Comparative Study of Vaccine Safety Surveillance on Covid-19

Vaccine among people globally preparations must be made within countries for covid-19 vaccine safety surveillance on an urgent basis. Safety surveillance must be capable of investigating adverse event of special interest (AESI) and adverse event following immunization to determine a change in the benefit-risk profile of the vaccine. COVID-19 vaccine is the most important tool to stem the pandemic. WHO emergency use listing, while using regulatory pathway through national regulatory authorities. Vaccine safety communication plan should be developed. Expending the global vaccine safety system to meet the needs of covid-19 and other emergency and routine use vaccine is a priority currently. The protective efficacy and the short term and long-term side effect of the vaccine are of major concern. Various strategies have been designed the covid-19 pandemic. The highly infectious corona virus disease 2019 associate with me pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to become a global pandemic. The development of covid-19 vaccine is crucial for the world to return to pre-pandemic normalcy and the collective global effort has been invested into protective against SARS-CoV2.

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UPDATE ON CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLICATIONS OF COVID 19

10.36106/gjra/8013840 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 238-242

Author(s):

Pradeep Kumar Radhakrishnan ◽

Gayathri Ananyajyothi Ambat ◽

Roshini Ambat ◽

Syed Ilas Basha ◽

Hema Prakash ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Disease ◽

Systemic Vasculitis ◽

Myocardial Damage ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Cardiac Damage ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Acute Myocardial Injury ◽

Exercise Induced

On March 11 2020 WHO declares corona viral disease as a global pandemic .COVID 19 pandemic has taken the world by storm and many countries like India is now experiencing a second surge due to mutant strains. Global health emergency has been precipitated by this corona virus disease caused by SARS CoV2.Acute and intermediate effects on cardiovascular system are becoming obvious with progression of time. SARS-CoV-2-related endothelial dysfunction results in an augmented risk for venous thromboembolism, systemic vasculitis, endothelial cell apoptosis, and inammation in various organs. Acute infections have troponin elevation more due to indirect cardiac damage though denite patterns of direct damage do exist. Intermediate evaluation in patients with resolved infections shows increased incidence of exercise induced arrhythmias and residual cardiovascular symptoms. The virus with its zoonotic origin based upon its genomic identity to bat derived SARS corona virus has a human to human transmission mode.ACE 2 receptors facilitate cellular entry and has been implicated in direct and indirect myocardial damage. Myocarditis, acute myocardial injury, arrhythmias and thromboembolism dominates the clinical picture. Role of imaging must be dened in relation to relevant clinical ndings. With arrival of vaccine and widespread vaccination global programs, we can look forward to understanding and managing long term complications of this disease. Prognostic implications of a resolved disease need to be evaluated by future studies.

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The Effect of COVID-19 on Hospitalized Cancer Patients and Their Healthcare

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i59b34435 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 699-703

Author(s):

Jahnvi Garg ◽

Ranjit S. Ambad ◽

Nandkishor Bankar

Keyword(s):

Cancer Patients ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Vulnerable Group ◽

Healthcare Facilities ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

The World ◽

Utmost Care ◽

Staying At Home

Introduction: This article includes the effect of Corona virus disease on cancer patients and their healthcare facilities. The global pandemic mentioned around the world has impacted the most vulnerable group of patients- cancer. With the assistance of RT PCR tests and HRCT, oncologists and doctors have tried to provide treatment to Covid-19 patients. Cancer patients are more susceptible to Covid-19 than non-cancer or non-survivor patients, according to reports. To avoid the prevalence and infection of cancer victims, WHO has suggested staying at home and continuing their treatment through telemedicine unless the situation is critical for which they might require therapy and/or surgery. Covid-19 is here to stay so we should practice with utmost care and precaution.

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Genomic variation and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 importation and early circulation in Israel

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0243265 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0243265

Author(s):

Neta S. Zuckerman ◽

Efrat Bucris ◽

Yaron Drori ◽

Oran Erster ◽

Danit Sofer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Decision Making ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Genomic Variation ◽

Health Issues ◽

Acute Respiratory Disease ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Whole Genomes

Severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which causes corona virus disease (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since led to a global pandemic. Importations of SARS-CoV-2 to Israel in late February from multiple countries initiated a rapid outbreak across the country. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 whole genomes were sequenced from 59 imported samples with a recorded country of importation and 101 early circulating samples in February to mid-March 2020 and analyzed to infer clades and mutational patterns with additional sequences identified Israel available in public databases. Recorded importations in February to mid-March, mostly from Europe, led to multiple transmissions in all districts in Israel. Although all SARS-CoV-2 defined clades were imported, clade 20C became the dominating clade in the circulating samples. Identification of novel, frequently altered mutated positions correlating with clade-defining positions provide data for surveillance of this evolving pandemic and spread of specific clades of this virus. SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and mutate in Israel and across the globe. With economy and travel resuming, surveillance of clades and accumulating mutations is crucial for understanding its evolution and spread patterns and may aid in decision making concerning public health issues.

