scholarly journals The Economic Impact of Climate Change on the Agricultural System in Fiji

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Mohammed Rasheed Igbal

Climate change is one of the most crucial challenges identified in this century for the Pacific Region, such as Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands and many more. Citizens of Fiji have gone through peculiarly climatic and weather conditions over the past years like globalization, which had led to many consequences, especially in the agricultural sector which is the main income of many livelihoods not only in Fiji but in other Pacific countries as well. Climatic conditions have been changing adversely from past decades, such as temperature, rise in the sea level, precipitation changes, atmospheric composition changes, flooding, and tropical cyclones. These changes have led to alterations in the environment, thus, affecting crop and livestock production in the agricultural system. For instance, crops that require specific soil and temperature situations are vastly influenced when the temperature level changes suddenly, making the crops vulnerable to adapt to the alterations and therefore, the crops eventually die. Likewise, animal species also get affected by temperature changes, such as heat stress which specifically affects the fertility of male and female livestock. Due to these events, Fiji’s economies have also been affected since agriculture plays a vital role in boosting our economy through local market sales and exporting. Thereby, this review illustrates the impacts of climate change and ways to move forward/ solutions, for example, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance Program (PICCAP) have supported Fiji in bringing adaptation programs for preparing farmers and all other individuals on the upcoming climatic conditions such as adapting tolerant crops that can handle droughts and other adverse weather conditions.

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Adjei

Climate change is unequivocal and nothing hides itself from its negative repercussions. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa will continue to be impacted due to their low adaptive capacities and geographic position. Unfavourable weather trends coupled with climatic variations will have adverse effect on agricultural sector which is the main source of livelihood to rural households on the continent. This literature review article assessed the impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security in Africa. The lives of several in Africa cling on agriculture as it supports majority of the population. However, since over 90 percent of agriculture system in the region depends on rainfall, livelihoods of the citizens on the continent have been hit hard due to rising temperature, erratic rainfall and extreme weather conditions.


2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 240-240
Author(s):  
P Skuce ◽  
J van Dijk

The study of the potential impacts of climate change on animal health and welfare is in its infancy and urgently needs to gather momentum. This presentation aims to provide a general overview of the current state of affairs, drawing on available information from a Scottish perspective. There is a now a broad consensus amongst scientists that the global climate is changing. All available predictions would indicate that, over the next decade, the weather in the UK will feature greater extremes of climatic conditions, with a general trend towards drier, warmer summers and milder, wetter winters. These changes will obviously impact on the health and welfare of farmed animals, both directly and indirectly. For example, we may anticipate having to protect animals from heat stress and dehydration or provide adequate shelter in more adverse weather conditions. Similarly, there may be indirect effects on livestock through availability of feed supply or a change in forage available for grazing, for example. However, where a changing climate is likely to have most impact is in the transmission and epidemiology of livestock disease. There has been much publicity surrounding the incursion of “exotic” diseases such as Bluetongue and West Nile virus and the spread of vector-borne disease such as Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. However, endemic diseases have been largely ignored. Endemic infectious organisms likely to be strongly influenced by changes in the weather are the parasitic helminths, the causative agents of such diseases as parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) and liver fluke disease. The larval stages of these parasites develop and survive at pasture and, in some cases, in an intermediate host for a considerable amount of time before being ingested by a host. If climate change alters the ability of some of these larval stages to over-winter on pasture, or survive arrested within the host, the epidemiology of these parasites may be altered accordingly and unexpected, ‘unseasonal’, clinical disease may be witnessed.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1264-1274
Author(s):  
P.H. Zaidi ◽  
Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Dang N. Ha ◽  
Suriphat Thaitad ◽  
Salahuddin Ahmed ◽  
...  

Most parts of the Asian tropics are hotspots of climate change effects and associated weather variabilities. One of the major challenges with climate change is the uncertainty and inter-annual variability in weather conditions as crops are frequently exposed to different weather extremes within the same season. Therefore, agricultural research must strive to develop new crop varieties with inbuilt resilience towards variable weather conditions rather than merely tolerance to individual stresses in a specific situation and/or at a specific crop stage. C4 crops are known for their wider adaptation to range of climatic conditions. However, recent climatic trends and associated variabilities seem to be challenging the threshold limit of wider adaptability of even C4 crops like maize. In collaboration with national programs and private sector partners in the region, CIMMYT-Asia maize program initiated research for development (R4D) projects largely focusing on saving achievable yields across range of variable environments by incorporating reasonable levels of tolerance/resistance to major abiotic and biotic stresses without compromising on grain yields under optimal growing conditions. By integrating novel breeding tools like - genomics, double haploid (DH) technology, precision phenotyping and reducing genotype × environment interaction effects, a new generation of maize germplasm with multiple stress tolerance that can grow well across variable weather conditions were developed. The new maize germplasm were targeted for stress-prone environments where maize is invariability exposed to a range of sub-optimal growing conditions, such as drought, heat, waterlogging and various virulent diseases. The overarching goal of the stress-resilient maize program has been to achieve yield potential with a downside risk reduction.


