scholarly journals Studies and research design in medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-17
Author(s):  
N. M. Bulanov ◽  
O. B. Blyuss ◽  
D. B. Munblit ◽  
N. A. Nekliudov ◽  
D. V. Butnaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Adequate Design

Adequate design is an essential condition for conducting a successful study. This review describes the most common types of research design in medicine. We discuss the differences between different types of observational and interventional studies, their advantages and limitations providing examples for each study design. The concept of bias and its potential sources in different studies are covered. We suggest the most suitable approaches to study design for different research objectives and outline approaches to data presentation. During the last decades, several guidelines for conducting and reporting different types of research were proposed and they are also covered in this manuscript.

scholarly journals The Reframing of Methodology: Revisiting a PhD Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Dubberley
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
Funded Research ◽  
Alternative Proposal ◽  
Methodological Position ◽  
Funded Research Project

The paper draws on a PhD study to explore some methodological dilemmas associated with the execution of qualitative research when framed within positivist study design. The PhD was linked to an externally funded research project which evaluated the implementation of a custody-based intervention in the secure estate. While the PhD was conceived as a qualitative study, informed by interpretivist methodology and associated epistemology, the wider funded study was informed by positivist tradition and used a quantitative method. This led to dilemmas of both practical and methodological nature. The author revisits her study's methodological position to review issues raised by the research design and suggests an alternative proposal informed methodologically by critical realism which may better serve the study's interests. In doing so, the paper suggests how revisiting previous research may assist us in gaining methodological understanding and allow us to reframe our future endeavours to more useful end.

scholarly journals The Dynamic Characteristics of Color-Coded S-Potentials

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk Spekreijse ◽  
Alan L. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Linear Analysis ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
Transfer Characteristics ◽  
High Modulation ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Modulated Light

A linear analysis approach has been applied to determine the dynamic characteristics of the color-coded S-potentials. Using a sinusoidally modulated light stimulus it could be shown that the monophasic S-potential as well as each of the different components of biphasic and triphasic S-potentials behaves linearly. However, for high modulation depths and high average intensities nonlinear effects, such as saturation, become obvious. The transfer characteristics of the monophasic potentials and each component of the biphasic and triphasic potentials are indistinguishable. Their latencies, however, differ. These findings suggest that the three different types of S-potentials not only originate from functionally comparable cells but also that the dynamic characteristics of the cells presynaptic to the S-potential sources are identical.

scholarly journals STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PEER-ASSISTED REFLECTION LEARNING IN MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS LECTURES

Ta dib ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Isra Nurmai Yenti ◽  
Yaya S. Kusumah ◽  
Jarnawi Afghani Dahlan
Keyword(s):  
Large Class ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Case Study Design ◽  
Multivariable Calculus ◽  
Short Time

A large class can be a problem source in learning Calculus. Peer-Assisted Reflection learning,as the solution, is a learning that combines peer analysis and self-reflection. The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of Peer-Assisted Reflection learning based on Students’ opinions in Multivariable Calculus lecture. The research design used was pre-experimental with a one-shot case study design. The data obtained from questionnaire responses were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The result of this study shows that thePeer-Assisted Reflection learning help Students’s carry out activities: reflecting the result of their own work, commenting on the friend’s work, and increasing understanding of the material after revising their work. On contrary, the Peer-Assisted Reflection learning has not been able to carry out the following activities: determining concepts, understanding problems in a short time, understanding the work of colleagues, and finding doubts about the correctness of the answers.

scholarly journals Researching intimacy through social media: A cross-platform approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (60) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Cristina Miguel
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Cross Platform ◽  
Media Interaction

This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of how to study the way people build intimacy and manage privacy through social media interaction. It explores the research design and methodology of a research project based on a multi-sited case study composed of three different social media platforms: Badoo, CouchSurfing, and Facebook. This cross-platform approach is useful to observe how intimacy is often negotiated across different platforms. The research project focuses on the cities of Leeds (UK) and Barcelona (Spain). In particular, this article discusses the methods used to recruit participants and collect data for that study - namely, participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and user profiles analysis. This cross-platform approach and multi-method research design is helpful to investigate the nature of intimacy practices facilitated by social media at several levels: online/offline, across different platforms, among different types of relationships, within both new and existing relationships, and in different locations

scholarly journals Maintaining Integrity of Worldwide FINGER Clinical Trials During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 68-68
Author(s):  
Susanne Roehr
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Study Design ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Intervention Delivery ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Intervention Trials

