scholarly journals Dissection in neuroanatomy: an experience report

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Alfredo Schäefer ◽  
Elisa Sousa Carmona ◽  
Gabriela Pereira Mehret ◽  
Karina do Valle Marques ◽  
Mayara Lucia Webber ◽  
...  

The dissection belongs to the medical teaching-learning process since ancient times. However, due to the generalization of the practice, the demand for corpses increased so that control of their origin was lost several technological tools are used in the learning of human anatomy, such as anatomical tables and 3D printed organs, which are complementary to a good practice in the field of health. This study report an experience of four medical students performing a practical dissection immersion in neuroanatomy, as well as their perceptions about the evolution of knowledge of the brain structural characteristics. In a maximized perception, it was felt the need to combine ways to teach neuroanatomy in order to unite the theory with the real perception of the organs, enabling an anatomical and physiological understanding close to reality. The use of anatomical atlases in drawings or photographed images is the most traditional study tool and with technological development, digital tools have been gaining ground in this educational scenario. However, the oldest way to study anatomy, visual exploration and dissection of the human body, will always make a great contribution to the study of neuroanatomy. Nonetheless, access to biological materials, for well-founded ethical reasons, is becoming increasingly rare, that is why students who experience these experiences are able to transform the knowledge obtained from unique opportunities into teaching materials accessible to academics in the health area.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joddat Fatima ◽  
Muhammad Usman Akram ◽  
Amina Jameel ◽  
Adeel Muzaffar Syed

AbstractIn human anatomy, the central nervous system (CNS) acts as a significant processing hub. CNS is clinically divided into two major parts: the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal cord assists the overall communication network of the human anatomy through the brain. The mobility of body and the structure of the whole skeleton is also balanced with the help of the spinal bone, along with reflex control. According to the Global Burden of Disease 2010, worldwide, back pain issues are the leading cause of disability. The clinical specialists in the field estimate almost 80% of the population with experience of back issues. The segmentation of the vertebrae is considered a difficult procedure through imaging. The problem has been catered by different researchers using diverse hand-crafted features like Harris corner, template matching, active shape models, and Hough transform. Existing methods do not handle the illumination changes and shape-based variations. The low-contrast and unclear view of the vertebrae also makes it difficult to get good results. In recent times, convolutional nnural Network (CNN) has taken the research to the next level, producing high-accuracy results. Different architectures of CNN such as UNet, FCN, and ResNet have been used for segmentation and deformity analysis. The aim of this review article is to give a comprehensive overview of how different authors in different times have addressed these issues and proposed different mythologies for the localization and analysis of curvature deformity of the vertebrae in the spinal cord.


Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1983
Author(s):  
Olimpia Basurto-Vázquez ◽  
Elvia P. Sánchez-Rodríguez ◽  
Graham J. McShane ◽  
Dora I. Medina

Energy resulting from an impact is manifested through unwanted damage to objects or persons. New materials made of cellular structures have enhanced energy absorption (EA) capabilities. The hexagonal honeycomb is widely known for its space-filling capacity, structural stability, and high EA potential. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been effectively useful in a vast range of applications. The evolution of these technologies has been studied continuously, with a focus on improving the mechanical and structural characteristics of three-dimensional (3D)-printed models to create complex quality parts that satisfy design and mechanical requirements. In this study, 3D honeycomb structures of novel material polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) were fabricated by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method with different infill density values (30%, 70%, and 100%) and printing orientations (edge, flat, and upright). The effectiveness for EA of the design and the effect of the process parameters of infill density and layer printing orientation were investigated by performing in-plane compression tests, and the set of parameters that produced superior results for better EA was determined by analyzing the area under the curve and the welding between the filament layers in the printed object via FDM. The results showed that the printing parameters implemented in this study considerably affected the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed PET-G honeycomb structure. The structure with the upright printing direction and 100% infill density exhibited an extension to delamination and fragmentation, thus, a desirable performance with a long plateau region in the load–displacement curve and major absorption of energy.


Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1394
Author(s):  
Yong Sang Cho ◽  
So-Jung Gwak ◽  
Young-Sam Cho

In this study, we investigated the dual-pore kagome-structure design of a 3D-printed scaffold with enhanced in vitro cell response and compared the mechanical properties with 3D-printed scaffolds with conventional or offset patterns. The compressive modulus of the 3D-printed scaffold with the proposed design was found to resemble that of the 3D-printed scaffold with a conventional pattern at similar pore sizes despite higher porosity. Furthermore, the compressive modulus of the proposed scaffold surpassed that of the 3D-printed scaffold with conventional and offset patterns at similar porosities owing to the structural characteristics of the kagome structure. Regarding the in vitro cell response, cell adhesion, cell growth, and ALP concentration of the proposed scaffold for 14 days was superior to those of the control group scaffolds. Consequently, we found that the mechanical properties and in vitro cell response of the 3D-printed scaffold could be improved by kagome and dual-pore structures through DfAM. Moreover, we revealed that the dual-pore structure is effective for the in vitro cell response compared to the structures possessing conventional and offset patterns.


Author(s):  
Mary Vineetha Thomas ◽  
R.G Kothari

Education today needs to be responsive to the diverse needs of our learners in order to make them globally competent. Innovative initiatives need to be brought into the present education system in order to meet the growing demands of our society. Our education system does not function in isolation with our society and so, along with academic aspects, the social aspects of learning too, have to be focussed on. This is possible with quality teaching strategies being introduced in our teaching learning process and one such strategy promoting the same is Cooperative Learning. Cooperative learning involves students working together in small groups to accomplish shared goals. It is widely recognized as a teaching strategy that promotes socialization and learning among students from kindergarten through college and across different subjects and science is no exception. Science enables pupils to be involved in group work where they have the opportunity to share ideas and cooperate with each other in collaborative practical activity. What is needed today is a new wave of educated students ready for modern scientific research, teaching and technological development. With students of diverse abilities and differing rates of learning in our classrooms, it is, therefore, essential for the teacher to have the knowledge of how students learn science and how best to teach. The present study was taken up in this context to find out the effectiveness of cooperative learning strategy in science teaching.


Author(s):  
Luis Raul Meza Mendoza ◽  
María Elena Moya Martinez ◽  
Angelica Maria Sabando Suarez

Since the beginning of humanity, an attempt has been made to explain the way in which man acquires knowledge, the way in which he assimilates, processes and executes it in order to develop the teaching-learning process that people need throughout of his life, which forces to change the learning schemes using new study methodologies, such as neuroscience, which is a discipline that studies the functioning of the brain, the relationship of neurons to the formation of synapses creating immediate responses which transmits to the body voluntarily and involuntarily, in addition to controlling the central and peripheral nervous system with their respective functions. It is necessary to change the traditional scheme and implement new strategies that allow the teacher to venture into neuroscience, in order to individually understand the different learning processes that students do. As some authors of neuroscience say, the brain performs processes of acquisition, storage and evocation of information, which form new knowledge schemes that generate changes in the attitude of the human being, for this reason teachers are responsible for taking advantage of what It is known about the multiple functions of the brain and be clear about the various ways of acquiring knowledge.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gillett ◽  
Daniel Marsden ◽  
Safia Ballout ◽  
Bala Attili ◽  
Nick Bird ◽  
...  

Abstract Purpose: Phantoms are routinely used in molecular imaging to assess scanner performance. However, traditional phantoms with fillable shapes do not replicate human anatomy. 3D printed phantoms have overcome this by creating phantoms which replicate human anatomy which can be filled with radioactive material. The problem with these is that small objects suffer from boundary effects and therefore boundary-free objects are desirable. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of creating resin-based 3D printed phantoms using 18 F-FDG. Methods: Radioactive resin was created using an emulsion of printer resin and 18 F-FDG. A series of test objects were printed including twenty identical cylinders, ten spheres with increasing diameters (2 mm to 20 mm) and a double helix. Radioactive concentration uniformity, printing accuracy and the amount of leaching were assessed. Results: Creating radioactive resin was simple and effective. The radioactivity remained bound to the resin for the duration that it was radioactive. The radioactive concentration was uniform among identical objects; the CoV of the mean, max and total signal were 3.6%, 3.8% and 2.6%, respectively. The printed cylinders and spheres were found to be within 4% of the model dimensions. A double helix was successfully printed as a test for the printer and appeared as expected on the PET scanner. The amount of radioactivity leached into the water was measurable (0.72%) but not visible above background on the imaging. Conclusions: Creating an 18F-FDG radioactive resin emulsion is a simple and effective way to create boundary-free, accurate, complex 3D phantoms that can be imaged using a PET/CT scanner. This technique could be used to print clinically realistic phantoms, however, they are single use, and cannot be made hollow without an exit hole. Also, there is a small amount of leaching of the radioactivity to take into consideration.