Author(s):  
Yuri Chendev ◽  
Maria Lebedeva ◽  
Olga Krymskaya ◽  
Maria Petina

The ongoing climate change requires a quantitative assessment of the impact of weather conditions on the nature and livelihoods of the population. However, to date, the concept of “climate risk” has not been finally defined, and the corresponding terminology is not universally recognized. One manifestation of climate change is an increase in climate variability and extremeness in many regions. At the same time, modern statistics indicate growing worldwide damage from dangerous weather and climate events. The most widely used in climate services is the concept of “Vulnerability index”, which reflects a combination (with or without weighing) of several indicators that indicate the potential damage that climate change can cause to a particular sector of the economy. development of adaptation measures to ensure sustainable development of territories. The main criterion for the vulnerability of the territory from the point of view of meteorological parameters is the extremeness of the basic values: daily air temperature, daily precipitation, maximum wind speed. To fully take into account the possible impacts of extreme climatic conditions on the region’s economy, it is necessary to detail the weather and climate risks taking into account the entire observation network, since significant differences in quantitative assessment are possible. The obtained average regional values of the climate vulnerability indices for the Belgorod Region of the Russian Federation provide 150 points for the winter period, 330 points for the summer season, which indicates the prevalence of extreme weather conditions in the warm season. Most of the territory has a relative influence on climatic phenomena, with the exception of the East and the Southeast Region. Moreover, the eastern part of the region is the most vulnerable in climatic terms.


Author(s):  
M.J. Mikery-Gutiérrez ◽  
A. Pérez-Vázquez ◽  
J.P. Martínez-Dávila ◽  
O. Ruiz-Rosado ◽  
J.C. García-Albardo

Objective: Analyze public policies in Mexico facing climate change in agriculture that allow the development of resilient agroecosystems. Design/methodology/approach: An analysis of research on resilience to climate change in the agricultural and rural sectors, as well as analysis of literature on public policies formulated to climate change in the agricultural sector (period 2013-2019), was realized. Results: Multiple sources of resilience for agroecosystems are present. Policies could be oriented to identify such sources and to strengthen capacities according to different scales and contexts. There is the possibility of considering factors associated with the evolution of these systems to employ strategies that are consistent and that allow coordination between political levels. Limitations of the study/Implications: This is a theoretical study restricted to the available literature published until 2019. Findings/Conclusions: Public policies require integrating the perspective of the dynamics of the complex agricultural system and the multiple sources of resilience at different scales and contexts, articulating the development of resilient agroecosystems to climate change.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
P. Santhi ◽  
S. Sangeetha

<p>Crops are subject to risks generated by adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, biological reasons and market price volatility. Crop insurance is a strategy hedge the risk of loss arising out of agricultural activities. The PMFBY was launched in 2016 with an impetus on agricultural sector. The successes of crop insurance business depend on the awareness of the beneficiaries about the products and services rendered. Hence the study aims at analysing awareness and access to the Scheme by the farmers who have insured their crops mandatorily or voluntarily. The sample farmers were drawn from Thondamuthur block in Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu, which is notified by PMFBY scheme as the Low Risk Profile District purposively taking into account those who have insured their crops under PMFBY Scheme during the study period of Kharif 2018. The sample size includes 187 respondents comprising of 115 loanee farmers covered under the scheme and 72 non-loanee farmers covered under the scheme voluntarily. The primary data were collected through structured interview schedule and were subjected to test of reliability. The secondary data was collected from published sources. The descriptive statistics and inferential statistics namely factor analysis and discriminant analysis was employed in data analysis. The result showed that a moderate level of awareness is prevailing PMFBY scheme among the farmers about the features of the scheme. The non-loanee farmers were much aware of various features than loanee farmers. The access to the scheme by the non-loanee farmers were determined by announcement of cut-off date ahead of the particular season and support services available at the villages. The access to the scheme by the loanee farmers is because of mandatory deduction of premium out of agricultural credit, Insurance policy provided at their doorstep by authorities, agencies and involvement of local leaders.</p>


