Antimicrobial activities of Dillenia indica Linn. (Dilleniaceae) and Spondias mombin Linn. (Anacardiaceae) extracts on selected pathogenic organisms.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
N, Ezeoku ◽  
◽  
O. Fakayode ◽  
O. Aina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Spondias Mombin ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Dillenia Indica

Background: The prevalence of increasing bacterial resistance against antibacterial agents in the past decade has spurred the search for substitutes. This necessitates the need to identify new compounds as alternatives to common synthetic antimicrobial compounds. Objectives: To establish and evaluate the antimicrobial potentials of Dillenia indica and Spondias mombin against strains of some selected pathogens. Method: Concentrations of the extract (methanol and dichloromethane) were prepared and the susceptibility of the test organisms to the antimicrobial effect of the plant extracts was determined using the agar well diffusion method. Standard antibiotics were used as positive control. Various culture media were used for this experiment and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the agar dilution method. Results: Extracts of D. indica fruit, leaves and stembark as well as S. mombin leaf and stembark showed significant antimicrobial activity. Activity was dose dependent and the methanol extracts had better and wider activity than the dichloromethane extracts. Spondias mombin bark had the greatest activity against most of the test organisms while the positive control drugs had better activity than the extracts. Conclusion: The leaves and stembark of Spondias mombin and the leaves, fruit and stembark of Dillenia indica have antimicrobial properties thus justifying their ethnopharmacological use in prevention and treatment of infections.

scholarly journals Essential Oils from Fruit and Vegetables, Aromatic Herbs, and Spices: Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1091
Author(s):  
Soumi De-Montijo-Prieto ◽  
María del Carmen Razola-Díaz ◽  
Ana María Gómez-Caravaca ◽  
Eduardo Jesús Guerra-Hernandez ◽  
María Jiménez-Valera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Bacterial Strains

In the field of food preservation, encapsulated Essential Oils (EOs) could be the best non-toxic and eco-friendly tool for food preservative applications substituting the chemicals ones that have several disadvantages for the environment and health. Thirteen commercial EOs from plants, fruits, and vegetables were characterized by GC-MS. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and ABTS techniques. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by agar well-diffusion method and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by agar dilution method against six bacteria, Candida albicans, and Botrytis cinerea. All the EOs tested have demonstrated antioxidant activity in the range of IC50 0.01–105.32 mg/mL. Between them, cinnamon EOs were the best, followed by oregano and thyme EOs. Fennel EO showed the lowest radical scavenging. MIC values ranged from 0.14 to 9 mg/mL. C. cassia, thyme, and oregano EOs were the most effective against the bacterial species tested, and the yeast C. albicans. On the contrary, citric fruit EOs showed low or no inhibition against most bacterial strains. The percentages of inhibition of mycelia growth of B. cinerea ranged from 3.4 to 98.5%. Thyme, oregano, mint, and fennel EOs showed the highest inhibition.

Antimicrobial Activities of Bryophyllum pinnatum on Some Selected Clinical Isolates.

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I A Ibikunle
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Bryophyllum Pinnatum

Ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum obtained through cold maceration, were screened for their antibacterial activities against selected multi-drug resistant bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi Staphylococcus aureus) using the agar well diffusion method. Broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts at concentrations ranging from 100mg/ml to 25mg/ml. The ethanol extract was the most reactive while the aqueous extract showed lesser antibacterial activity. Ofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic in the antibiotic susceptibility profiling of the test organisms. It was however evident that the ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum has higher antibacterial efficacy on the test organisms than Ofloxacin. Bacteriostatic and -cidal activities were exhibited by the plant extracts against the organisms ranging from 25 – 100 × 103 µg/ml. Succinctly, Bryophyllum pinnatum possesses biologically active constituents with explorable pharmacological potentials.

scholarly journals In-vitro Screening of Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum on Clinical Isolates

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ifeanyi Onyema Oshim ◽  
Evelyn Ukamaka Urama ◽  
Oluwayemisi Odeyemi ◽  
Augustina Nkechi Olise ◽  
Sunday Odeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum

This study was undertaken to evaluate  the antimicrobial activities of crude  ethanol and methanol extracts of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L. (scent leaf) on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella  pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus auerus and Candida albicans.The antimicrobial activities were carried out using  agar well diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole (positive controls) were used in comparison with crude extract of O. gratissimum leaves and also, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the negative control. The ethanolic extract of O. gratissimum showed antibacterial activity with the mean inhibitory zone diameter of 3 -7mm against S. auerus, 2 mm against E. coli, 2 – 12 mm against K. pneumoniae, 2 mm against P.aeruginosa. Ethanol and methanol crude extracts of O. gratissimum leaves   showed no effect on   C.albicans. O. gratissimum extracts showed the lower   antimicrobial activity than the commercially available antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and fluconazole). The minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the extracts on the test organisms also increased in the following order; methanol < ethanol. Hence, this   extract could   only serve   as antibacterial agent in the management of bacterial infection because it has no antifungal activities on Candida isolates used in this study.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antifungal and Topical Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Essential Oil from Wild-Growing Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) Used for Medicinal Purposes in Algeria: A New Source of Carvacrol

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Nadjib Boukhatem ◽  
Noureldien H. E. Darwish ◽  
Thangirala Sudha ◽  
Siham Bahlouli ◽  
Dahbia Kellou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The aim of this study is to investigate the Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TVEO) as an antifungal agent in aromatherapy and/or as an active ingredient in the prevention or management of topical inflammatory diseases. The chemical composition of TVEO was determined with gas chromatography and revealed the presence of 25 compounds. Carvacrol was found to be the major component (56.8%). Antifungal action of TVEO was determined in vitro by using different methods. By the disc diffusion method, TVEO showed more potent antifungal activity against Candida strains than the positive control. The diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) varied from 34 to 60 mm for Candida yeasts. Significantly higher antifungal activity was observed in the vapor phase at lower quantities. Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis were the most susceptible strains to the oil vapor with DIZ varying from 35 to 90 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of yeast were determined with an agar dilution method and revealed that MIC varied from 0.3 to 0.15 µL/mL for yeast species. The topical anti-inflammatory potential of TVEO was also explored in vivo with the croton oil-induced ear edema assay. TVEO exhibited a potent anti-inflammatory effect at all doses (100, 10 and 2 mg/kg), which were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to the positive control. This activity was also confirmed at the cellular level with histopathology analysis. Our results suggest the potential application of this carvacrol-rich TVEO in the prevention and management of fungal infections and topical inflammation and deserve further investigation for clinical applications. Furthermore, while the mode of action remains mainly undetermined and should be studied.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Antibiogram and Molecular Characterization of Comunity-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in AWKA, Anambra Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blessing Ike ◽  
Malachy C. Ugwu ◽  
Moses N. Ikegbunam ◽  
David Nwobodo ◽  
Chika Ejikeugwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Penicillin Binding Protein ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Molecular Features

Objectives:This study evaluated the prevalence, antibiogram and molecular features of CA-MRSA in Awka, Nigeria.Methods:Confirmation of MRSA was done by testing resistance to oxacillin (1µg), cloxacillin (5µg) and cefoxitin(30µg) on sterile Mueller Hinton agar supplemented with 4% sodium chloride. The MRSA strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using agar dilution method. Penicillin binding protein 2a was detected through rapid latex agglutination assay while mecA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 142S. aureusisolates were obtained from 261 samples sourced from Staff, students and fomites of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesResult:The overall prevalence of MRSA was 22.6%. The carriage rate was higher in females (56.5%) than male (43.5%) and was highest in individuals of 20-30 years of age (57.65%). The MIC of the oxacillin sodium salt ranged from 4-32 μg/ml. The multi-antibiotic resistance indices show that 53.4% had Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indexing (MARI) higher than 0.2. Penicillin binding protein 2a was detected in 8.4% of MRSA isolates, all from nasal carriage while mecA gene was detected in 5 of isolates.Conclusion:This study showed a very high prevalence of MRSA carriage among studied subjects.