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1167
Author(s):  
Layres Canuta Cardoso Climaco ◽  
Juliane Dos Santos Almeida ◽  
Ivana Santos Ferraz ◽  
Stela Almeida Aragão ◽  
Ana Cristina Santos Duarte ◽  
...  

RESUMOObjetivo: relatar a experiência vivenciada por discentes do curso de mestrado sobre a realização de uma oficina de práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde, com enfoque na Terapia Comunitária Integrativa (TCI). Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência. Deu-se o estudo a partir da disciplina Processo Ensino-Aprendizagem cuja proposta de avaliação consistia na realização de uma oficina desenvolvida na semana de Enfermagem com 13 pessoas. Apresentaram-se os resultados em forma de relato. Resultados: percebeu-se, mediante a experiência da execução da oficina, que os participantes, embora inseridos na área da saúde, seja enquanto formação acadêmica ou atuação profissional, detinham um conhecimento vago acerca da temática das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares. Conclusão: tornou-se tal prática gratificante e exitosa na medida em que redimensiona e possibilita a ressignificação de fundamentos diante da produção do conhecimento na área da saúde, ao considerá-lo enquanto um processo dinâmico e não estático. Descritores: Terapias Complementares; Saúde; Educação Superior; Saúde Pública; Capacitação Profissional; Educação Continuada. ABSTRACTObjective: to report the experience of students of the master's degree course on the realization of a workshop on integrative and complementary practices in health, focusing on Integrative Community Therapy (ICT). Method: it is a descriptive study, type of experience report. The study was based on the discipline Teaching-Learning Process whose evaluation proposal consisted of a workshop developed in Nursing week with 13 people. The results were presented in the form of a report. Results: it was perceived, through the experience of the execution of the workshop, that the participants, although inserted in the health area, either as an academic or professional activity, had a vague knowledge about the theme of Integrative and Complementary Practices. Conclusion: it has become such a rewarding and successful practice insofar as it resizes and enables the re-signification of foundations in the production of knowledge in the health area, considering it as a dynamic and non-static process. Descriptors: Complementary Therapies; Health; College education; Public health; Professional Training; Continuing Education.RESUMEN Objetivo: relatar la experiencia vivenciada por discentes del curso de maestría sobre la realización de un taller de prácticas integrativas y complementarias en salud, con enfoque en la Terapia Comunitaria Integrativa (TCI). Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, tipo relato de experiencia. Se dio el estudio a partir de la asignatura Proceso Enseñanza-Aprendizaje cuya propuesta de evaluación consistía en la realización de un taller desarrollado en la semana de Enfermería con 13 personas. Se presentaron los resultados en forma de relato. Resultados: se percibió, mediante la experiencia de la ejecución del taller, que los participantes, aunque insertos en el área de la salud, sea como formación académica o actuación profesional, tenían un conocimiento vago acerca de la temática de las Prácticas Integrativas y Complementarias. Conclusión: se ha convertido en tal práctica gratificante y exitosa en la medida en que redimensiona y posibilita la resignificación de fundamentos ante la producción del conocimiento en el área de la salud, al considerarlo como un proceso dinámico y no estático. Descritores: Terapias Complementarias; Salud; Educación Superior Salud Pública; Capacitación Profesional; Educación Continua.   


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-32
Author(s):  
Emil Vlajki

