physical training on fatty acid synthesis in vivo was studied. After the rats had free access to a running wheel for 50 days, the rate of fatty acid synthesis estimated using 3H2O in adipose tissues of trained rats was about three times higher than that of sedentary rats in both the light and dark period. The rate of fatty acid synthesis in the liver but not in the brown adipose tissue was also slightly enhanced by physical training. The number of adipocytes was not affected, but the size of adipocytes was reduced by physical training. In trained rats, the rate of fatty acid synthesis in adipocytes whose diameter was similar to that of sedentary rats was about 10 times higher than that of sedentary rats. Within adipose tissue, the rate of fatty acid synthesis correlated positively to the diameter of adipocytes both in the sedentary and trained rats. These findings mean that the adaptive increase in fatty acid synthesis seen in adipocytes of trained rats is not secondary to the reduction in size of adipocytes.

scholarly journals Beige Fat, Adaptive Thermogenesis, and Its Regulation by Exercise and Thyroid Hormone

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Beige Adipocyte ◽  
Adaptive Thermogenesis ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
Beige Cells ◽  
Adipocyte Development

While it is now understood that the proper expansion of adipose tissue is critically important for metabolic homeostasis, it is also appreciated that adipose tissues perform far more functions than simply maintaining energy balance. Adipose tissue performs endocrine functions, secreting hormones or adipokines that affect the regulation of extra-adipose tissues, and, under certain conditions, can also be major contributors to energy expenditure and the systemic metabolic rate via the activation of thermogenesis. Adipose thermogenesis takes place in brown and beige adipocytes. While brown adipocytes have been relatively well studied, the study of beige adipocytes has only recently become an area of considerable exploration. Numerous suggestions have been made that beige adipocytes can elicit beneficial metabolic effects on body weight, insulin sensitivity, and lipid levels. However, the potential impact of beige adipocyte thermogenesis on systemic metabolism is not yet clear and an understanding of beige adipocyte development and regulation is also limited. This review will highlight our current understanding of beige adipocytes and select factors that have been reported to elicit the development and activation of thermogenesis in beige cells, with a focus on factors that may represent a link between exercise and ‘beiging’, as well as the role that thyroid hormone signaling plays in beige adipocyte regulation.

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