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The long-term consequences of Corona Virus Disease 2019 patients receiving Chinese herbal medicine treatments in acute phase

Medicine ◽

10.1097/md.0000000000026677 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 100 (29) ◽

pp. e26677

Author(s):

Yi-ming Sun ◽

Jia-yan Liu ◽

Ran Sun ◽

Jie Zhang ◽

Meng-lu Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Herbal Medicine ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Chinese Herbal Medicine ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Chinese Herbal ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Long Term Consequences

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Pathophysiology of COVID-19 and its potential therapeutics

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20210193 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 201

Author(s):

Sarfaraz Alam Khan ◽

Nazeem Ishrat Siddiqui

Keyword(s):

Virus Disease ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Significant Morbidity ◽

Respiratory Illnesses ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

The World ◽

Approved Drugs ◽

Potential Therapeutics

A series of acute and atypical serious respiratory illnesses were reported in December 2019 from Wuhan, a city of China. It spread to other places and became a global pandemic involving more than 200 countries of the world. Soon, it was discovered that this atypical respiratory illness was caused by a novel corona virus. It was named as the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease caused by it as corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19). Since COVID-19 is a new viral disease, world is still struggling to find out a permanent remedy to control this serious health problem. It seems prudent to study or have a look on the pathophysiology of SARS CoV-2 in the light of available research. Further, a review on pathophysiology may give an insight on the potential therapeutic options. Being a new virus and having potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality in short span of time various approved drugs are being repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19.

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The Impact of Penalty and Subsidy Mechanisms On The Decisions of Governments, Businesses, and Consumers During COVID-19 ——Tripartite Evolutionary Game Theory Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1012076/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuxun Zhou ◽

Rahman Mohammad Mafizur ◽

Khanam Rasheda ◽

Brad R. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Game Theory ◽

Evolutionary Game Theory ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Evolutionary Game ◽

Initial Point ◽

Evolutionarily Stable Strategies ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Evolutionary Stable Strategies ◽

The Impact

Abstract Purpose – Based on the fact that punishment and subsidy mechanisms affect the anti-epidemic incentives of major participants in a society, the issue of this paper is how the penalty and subsidy mechanisms affect the decisions of governments, businesses, and consumers during Corona Virus Disease 2019. The goal of this paper is to understand strategic selections from governments, enterprises, and consumers to maximize their respective utility during Corona Virus Disease 2019, and the impact of penalty and subsidy mechanism on the decisions of governments, businesses, and consumers.Design/Methodology/approach - This paper proposes a tripartite evolutionary game theory, involving governments, businesses, and consumers, to firstly analyze the evolutionary stable strategies and to secondly analyze the impact of penalty and subsidy mechanism on their strategy selection during Corona Virus Disease 2019. Thirdly, this paper uses numerical analysis to simulate the strategy formation process of governments, enterprises, and consumers in Japan and India based on their different penalty and subsidy mechanism.Findings – This paper suggests that there are four evolutionarily stable strategies corresponding to the actual anti-epidemic situations of different countries in reality. We find that different subsidy and penalty mechanisms lead to different evolutionary stable strategies. If governments, enterprises, and consumers fighting the pandemic together, the government need to set a low subsidy mechanism and a high penalty mechanism.Originality/value - There are some limitations in the literature, such as long term strategies, rational hypothesis, and convergence path analysis in higher dimensional evolutionary game theory. This paper fills the gap and extends the theory of COVID-19 management theory. Firstly, this paper has important practical significance. This paper finds out the long-term equilibrium strategies of governments, businesses, and consumers under Corona Virus Disease 2019, which can provide an important theoretical and decision-making basis for pandemic prevention and control. Secondly, our paper extends the analytical paradigm of the tripartite evolutionary game theory. We extend the analysis of the dynamic process from the initial point to the convergence point and make a theoretical contribution to the development of high-dimensional evolutionary game theory.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MATERNAL AND NEONATAL OUTCOME OF COVID POSITIVE PREGNANT WOMEN IN FIRST AND SECOND WAVE

10.36106/gjra/7300373 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 13-15

Author(s):