The history of humanity is a history of rationality. As a result, mankind has progressed from the Stone Age to the era of modern medicine, genetics, computer science, robotics, and nanotechnology. The life span of a man in ancient times was about twenty years, and today, in highly developed societies, a man lives, on average, to eighty-six years. Advances in science and technology have not always had a positive impact. Suffice to say, the ongoing environmental problems that seriously affect humanity or, for example, the dietary problems that have resulted due to genetic manipulation. Scientific and technological development must be considered in a serious and philosophical manner. Ethics are increasingly becoming an integral part of life. In this paper, we focused on the new coronavirus that has led to the planetary-wide disease called COVID-19. All countries have engaged in their efforts to suppress the resulting pandemic. However, some of the utilized measures have been suspect: whether to lock-down people in quarantine, whether their movement should be restricted, whether they should be forced to vaccinate, and so on. Claiming to act prophylactically, scientists, by adding some DNA, RNA segments (gain of function, GOF) to an innocuous human virus, have created a dangerous artificial influenza virus. Likewise, an artificial, infectious coronavirus was created in a laboratory. Both procedures for creating these dangerous, hybrid viruses have been described in eminent scientific journals. The scientists involved in this research told us that they wanted to find cures and vaccines for these non-natural viruses on the off-chance they ever appeared among humans; when carefully handled, engineered organisms provide a unique opportunity to study biological systems in a controlled fashion. Biotechnology is a powerful tool to advance medical research and should not be abandoned because of irrational fears. But the chance of this type of virus appearing among humans is almost non-existent. However, what if these viruses "escape" from the lab, as has happened in the recent past? What if a terrorist organization start producing these viruses on their own according to detailed instructions and then use them? Finally, since the two great world powers, the US and China, that jointly created the artificial coronavirus, called SHC014-MA15, who can stop them from continuing this practice? Isn't it possible that they also created the current SARS-CoV-2 provoking a death of two and a half million people? Related to these questions, this study deals with the issue of tolerance. A large number of world-renowned scientists really believe that the current cause of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, is an artificial, laboratory-created virus, presenting a number of facts for this. It is not disputed that their claims are arguable. This, however, does not mean that their opponents, pharmaceutical companies and some superpowers, who have far greater political and economic power, have to incorrectly and utterly embarrass them all over, morally discredit them, nor ban their texts on the subject. In science, the struggle must be waged by arguments, not by totalitarian Orwellian methods.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 320-340
Author(s):  
Valdir Adilson Steinke ◽  
Ercília Torres Steinke ◽  
Alfonso Garcia de la Vega

O cenário atual na área de desenvolvimento tecnológico proporciona e demanda uma complexa análise dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem, tendo em vista os desafios de vincular as possibilidades potenciais dos recursos multimídias no cotidiano escolar. Particularmente para o caso da educação geográfica, estes recursos, podem ser articulados com o contexto da formação profissional básica na licenciatura em Geografia e, de maneira perene, na formação continuada de professores. A articulação entre temáticas transversais, que possam estar embasadas em conceitos estruturantes da Geografia e as possibilidades multimídias atuais, foram o direcionamento encontrado para uma avaliação preliminar do material produzido versando sobre desastres naturais e suas aplicações na capacitação de professores de Geografia. Foram aplicadas atividades testes com 79 professores. Observou-se um resultado muito acima do esperado, com índices de aprovação e aplicabilidade acima de 75%, o que consolida, especialmente, a demanda elevada por materiais com características capazes de proporcionar inovação e versatilidade na formação de professores, o que poderá gerar novas abordagens pedagógicas na dimensão escolar.PALAVRAS-CHAVEMultimídias, Tecnologia da Informação, Educação Geográfica.PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF MULTIMEDIA DIDATICAL MATERIALS OF NATURAL DISASTERS IN CONTINUED TEACHER TRAININGABSTRACTThe current scenario in the area of technological development provides and demands a complex analysis of teaching-learning processes, aiming the challenges in linking the potential possibilities of multimedia resources in everyday school. Particularly in the case of geographic education, these resources can be articulated with the context of the basic vocational training in the graduation in Geography, and permanently in the continued teacher training. The articulation between transversal themes that could be based on structuring concepts of Geography and the current multimedia possibilities were the orientation found for a preliminary evaluation of the material produced on natural disasters and their applications in the training of Geography teachers. Testing activities were applied with 79 teachers. A much higher-than-expected result was observed, with approval and applicability indexes over 75%, which especially consolidates the high demand for materials with characteristics capable of providing innovation and versatility in teacher training, which could generate new pedagogical approaches in the school dimension.KEYWORDSMultimedia, Information Technology, Geographic Education.ISSN: 2236-3904REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EDUCAÇÃO EM GEOGRAFIA - RBEGwww.revistaedugeo.com.br - [email protected]


Author(s):  
Isabela Cristina de Miranda Gonçalves ◽  
Shirley Maria de Araújo-Passos ◽  
George Lucas Augustro Trindade da Silva ◽  
Rachid Pinto Zacarias Filho ◽  
Waldeyde Oderilda Magalhães dos Santos

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