scholarly journals Photometric starch-iodine determination in plant materials as influenced by ascorbic acid. Critical remarks

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Bogusław Samotus ◽  
Elżbieta Doerre ◽  
Adam Świderski ◽  
Andrzej Ścigalski
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Starch Solution ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Iodine Reaction ◽  
Blue Coloration ◽  
Iodine Determination

Following the work of Sharma et al. (1990) on the interference of ascorbic acid (AA) with starch-iodine reaction, the present authors repeated it, giving a proper explanation of the influence of AA in this reaction. AA oxidizes iodine-iodide (I-KI) reagent which makes impossible to form the blue complex with starch. Three measures are suggested to overcome the interference of AA: 1) to titrate starch solution with I-KI reagent and thus work out an I-KI amount for development of blue coloration, 2) to remove from plant material AA (and other reducing soluble substances) by washing the material with cold water or ethanol, and 3) starch solution could be treated with alkali (pH about 9), which destroys AA in 15 minutes. After acidifying the solution and adding I-KI reagent the blue complex can be determined.

BIOEFFICACY OF PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST MUSTARD APHID AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
NARENDRA SINGH ◽  
N. S. BHADAURIA ◽  
PRADYUMN SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Aphid Population ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Mustard Aphid ◽  
Plant Materials

The Bio-efficacy of eleven plant extracts namely viz.Neem Kernel; Rhizome of Ginger; Leaves of Datura, Gajarghas, Harsingar, Oak and Latjeera; Bulb of Garlic and Onion; Flowers of Chrysenthemum and Fruits of Chilli in the concentration of 5 percent and imidacloprid @ 40 g ai/ha was tested against mustard aphid, Lipaphiserysimi and their effect on D. rapae and Coccinellid beetle were tested in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.). All the tested plant materials and imidacloprid @ 40 g ai/ha were effective significanty in reducing the aphid population over control.The aphid population in treated plots ranged from 7.2 to 40.0 as against 85.4 aphid/twig in untreated control. Among the plant material, three sprays of Neem Kernel were found most effective followed by three sprays of chilli fruits.All the plant extracts were found significantly safer to D. rapae and coccinellid bettle in comparision to insecticide (imidacloprid).

Polyacrylamid-Elektrophorese zur Beurteilung von Proteinen der Kartoffel (Solanum tuberosum L.)

1966 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 879-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volkmar Loeschcke ◽  
Hermann Stegemann
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Protein Pattern ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Active Inhibitor ◽  
Electrophoretic Behavior ◽  
Acidic Proteins

Up to 25 proteins have been found in the sap of potato tubers by polyacrylamid electrophoresis. The mode of preparation and concentration of the plant material was investigated as well as the pretreatment of the polyacrylamid gel to avoid undue retardation of the migrating bands.Sulfite was the most active inhibitor of sap-browning compared with ascorbic acid and cysteine. which did not influence the protein pattern except for one line. The juice had to be dialyzed or filtered through Sephadex G 25 to remove an unkown acidic material which interferes with the more acidic proteins and causes spreading and diffusing of bands. Proteins were concentrated by means of Carbowax MW 20000. For best results ionic contaminations inherent in the gels was removed by electrophoresis before applying the proteins or dyes. Very few proteins were affected by decreasing the pore size of the gel. Ammonium sulfate (40% saturation) precipitated mainly those proteins which are similar in electrophoretic behavior to the albumin- and transferrinregion of human plasma.

scholarly journals Sonication, a Potential Technique for Extraction of Phytoconstituents: A Systematic Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Modassar A. N. Ranjha ◽  
Shafeeqa Irfan ◽  
José M. Lorenzo ◽  
Bakhtawar Shafique ◽  
Rabia Kanwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Green Food ◽  
Microwave Assistance ◽  
Subcritical Fluid

Traditional extraction techniques have lost their optimum performance because of rising consumer demand and novel technologies. In this regard, several techniques were developed by humans for the extraction of plant materials from various indigenous sources, which are no longer in use. Many of the techniques are not efficient enough to extract maximum plant material. By this time, evolution in extraction has led to development of various techniques including microfiltration, pulsed electric fields, high pressure, microwave assistance, enzyme assistance, supercritical fluid, subcritical fluid and ultrasonication. These innovations in food processing/extraction are known as “Green Food Processing”. These technologies were basically developed by focusing on three universal parameters: simplicity, energy efficiency and economy. These green technologies are practical in a number of different food sectors, mostly for preservation, inhibition of microorganisms, inactivation of enzymes and extraction of plant material. Like the others, ultrasonication could also be used for the said purposes. The primary objective of this review is to confine the potential use of ultrasonication for extraction of oils, pectin and phytochemicals by reviewing the literature systematically.