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic presents challenges to the conduct of randomized clinical trials of lifestyle interventions. World-Wide FINGERS international network convened a forum for researchers to discuss statistical design and analysis issues they faced during the pandemic. We report experiences of three trials that, at various stages of conduct, altered designs and analysis plans to navigate these issues. We provide recommendations for future trials to consider as they develop and launch behavioral intervention trials. The pandemic led researchers to change recruitment plans, interrupt timelines for assessments and intervention delivery, and move to remote intervention and assessments protocols. The necessity of these changes add emphasis to the importance, in study design and analysis, of intention to treat approaches, flexibility, within site stratification, interim power projections, and sensitivity analyses. Robust approaches to study design and analysis are critical to negotiate issues related to the intervention.

scholarly journals Community Preparation in Tangse District in Flash Flood Disaster Mitigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Martini Martini ◽  
Azmeri Azmeri ◽  
Didik Sugiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Flood Disasters ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

This study aims to determine the Tangse community preparedness in mitigation of flood disasters. The research design used in this study is a qualitative research design . Data analysis is performed using three activities that occur simultaneously, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification, or can also use words to describe facts and observed phenomena. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that in terms of the knowledge and attitude of the Tangse community it is already good where the community already knows the signs of flash floods and the environment is vulnerable to disasters. But it is still very lacking in terms of regulations and policies. Regulations that have not been implemented properly, as well as sanctions for illegal loggers involving law enforcement officials. 

6. Research Design

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Different Types

This chapter focuses on the basic principles of research design. It first considers different types of research design, including experimental designs, cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, comparative designs, and historical research designs. It also discusses two types of research validity: internal validity and external validity. The chapter proceeds by describing various methods of data collection and the sort of data or evidence each provides, including questionnaires and surveys, interviewing and focus groups, ethnographic research, and discourse/content analysis. Finally, it examines six issues that must be taken into account to ensure ethical research: voluntary participation, informed consent, privacy, harm, exploitation, and consequences for future research.

Social interaction in co creating the tourist experience An exploratory study of Chinese visitors to Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Han ◽  
Carolus L.C. Praet ◽  
Liyong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Tourism Studies ◽  
Tourism Experience ◽  
Different Types

Tourists are increasingly looking for experiences that allow them to actively participate (Campos et al., 2015), and the role of the tourist as a co-creator, or even the sole creator, of the tourism experience is becoming widely recognized among tourism scholars and practitioners (Binkhorst & Dekker, 2009; Rihova et al., 2013; Campos et al., 2015). Some even regard active value co-creation as the most important aspect of the tourism experience (e.g.Boswijk, Thijssen & Peelen, 2007; Binkhorst & Dekker, 2009). Destinations may be viewed as a space in which tourists co-create their own memorable experiences through social and other interactions (Morgan & Xu, 2009). Following this conceptualization, social interaction among participants is an essential condition for value co-creation. Categories of social actors participating in tourism value co-creation include service providers (e.g., Salvado, 2011; Minkiewicz, Evans & Bridson, 2014), the local community (e.g., Azevedo, 2009; Richards, 2010), and other tourists (e.g., Rihova et al., 2013, 2015; Reichenberger, 2017). Surprisingly perhaps, previous tourism studies have tended to take social interactions among actors in tourism for granted, and have often treated them as inherently positive. Hence, we feel that an investigation of these basic assumptions of positive social interactions and how they are perceived by tourists is warranted. Furthermore, tourists’ perceptions and attitudes towards different types of on-site social actors may lead to different forms of value co-creation. We therefore need to study from the perspective of the tourist how different types of social actors participate in the tourism value co-creation process, and what is the relative impact of each type of social actor on this process.

scholarly journals Biotechnological Approaches to Study Plant Responses to Stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa M. Pérez-Clemente ◽  
Vicente Vives ◽  
Sara I. Zandalinas ◽  
María F. López-Climent ◽  
Valeria Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Sessile Organisms ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

Multiple biotic and abiotic environmental stress factors affect negatively various aspects of plant growth, development, and crop productivity. Plants, as sessile organisms, have developed, in the course of their evolution, efficient strategies of response to avoid, tolerate, or adapt to different types of stress situations. The diverse stress factors that plants have to face often activate similar cell signaling pathways and cellular responses, such as the production of stress proteins, upregulation of the antioxidant machinery, and accumulation of compatible solutes. Over the last few decades advances in plant physiology, genetics, and molecular biology have greatly improved our understanding of plant responses to abiotic stress conditions. In this paper, recent progresses on systematic analyses of plant responses to stress including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and transgenic-based approaches are summarized.

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