V. Radha Lakshmi ◽

K. Anusha Reddy

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Wave Pattern ◽

Postpartum Woman ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Observational Cohort ◽

Second Wave

Introduction: Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19), produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV2), has become a global pandemic, giving rise to a serious health threat globally. In India we have seen a two wave pattern of reported cases with peak of rst wave in September 2020 and peak of second wave in May 2021.Women undergoing pregnancy and those at the time of child birth and puerperium constitute potentially vulnerable populations for covid-19. Aims And Objectives: To evaluate differences in clinical presentation, co-morbidities, pregnancy complications and outcomes in women with covid-19 during rst wave and second wave of covid-19 pandemic. Materials And Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of all hospitalized pregnant and postpartum woman with SARS-CoV2 infection in Government General Hospital, Kurnool. All the patients admitted from 1st May to 31st October 2020 were considered to be in the rst wave and those admitted from 1st April to 31st June were considered to be in second wave. Results: Incidence of cases has increased from 14.18 to 16.8%.There was two fold increase in the symptomatic cases from 4.2 to 8%patients in the second wave were younger in the age group of 16-25yrs.The number of pregnant women delivered by Caesarean section have increased from 57.5 %to 61.1 %.ICU admissions have signicantly increased from 2.7% to 3.1% Case fatality rate has increased from 0.4%-1.1%. As observed from the above results there is higher frequency of severe Covid 19,increased ICU ad Conclusion: missions and maternal deaths in second wave of Covid 19 pandemic as compared to the rst wave .Although the exact causes of increase in severity and mortality are unknown ,but probably due to emergence of most pathological strains of SARS-Co2.

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COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions and Differences by Sex, Age, and Education in 1,367 Community Adults in Ontario

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.719665 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Sabrina K. Syan ◽

Mahmood R. Gohari ◽

Emily E. Levitt ◽

Kyla Belisario ◽

Jessica Gillard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Vaccine Safety ◽

Bachelor's Degree ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Online Assessment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

To Receive

Background: COVID-19 is a global pandemic and vaccination efforts may be impeded by vaccine hesitancy. The present study examined willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, the associated reasons for willingness/unwillingness, and vaccine safety perceptions in a cross-sectional assessment of community adults in Ontario.Methods: One thousand three hundred sixty seven individuals (60.6% female, mean age = 37.5%) participated in this study between January 15, 2021 and February 15, 2021. Perceptions of vaccine safety and reasons for willingness/unwillingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine were investigated using an online assessment. Perceptions were investigated in general and by age, sex and education using analysis of variance.Results: Overall, 82.8% of the sample reported they were willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine and 17.2% reported they were unwilling. The three most common reasons for unwillingness were long-term side effects (65.5%), immediate side effects (60.5%), and lack of trust in the vaccine (55.2%). Vaccine willingness significantly differed by sex and education level, with female participants and those with less than a bachelor's degree being more likely to report unwillingness. Perception of COVID-19 vaccine safety was significantly lower (−10.3%) than vaccines in general and differed by age, sex and education, with females, older adults, and individuals with less than a bachelor's degree reporting lower perceived COVID-19 vaccine safety.Conclusion: In this sample of community adults, the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rate was less than one in five individuals, but with higher rates in population subgroups. Targeting public health messaging to females and individuals with less than bachelor's degree, and addressing concerns about long-term and immediate side effects may increase vaccine uptake.

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Long Term Effect of COVID-19 on the Brain: Review

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i39b32173 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Shreerag Devkumar ◽

Rakesh Kumar Jha ◽

Dhruba Hari Chandi

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infections ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Severe Pneumonia ◽

World Health ◽

Clinical Disorder ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

Corona viruses (CoVs) are well-covered RNA viruses that cause enteric and respiratory infections in humans and animals. Many human CoVs have recently gained global interest because of their lethal power and high contagious power. SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19, is a pathogenic coV that first appeared in Wuhan, China. Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) created by SARS-CoV-2, has been declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization since March 11, 2020. The epidemic started in Wuhan and spread rapidly around the world. Corona virus is facing a major epidemic: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). SARS-CoV-2 is a virus closely related to SARS. Corona virus (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 VIRUS, a complex clinical disorder characterized by severe pneumonia and acute respiratory stress syndrome. Serious and neurological disorders, such as encephalitis, coma, fever, epilepsy, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, are more common in cases of COVID-19. In addition, chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases may occur in SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology and colonization of intestinal and central nervous system, as well as systemic inflammatory response during COVID-19. Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative condition that causes the development of motor and non-motor symptoms.

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