Genetic Considerations in Plant Ecological Restoration

Ecology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny J. Gustafson ◽  
Alexis Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Outbreeding Depression ◽  
Founder Effects ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Seed Provenance

Ecological restoration is most commonly described as the process of aiding in the recovery of a damaged or destroyed system. In many cases, restoration may not be possible when self-sustaining populations, functions, and trajectories cannot be maintained due to the type of disturbance sustained by a site; in these cases, revegetation or remediation are more achievable goals. The definition of ecological restoration has been expanded to incorporate scientific inquiry into the process of the recovery of a natural range of ecosystem composition, structure, and dynamics. Ecological restoration research spans different levels of organization from genes to ecosystems. Genetic considerations are fundamental to the success of ecological restoration, and considerations of this issue will impact choices from seed source selection to genetic control of ecosystem services. A major decision for restorationists is the use of local versus nonlocal plant material, as well as the mixing of source populations; ideally, these choices can be based on sound population genetic, ecological, and evolutionary theory research. Ultimately, selection of plant material to be used in ecological restoration is driven by the specific project goals, availability and quality of plant materials, site conditions, and scale of the project. Beyond the local versus nonlocal selection issue, genetic issues related to small population dynamics, gene flow in the modern landscape, and gene expression affecting community structure and ecosystem functions can affect the success of ecological restoration activities. This article focuses primarily on plants; however, issues related to genetics of small populations (inbreeding and outbreeding depression, founder effects, and fitness consequences of reduced genetic variation) are important considerations for animal species too. The readings contained within this bibliography include: Ecotypic Variation, Seed Provenance for Restoration, Seed Transfer Zones for Restoration, Seed Provenance for Revegetation, Life History Traits, Moving beyond Neutral Markers, Inbreeding Depression, Outbreeding Depression, Founder Effects, Fitness Consequences of Reduced Genetic Variation, Community and Landscape Genetics, Testing Genotypic Effects on Community and Ecosystem Processes, Evaluating Success, and Genetic Composition and Diversity in Restored Populations.

Total Nitrogen Analysis of Soil and Plant Tissues

1980 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell W Nelson ◽  
Lee E Sommers
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aluminum Block ◽  
Kjeldahl Method

Abstract Progress of the Dumas and Kjeldahl procedures over the past century is reviewed. Many recent papers claim that various modifications of the standard Kjeldahl method enhance accuracy, precision, or speed, and reduce cost of analysis. Furthermore, several authors advocate use of Pyrex tubes heated in an aluminum block for digestion instead of traditional Kjeldahl flasks. A review of current semimicro-Kjeldahl methodology suggests that proceeding under the following conditions gives satisfactory results: sample size, 50–200 mg for plant material, 100–500 mg for soil; digestion acid, concentrated H2SO4; sample size ratio (mL/g) of 16:1 for soils and 22:1 for plant materials; digestion salt, minimum 0.33 g K2SO4 added/mL H2SO4; catalysts, add CuSO4 5H2O at rate of 10% (w/w) of K2SO4 added, HgO at 5% (w/w) of K2SO4, or add Se to K2SO4–CuSO4 5H2O mixtures at rate of 1% (w/w) K2SO4; digestion time, 1 and 3 h past clearing for plant materials and soils, respectively; pretreatments, use salicylic acid or reduced iron to recover nitrate from sample. Use of Pyrex tubes heated in an aluminum block appears suitable for digestions. Our results indicate that the 2 commercial tube digestion systems tested produce satisfactory recovery of total N from soils and plant materials. Ammonium in Kjeldahl digests may be quantitatively determined by distillationtitration, ammonia electrode, or colorimetric techniques.

scholarly journals Dating Historical Contexts: Issues, Plant Material, and Methods to Date the Late Roman Site of Faragola, Apulia (SE Italy)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 679-690
Author(s):  
V Caracuta ◽  
G Fiorentino ◽  
M Turchiano ◽  
G Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Macrobotanical Remains ◽  
Short Lifecycle ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Absolute Basis ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Late Roman

Charred plant materials found in archaeological contexts are usually considered the most reliable remains for radiocarbon dating. Usually, seeds and fruits are preferred to wood fragments because their short lifecycle reduces the range of uncertainty of the14C measurement. A selection of short-lived samples, mainly from barley and wheat, from the Late Roman site of Faragola (SE Italy) were14C dated; however, the14C dates obtained were not always consistent with the chronology provided by other archaeological evidence. A careful analysis of all the macrobotanical remains found in each of the dated contexts provides insight into the origin of the plant material, helping to distinguish betweenin situand non-in situmaterial. The14C dates are reconsidered in the context of findings and the kind of material selected for dating. Using the archaeological context, a Bayesian model was employed to reduce the range of the calibrated date and thereby refine the chronology of the site on an absolute basis.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXTERNAL SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY OF GRANULAR PLANT MATERIALS ON EXTERNAL FRICTION

Tribologia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 270 (6) ◽  
pp. 191-204
Author(s):  
Artur WÓJCIK ◽  
Jarosław FRĄCZEK
Keyword(s):  
Surface Topography ◽  
Granular Materials ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
External Friction ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Specialized Software ◽  
Model Of Friction