Author(s):  
Jeannette del Carmen Zambrano Nájera ◽  
Oscar Ortega

In Colombia, tobacco cultivation is an important generator of employment and income for farmers; however it faces different problems as low crop yield compared to other countries; specifically, in the north of the country, where the climatic conditions are less favorable and the productivity is lower than other areas of the country due to low mechanization. In order to improve the tobacco yield per hectare in the municipality of Ovejas, this research aimed to determine the water requirements of burley tobacco cultivation under conditions of climate variability to obtain optimal information for crop calendars. Water requirements of burley tobacco were determined using the crop water requirement equation. This calculation ethod was programmed in Python to automate the generation of maps, developing a tool that allowed a detailed analysis per unit area per week. Based on the results obtained, weeks 17 and 18 of the year (last week of April and first week of May, respectively) are proposed as optimal planting times, since the cycles of crops planted in this period showed precipitation surplus in the initial phase of cultivation, which is a critical phase for their development. Climate change simulation showed that crops must be continuously monitored in order to adapt to new weather conditions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8661
Author(s):  
Ho-Joon Kang ◽  
Seong-Jin Kwon

This study evaluated a method of applying color temperature convertible headlamps to improve driving safety in adverse weather conditions such as fog and rain during night driving. The concept of color temperature convertible headlamps is to improve the driver’s visibility by driving with a color temperature of 6000 K on a clear night and switching to a color temperature of 3000 K with better light transmittance at night in adverse weather. Through this study, a method for evaluating the night visibility related to such color temperature convertible headlamps under bad weather at night was suggested. To this end, a method of using a facility that can implement weather conditions such as fog and rain was proposed, and evaluation conditions according to the climatic conditions and the distance of pedestrian targets were set and actual tests were conducted.


Author(s):  
S. P. Holoborodko ◽  
O. M. Dymov

The article presents the results of scientific research to specify the seed productivity of alfalfa grown on irrigated and rainfed lands of the southern Steppe of Ukraine. It is proved that obtaining stably high yields of conditioned alfalfa seeds under the conditions of regional climate change is possible only providing an optimal supply of productive moisture in the soil, since in recent years the crop has been grown under high temperature conditions and insufficient precipitation. It was established that irrigation of seed alfalfa throughout the growing season regardless of cultivar and mowing, should be conducted in two interphase periods: "the beginning of regrowth (shoots) – early budding" and "the beginning of budding – beginning of flowering". In the first interphase period, it is necessary to create conditions for optimal growth and development of plants that is achieved by maintaining the level of pre-irrigation humidity in 0-100 cm layer in the range of 70-75% MMHC on dark chestnut soils and 55-60% – on sandy loam chernozems. In the second interphase period, it is necessary to provide optimal conditions for the development of production processes and the formation of conditioned seed yields that is achieved by inhibiting growth processes, since alfalfa tends to grow up. Therefore, the level of pre-irrigation humidity of the calculated layer on medium and heavy loamy soils should be maintained within 60-65% MMHC and 45-50% MMHC – on sandy loam chernozems. The analysis of changes in natural and climatic conditions carried out over the past years shows that in the subzone of the southern Steppe, alfalfa cultivation for seeds is possible only by providing the developed irrigated agriculture. Getting the deficit of natural moisture solved, combined with high availability of heat resources and fertile dark‑chestnut soils and southern chernozems, is an objective natural prerequisite for further growth of seed productivity of alfalfa and reducing its dependence on extreme weather conditions and, above all, in medium‑dry (75%) and dry (95%) precipitation years.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Lolita Endang Susilowati ◽  
Uyek Malik Yakop ◽  
Bambang Hari Kusumo

Climate change causes changes in rainfall patterns that is high intensity rain in a short duration. This situation could threaten the agricultural sector which impacts on national food security and food fulfillment for each household. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce an effective strategy to meet household food needs through the P2KP movement in dealing with the threat of climate change. This community service aims to: (1) providing an understanding of climate change and its impact on the food agriculture sector to the community; (2) socializing the "P2KP movement" accompanied by a demonstration plot of the use of house yards for cultivation of vegetables in pots. These community service activities implement a participatory pattern, in which the target community was involved in every decision making both in preparing, implementing, and evaluating the program activities. The results of the community service activities shows that the target community's knowledge of climate change and its impact on the agricultural sector has been successfully improved. The P2KP movement has been socialized and received a positive response from the target community, then they a;ready known to optimizing the use of home yards for cultivation of plants in pots becomes an alternative agricultural system that is resilient in the face of climate change.


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