scholarly journals Insecticide Residues in Cotton, Sorghum and Fallow Soil from the Nuba Mountains Cotton Corporation of South Kordofan State, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Osman Mohamed ◽  
Azhari Omer Abdelbagi ◽  
Abdalla Mohammed Abdalla ◽  
Abd Elaziz Sulieman Ahmed Ishag ◽  
Ahmed Mohammed Ali Hammad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Samples ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Area North ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Uncultivated Land ◽  
South Kordofan

Background. Soil is the final depot of most environmental contaminants, including pesticides. Soil may be contaminated by pesticides as a result of direct application or drift during spray activities. Soil contamination with pesticide residues may affect the quality of food crops, animal products, and soil micro-organisms which may in turn negatively affect human health and the environment. Objectives. The main objective of the current study was to determine the soil residues of commonly used pesticides in rain-fed crops grown by the Nuba Mountains Cotton Corporation (NMCC) in South Kordofan state of Western Sudan. Methods. Four locations (representing the four directions around the state capital Kadugli) were chosen for sample collection: Alefain (East Kadugli), Elmashaish (West Kadugli), Ed Dalling uncultivated area (North Kadugli) and Lagawa (Southwest Kadugli). Nine soil samples were randomly taken from each location representing areas under cotton, sorghum, and uncultivated land covered with natural vegetation. Soil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with electron capture detector (ECD) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). Results. The results generally indicated that organophosphate levels were greater than organochlorine and pyrethroids with heptachlor, malathion, and dimethoate present in all samples analyzed, while the level of p,p-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was below the detection limit. Endosulfan α and β isomers were detected in some samples. Dimethoate had the highest level (22.02 mg/kg), while β endosulfan was found at the lowest level (0.015 mg/kg). Generally, samples collected from cotton soils showed higher residue levels compared to sorghum soil with average concentrations of 307.25 mg/kg versus 58.63 mg/kg, respectively. Almashaish showed the highest residues levels followed by Alefain, Lagawa, and Ed Dalling with total residues of 57.56 mg/kg, 26.34 mg/kg, 22.63 mg/kg, and 17.07 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusions. The current study sheds light on the residue levels of some of the commonly used pesticides in the cotton rain-fed scheme in South Kordofan State, western Sudan. The study calls for regular residue monitoring in various environmental components in the area and suggests possible management measures. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Seasonal content of heavy metals in the "soil–feed–milk–manure" system in horse husbandry in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 2947-2956
Author(s):  
Nazym Kozhanova ◽  
Nurzhan Sarsembayeva ◽  
Bozena Lozowicka ◽  
Zhassulan Kozhanov
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mixed Feed ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Horse Manure ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Living Organisms

Background and Aim: The quality of food, especially animal-based food, is crucial for human health. However, the quality of milk and other animal products has become an acute cause for concern in Kazakhstan . Technogenic dispersion of heavy metals (HMs) causes adverse effects on living organisms and creates unfavorable conditions for the existence of humans, animals, and plants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of several HMs in samples of soil, horse feed (hay, mixed feed, and bran), mare's milk, and manure to assess bioaccumulation and possible adverse effects on the bodies of horses. An additional purpose was to identify areas with acceptable conditions for obtaining environmentally safe horse breeding products in the agricultural zones of the Almaty region, Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: Samples were obtained from two farms in the Almaty region in 2020 (spring, summer, and autumn). In total, 72 soil samples were analyzed, which were taken from the upper humus horizon to the depth of the arable layer. Eighty-six samples were taken from the feed of horses. Green feed was represented by perennial and annual grasses (alsike clover, Medicago sativa, sweet yellow clover, as well as pea and oat mix). Barley and wheat bran stored in the warehouses of the farm were sampled for the research as feed supplements. The mixed feed comprised components such as maize and sunflower. In addition, 46 samples of mare's milk and 28 samples of horse manure were collected. The HM analysis was performed in the laboratory of the Kazakh-Japanese Innovation Center. The residual amounts of HMs were determined using an absorption spectrometer with a voltammetric analyzer. The content of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) in all the studied samples of soil, feed, mare's milk, and manure did not exceed the threshold limit values (TLVs), suggesting that the intake of these toxic elements into the human body with food was low. Results: The average Cd concentration was in the range of 0.29-0.31 mg/kg in soil samples and in the range of 0.20-0.27 mg/kg in feed samples. In milk, the Cd concentration varied from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/L and was lower in summer and higher in fall. The total average Cd content in horse manure was 0.1844 mg/kg. The concentration of Pb in soil samples ranged from 1.09 to 1.30 mg/kg with the lowest value in spring and the highest in fall. In the feed, the concentration of Pb varied from 0.14 to 0.76 mg/kg and in milk from 0.03 to 0.15 mg/L. The average concentrations of Hg and As in soil samples averaged 0.022 and 0.019 mg/kg, respectively, and were within the TLVs. Conclusion: In the study areas, the calculated transition rates in the soil–feed–milk–manure system revealed that the greatest transition of HMs was observed for Pb and Cd, and a smaller migration was observed for Hg and As. The tendency of accumulation of trace elements continued in the feed.