The results of studies on external friction concerning granular plant materials that include, among others, grains, seeds of various plants, and powdered plant material, have been applied to the design of machines and devices for transport, sorting, cleaning, and blending. A separate and equally important matter is the storage of these materials in silos. The article presents the influence the surface topography of selected granular materials has upon the force of external friction. The research was performed with a specially designed adapter attached to the testing machine MTS, which is used to determine the external friction force of granular materials rubbing against various surfaces in a function of displacement. To define the topography of the external surface, a 3D scanner and specialized software were used. The authors have attempted to develop a model of friction taking into account the topography of the surface.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Extraction of Dioscine from Vegetable Raw Materials in Vibrocavitation Homogenizer

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Flisyuk ◽  
S. S. Belokurov ◽  
I. A. Narkevich ◽  
A. N. Shikov ◽  
O. M. Flisyuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Rotor Speed ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Periodic Action ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Working Volume ◽  
Kinetics Of

Introduction. In recent years, substances extracted from plant materials have been widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Such substances are used as solutions, dry extracts for the manufacture of medicines, dietary supplements, cosmetic creams, food additives in various forms – tablets, capsules, solutions, granular powders. The extraction of valuable substances from plant materials is carried out using the extraction process, which is carried out by various methods and in apparatuses of various designs. Earlier, a comparative study of the extraction of dioscin from fenugreek by various methods was carried out: in devices with a stirrer, in an ultrasonic field, supercritical, fluid CO2 extraction, and in a vibro-cavitation homogenizer. It is shown that the most effective method is the extraction carried out in a vibrocavitation homogenizer.Aim.To analyze the kinetics of the extraction of dioscin from fenugreek seeds, to determine the optimal values of the required degree of grinding of the raw materials, working temperature, the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the solution and the rotational speed of the rotor of the vibrocavitation homogenizer. Determine the effective mass transfer coefficient responsible for the intensity of mass transfer inside the particles.Materials and methods. An experimental study of the extraction of valuable components from plant materials was carried out in a laboratory unit with a vibrocavitation homogenizer of periodic action. As raw materials were used seeds of hay fenugreek, ecotype of Morocco, acquired in the company Fitokasa, Casablanca (Morocco), which we used for research. Commodity analysis showed that raw materials comply with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia XIVth edition. As extractants, aqueous solutions of ethanol with an alcohol concentration of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 %. The analysis of the kinetics of the process was based on the following ideas. Extraction begins with the surface of the particles of plant material. As the extracted component moves into the volume of the solution, the extractant penetrates into the internal pores of the particles, and the surface on which the extractant and the extracted component interact is gradually shifted into the individual particles. In this case, the resistance to mass transfer in the region between the specified surface and the outer surface of the particle increases over time.Results and discussion. An analysis of the results shows that the rotor speed significantly intensifies the process. In addition, the influence of the rotor speed is most pronounced at the initial stage of the process, when the surface layers of particles of plant material are extracted. It was also found that the resistance to mass transfer inside particles increases significantly as it approaches the final stage of the process, and with an increase in the rotor speed, it increases, especially at the initial stage of the process, which is associated with the intensity of cavitation and the weakening of its effect as the process deepens inward particles.Conclusions. The obtained dependences are necessary to determine the duration of the extraction process in a batch mode, or the average residence time of seeds in the working volume when organizing the process in a continuous mode.

scholarly journals Phytopharmacology of Chloroxylon swietenia: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nallagiri Charanraj ◽  
Pragada Venkateswararao ◽  
Bakshi Vasudha ◽  
Boggula Narender
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
World Health ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
East Indian ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Chloroxylon Swietenia

The nature has provided a complete store house of remedies to use for all ailments for mankind. The knowledge on drugs has accumulated over thousands of years as a result of mans inquisitive nature. Phytomedicines or natural prescriptions, have assumed a basic part in World wellbeing for a large number of years. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), "natural medications incorporate herbs, home grown materials, home grown arrangements and completed home grown items, that contain as dynamic fixings parts of plants, or other plant materials, or blends. Chloroxylon swietenia DC. (Family: Rutaceae) is an important traditional medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments like fungal infection of skin, rheumatism, common cold, cough, ophthalmic infection and cataract, wounds and as an astringent. It is a tropical aromatic tree of dry deciduous forests popularly known as East Indian Satin Wood. The findings of this study will facilitate pharmacognostic standardization of the plant material and aid in the preparation of an herbal monograph for the species. Further studies on this plant must be carried out to explore some other important, necessary and unknown benefits. As the plant has multifunctional properties, this review is worthwhile and therefore it presents comprehensive analysed information on the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of the botanical. Keywords: Chloroxylon swietenia, phytomedicines, pharmacological aspects, anti-feedant, anti-bacterial activity, IUCN, vulnerable species.

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