Trends and characteristics of patenting activity in Poland in 1990–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-230
Author(s):  
Jakub Kwiatkowski ◽  
Tomasz Tomaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Regional Level ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Social Transition ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Proportional Increase ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Patenting Activity ◽  
The Eu

Patenting activity is broadly analysed in the literature at the micro, mezzo, and macroeconomic levels. Yet, not much attention regarding this issue is devoted to European countries in transition. The main aim of the study is a quantitative analysis of all patent applications filed with and grants issued by the Polish Patent Office throughout the period of 1990– 2018 at the aggregate and regional level. We investigate trends and factors determining the patenting activity in Poland – the country at an advanced level of the economic and social transition. The empirical analysis leads to several findings. First of all, we identify changes in the field of patenting related to Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004, which resulted in the increase of residents’ patenting activity and decrease of that of non-residents (in terms of the number of filed applications and granted patents at a national and regional level). This holds for absolute numbers as well as for a per capita perspective. Additionally, we demonstrate that the increase in R&D expenditure is not followed by a proportional increase in patenting, as the patent-to- R&D ratio is systematically shrinking. Finally, the study compares trends in patenting activity in Poland with those in different groups of countries, proving that the dynamic of change in Poland is much slower than could be expected.

scholarly journals The Efficiency of Financing the Regional Smart-Specialization Strategies’ Implementation from the EU Structural Funds

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Iryna Storonyanska ◽  
Maryana Melnyk ◽  
Iryna Leshchukh ◽  
Svitlana Shchehlyuk ◽  
Tetyana Medynska
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Structural Funds ◽  
Regional Basis ◽  
Eu Structural Funds ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Smart Specialization ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
The Eu

The paper provides the empirical analysis of the efficiency of financing the regional smart-specialization strategies’ implementation from the structural funds in the context of its impact on the improvement of economic wellbeing and prevention of growing regional misbalances in the EU at the NUTS 2 level. It verifies the inverse correlation between the GRP volumes per capita in the EU Member States and the volumes of funding of the smart-specialization activities. The financial resources of the EU structural funds for the implementation of the regional smart-specialization strategies are established to be distributed on a regional basis and to be showing the signs of the aligning policy, which is a reasonable tactic from the viewpoint of the need to secure the balanced spatial development. However, the paper emphasizes that the less developed regions aren’t able to fully generate powerful innovations that would boost the economic activity in the smart-specialization domains yet.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES OF SMES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Kráľová ◽  
◽  
Jana Sochuľáková ◽  
Dagmar Petrušová ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Innovative Potential ◽  
The Eu ◽  
New Jobs

Innovation is currently an important source of economic growth. They are an integral part of modern economies. They contribute not only to the growth of the country’s competitiveness but also the creation of new jobs, the improvement of the quality of life, or the protection of the environment and sustainable development. Therefore, the aim of the paper is through selected indicators, e.g. the share of expenditures on development and research in GDP, expenditures on research and development per capita in the regions, the share of enterprises with innovation activity, the structure of expenditures on innovations, etc. to evaluate the current innovation activity of SMEs in individual regions of the Slovak Republic. Based on the results of the analysis, will also outline further possibilities for increasing and especially support from the state of this innovative potential of SMEs at the national but especially regional level. And because the Slovak Republic has long been one of the below-average countries in the field of innovation within the EU, possible barriers to the development of innovative activities of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Slovak Republic will also be identified.

scholarly journals Efficiency of the R&D Sector in the EU-27 at the Regional Level: An Application of DEA

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander Aristovnik
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
The Eu

The main aim of the paper is to measure the relative efficiency of the R&D sector in the EU-27 at the regional level. For this purpose, the paper applies a non-parametric approach, i.e. data envelopment analysis (DEA), to assess the relative technical efficiency of R&D activities across selected EU (NUTS-2) regions. The empirical analysis integrates available inputs (R&D expenditures, researchers and employment in high-tech sectors) and outputs (patent and high-tech patent applications) over the 2005–2010 period. The empirical results show that among regions with a high intensity of R&D activities the most efficient performers are Noord-Brabant (Netherlands), Stuttgart (Germany) and Tirol (Austria). In contrast, a wide range of NUTS-2 regions from the Baltics, Eastern and Southern Europe is characterized by an extremely low rate of knowledge production and its efficiency, particularly in Poland (Mazowieckie), Lithuania (Lietuva), Latvia (Latvija), Romania (Bucuresti-Ilfov), Bulgaria (Yugozapaden), Slovakia (Západné Slovensko), Greece (Attiki), Spain (Canarias) and Italy (Sardegna).

Optimum Structure of the Banking Market: How Many Banks Are Necessary for Russia?

2006 ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moiseev
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Optimum Structure ◽  
Population Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Banking Market ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Equilibrium Number

The number of classical banks in the world has reduced. In the majority of countries the number of banks does not exceed 200. The uniqueness of the Russian banking sector is that in this respect it takes the third place in the world after the USA and Germany. The paper reviews the conclusions of the economic theory about the optimum structure of the banking market. The empirical analysis shows that the number of banks in a country is influenced by the size of its territory, population number and GDP per capita. Our econometric estimate is that the equilibrium number of banks in Russia should be in a range of 180-220 units.

scholarly journals Inequalities in the European Union—A Partial Order Analysis of the Main Indicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6278
Author(s):  
Lars Carlsen ◽  
Rainer Bruggemann
Keyword(s):  
Indicator System ◽  
Partial Ordering ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Educational Aspect ◽  
The Eu