scholarly journals Microwave-Hydrothermal Rapid Synthesis of Cellulose/Ag Nanocomposites and Their Antibacterial Activity

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian-Hua Fu ◽  
Qing-Long Gao ◽  
Chao Qi ◽  
Ming-Guo Ma ◽  
Jun-Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Microwave Hydrothermal ◽  
Wide Range

Silver-based antimicrobial nanomaterials are considered as the most promising antibacterial agents owing to their outstanding antimicrobial efficacy and their relatively low toxicity to human beings. In this work, we report on a facile and environment-friendly microwave-hydrothermal method to prepare cellulose/Ag nanocomposites using hemicellulose as the reductant. The influences of the microwave-hydrothermal heating time and temperature, as well as the hemicellulose concentration on the formation of cellulose nanocomposites, were investigated in detail. Experimental results indicated that the hemicellulose was an effective reductant for silver ions, with higher temperature and longer heating time favoring the formation of silver with higher crystallinity and mass content in the nanocomposites. Moreover, the antimicrobial properties of the as-prepared cellulose/Ag nanocomposites were explored using Gram-positive S. aureus ATCC 6538 and Gram-negative E. coli HB 101 by both disc diffusion method and agar dilution method, and the nanocomposites showed excellent antibacterial activity. These results demonstrate that the as-prepared cellulose/Ag nanocomposites, as a kind of antibacterial material, are promising for applications in a wide range of biomedical fields.

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES AT A GENERAL HOSPITAL IN PADANG, WEST SUMATRA, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Rustini Rustini ◽  
Jamsari Jamsari ◽  
Marlina Marlina ◽  
Nasrul Zubir ◽  
Yori Yuliandra
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Almost All

Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that has an innate resistance to some antibiotics. This bacterium is one of the mostcommon causes of nosocomial infections that include surgical wound infections, burns, and urinary tract infections. The bacteria have been reportedlyresistant to many antibiotics and have developed multidrug resistance (MDR). The objective of the study was to determine the resistance pattern ofP. aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples of patients against some major antibiotics.Methods: Isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained from clinical sample of urine, sputum, swabs, pus, feces, and blood and cultured in cetrimide agar. P.aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was used as a positive control. The antibacterial susceptibility testing was conducted against 13 antibiotics: Ceftazidime, cefotaxime,ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, meropenem, and imipenem. The examinationwas carried out using agar diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer and following the standards from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Results: The results showed that bacterial resistance was established against all tested antibiotics. The highest number of resistance was shownagainst ceftriaxone (44.21%), whereas the most susceptibility was exhibited against amikacin (only 9.47% of resistance). MDR P. aeruginosa (MDRPA)was detected on almost all clinical samples tested, except the feces. The sample with the highest percentage of MDRPA was the pus.Conclusion: The study concludes that the most effective antibiotic against P. aeruginosa is amikacin (91.51%), whereas the most resistance is exhibited to ceftriaxone (43.16%).

scholarly journals Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of 1-(3-benzyl-4-oxo-3H-quinazolin-2-yl)-4-(substituted)thiosemicarbazide derivatives

2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 1471-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veerachamy Alagarsamy ◽  
Viswas Solomon ◽  
G. Krishnamoorthy ◽  
M.T. Sulthana ◽  
B. Narendar
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Carbon Disulphide ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfate ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Dithiocarbamic Acid ◽  
Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives

A series of 1-(3-benzyl-4-oxo-3H-quinazolin-2-yl)-4-(substituted) thiosemicarbazides (AS1-AS10) were obtained by the reaction of 2-hydrazino- 3-benzyl quinazolin-4(3H)-one (6) with different dithiocarbamic acid methyl ester derivatives. The key intermediate 3-benzyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1Hquinazolin-4-one (4) was obtained by reacting benzyl amine (1) with carbon disulphide and sodium hydroxide in dimethyl sulphoxide to give sodium dithiocarbamate, which was methylated with dimethyl sulfate to yield the dithiocarbamic acid methyl ester (2) and condensed with methyl anthranilate (3) in ethanol yielded the desired compound (4) via the thiourea intermediate. The SH group of compound (4) was methylated for the favorable nucleophilic displacement reaction with hydrazine hydrate, which afford 2-hydrazino-3- benzyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one (6). The IR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectrum of these compounds showed the presence of peaks due to thiosemicarbazides, carbonyl (C=O), NH and aryl groups. The quinazolin-4-one moiety molecular ion peaks (m/z 144) were observed all the mass spectrum of compounds (AS1-AS10). Elemental (C, H, N) analysis satisfactorily confirmed purity of the synthesized compounds and elemental composition. All synthesized compounds were also screened for their antimicrobial activity against selective gram positive and gram negative by agar dilution method. In the present study compounds AS8 and AS9 were emerged as the most active compounds of the series.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Klebsiella spp

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Gislanne Stéphanne Estevam da Silva ◽  
Rivaldo Leon Bezerra Cabral ◽  
Nathalie de Sena Pereira ◽  
José Heriberto Oliveira do Nascimento ◽  
Dany G kramer
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Trisodium Citrate ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) can be incorporated into medical devices, such as tissues, to circumvent bacterial resistance such as Klebsiella spp, which can lead to skin and mucosal infections. Thus, the aim of the present study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles for later incorporation into cotton fabrics and in vitro tests against Klebsiella spp. The AgNP colloidal solution was synthesized (AgNO3 - 0.1 mM, 100 mM trisodium citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone - 0.24 g, H2OH2) and then impregnated into the cotton fabric pretreated with poly diallyl dimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) of 100/500 tissue, shaken for 30 minutes). The material produced was analyzed by the FTIR; DLS and reflectance spectroscopy. The tests of the antimicrobial activities were by the microdilution technique against Klebsiella spp, in tubes containing Brain Heart Infusion (BHI), with the solution of silver (1); Tissue containing AgNP - 4 mm (2); Negative control (3) and positive control - ceftriaxone (4). Regarding MIC, the inhibitory activity occurred of the dilutions between 1/2 and 1/16. The AgNP particles had an average size of 24.75 nm. As synthesized AgNPs demonstrate the excellent antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella spp, with special emphasis on applications in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, targeting multiresistant antibiotic bacteria.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI KAPULAGA JAWA (Amomum compactum Soland. ex Maton) TERHADAP Streptococcus pyogenes

EKOLOGIA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Oom Komala ◽  
. Ismanto ◽  
Muhammad Alan Maulana
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Natural Treatment ◽  
Amomum Compactum

Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the pathogenic bacteria that causes pharyngitis. Natural treatment to overcome these problems is to use cardamom seeds. The purpose of this study was to test the antibacterial activity, determine the concentration of inhibitory zone and phytochemical compounds from  ethanol 96% extract of Java cardamom seeds (Amomum compactum Soland. Ex Maton) against Streptococcus pyogenes. The method is used   solid dilution and paper disc diffusion method. The solid dilution method is used for the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test with a concentration of 1.25%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% while the paper diffusion method is used for the Inhibition zone Diameter (IZD)  using five treatments namely three concentrations of ethanol 96% extract of Java cardamom seeds (7.5%, 10% and 12%), one positive control of amoxicillin 0.01 mg/mL and one negative control of sterile distilled water. IZD data were  analyzed using ANOVA with a confidence level of 95% and α = 0.05 and Duncan's further tests to determine differences between treatments. The results showed that the MIC  was at a concentration of 7.5% while for the IZD test which had the highest activity there was a concentration of 12% with an average inhibition diameter of 12.03 ± 0.14 mm. In addition, ethanol 96% extract of Java cardamom seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and tannins which function in antibacterial activity.

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