The inequality within the 27 European member states has been studied. Six indicators proclaimed by Eurostat to be the main indicators charactere the countries: (i) the relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap, (ii) the income distribution, (iii) the income share of the bottom 40% of the population, (iv) the purchasing power adjusted GDP per capita, (v) the adjusted gross disposable income of households per capita and (vi) the asylum applications by state of procedure. The resulting multi-indicator system was analyzed applying partial ordering methodology, i.e., including all indicators simultaneously without any pretreatment. The degree of inequality was studied for the years 2010, 2015 and 2019. The EU member states were partially ordered and ranked. For all three years Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Austria, and Finland are found to be highly ranked, i.e., having rather low inequality. Bulgaria and Romania are, on the other hand, for all three years ranked low, with the highest degree of inequality. Excluding the asylum indicator, the risk-poverty-gap and the adjusted gross disposable income were found as the most important indicators. If, however, the asylum application is included, this indicator turns out as the most important for the mutual ranking of the countries. A set of additional indicators was studied disclosing the educational aspect as of major importance to achieve equality. Special partial ordering tools were applied to study the role of the single indicators, e.g., in relation to elucidate the incomparability of some countries to all other countries within the union.

Judicial review of Common Foreign and Security Policy by the ECtHR and the (re)negotiation on the accession of the EU to the ECHR

2021 ◽  
pp. 1023263X2198824
Author(s):  
Maria José Rangel de Mesquita
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Judicial Control ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Conclusion Section ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

The article addresses the issue of judicial control of the implementation of Common Foreign and Security Policy at international regional level within the framework of the relaunching of the negotiation in view of the accession of the EU to the ECHR. Considering the extent of jurisdiction of the CJEU in respect of Common Foreign and Security Policy field in the light of its case law (sections 1 and 2), it analyses the question of judicial review of Common Foreign and Security Policy within international regional justice by the ECtHR in the light of the ongoing negotiations (section 3), in the perspective of the relationship between non-national courts (section 3.A), having as background the (2013) Draft Agreement of accession (section 3.B.1). After addressing the relaunching of the negotiation procedure (section 3.B.2) and the issue of CFSP control by the ECtHR according to the recent (re)negotiation meetings (section 3.B.3), some concrete proposals, including for the redrafting of the accession agreement, will be put forward (section 3.B.4), as well as a conclusion (section 4).

scholarly journals Does the Increase in Renewable Energy Influence GDP Growth? An EU-28 Analysis

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4762
Author(s):  
Daniela Nicoleta Sahlian ◽  
Adriana Florina Popa ◽  
Raluca Florentina Creţu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Panel Analysis ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Eu

The aim of our study was to analyze whether the increase in the use of renewable energy can help GDP growth. The research carried out shows that renewable energy has the ability to decrease or neutralize the negative impact of greenhouse gases (GHG), but also to maintain economic growth. We focused our analysis on the EU-28 as we know that the EU Commission’s aim, in the near future, is to join forces to reduce the GHG used and move to renewable sources. We used a panel analysis with data between 2000 and 2019 from all Member States, and our results showed that their economic growth is influenced positively by the production of renewable energy, the GHG per capita, and the GHG intensity per GDP.

Judicial review of Common Foreign and Security Policy by the ECtHR and the (re)negotiation on the accession of the EU to the ECHR

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-370
Author(s):  
Maria José Rangel de Mesquita
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Judicial Control ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Conclusion Section ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

The article addresses the issue of judicial control of the implementation of Common Foreign and Security Policy at international regional level within the framework of the relaunching of the negotiation in view of the accession of the EU to the ECHR. Considering the extent of jurisdiction of the CJEU in respect of Common Foreign and Security Policy field in the light of its case law (sections 1 and 2), it analyses the question of judicial review of Common Foreign and Security Policy within international regional justice by the ECtHR in the light of the ongoing negotiations (section 3), in the perspective of the relationship between non-national courts (section 3.A), having as background the (2013) Draft Agreement of accession (section 3.B.1). After addressing the relaunching of the negotiation procedure (section 3.B.2) and the issue of CFSP control by the ECtHR according to the recent (re)negotiation meetings (section 3.B.3), some concrete proposals, including for the redrafting of the accession agreement, will be put forward (section 3.B.4), as well as a conclusion (section 4).

scholarly journals Non-Price Criteria for the Evaluation of the Tender Offers in Public Procurement of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Alexander Baranovsky ◽  
Nataliia Tkachenko ◽  
Vladimer Glonti ◽  
Valentyna Levchenko ◽  
Kateryna Bogatyrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Tender Offers ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

Traditionally, public procurement has been associated with the measurement of achieving savings. However, recent research shows that the economic impact of public procurement is not limited only to savings, but by measuring the impact of four capitals—natural, human, social, and economic—on sustainable well-being over time. Ukraine is a country with a very low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which exacerbates the problem of the impact of public procurement results on the population’s welfare. Ukrainian public procurement legislation allows customers to apply non-price criteria (the share of non-price criteria cannot be more than 70%), which, together, are taken into account in the formula of the quoted price. The studies show that the effect of the use of non-price criteria depends on the relevance of the method of the evaluation of non-price criteria. The most important non-price criteria for Ukrainian customers by product categories and the methods of their evaluation are analyzed according to the Bi.prozorro.org analytics module. Therefore, it is concluded that the quoted price method, which is used in Ukrainian practice, is not relevant in comparison with the method used in the EU. A survey of the government buyers on the practice of applying non-price criteria was conducted, and the areas of their use were identified.

Convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the EU: Legend or reality?

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1364-1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Jobert ◽  
Fatih Karanfil ◽  
Anna Tykhonenko
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu
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