Isolation, Detection and Estimation of Various Amylase Producing Bacteria in Various Soil Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 08 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Amin Mir ◽  
Mohammad Waqar Ashraf ◽  
Altaf Hussain ◽  
Bilal Ahmad Mir
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Litmus Test ◽  
Micro Organisms

Background: Soil is an ultimate source of all types of nutrients, which have both biological and non-biological importance. Studies are being carried out to isolate various types of micro-organisms from soil which have much more importance. So in the present study, amylase producing bacteria have been isolated from various soil samples. Aim: The isolation, identification, and estimation of various microbial strains for α-amylase enzyme production and then the inhibition of the growth of these microbial stains. Methods: The bacterial strains were isolated and then identified by various microbiological methods, including Gram’s staining method followed by several biochemical methods such as, litmus test, Gelatin test and Urea agar media and by viable cells. Results: Altogether, three microbial strains were identified from the soil samples in the concerned study. The concerned strains include- Shigella, Proteus and Bacillus, respectively. The concerned microbial strains were then analyzed for the amount of amylase enzyme and it had been found that Bacillus sp produces much more amount of amylase followed by Shigella sp, and lesser amylase enzyme producing activity was found in Proteus sp. The isolated bacteria were then analysed for inhibition of their growth by water and ethanolic extracts of Cuminum cyminuni. Among the extracts, it had been found that water extracts exhibited more inhibiting capacity than the ethanolic extracts. The study also revealed that among the bacterial strains, the Shigella sp got much more affected by the concerned plant extracts followed by Proteus sp and least inhibition was observed against the Bacillus sp. Conclusion: As per the above study, it is being concluded that - three amylase producing bacteria viz Shigella, proteus, bacillus sp were isolated from the soil samples. These isolated microbial strains could be used for the decomposition of cholesterol levels in human in addition to other microbial activity. These isolated bacterial could sometimes be averse therefore their growth could be stopped by various biological and chemical substances like Gentamicin and by various Plant extracts viz, Cuminum cyminuni Plant.

scholarly journals Effects of Tillage and Rainfall on Atrazine Residue Levels in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan R. Isensee ◽  
Ali M. Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
No Till ◽  
Residue Levels

A field study was conducted in 1987 to 1991 to determine the effect of tillage and rainfall on distribution of atrazine in soil. Soil samples (10-cm increments to 50 cm) and crop residue samples were taken at regular intervals after application each year and analyzed for atrazine. Crop residue and living vegetation on no-till plots intercepted 60 to 70% of the applied atrazine; 3 to 16% of the atrazine remained in crop residue 1 to 2 wk later. The amount of atrazine recovered in soil, 1 to 2 wk posttreatment, ranged from 22 to 59 and 47 to 73% of the amount applied for no-till and conventional till, respectively. An average of 2.6 times more atrazine was recovered in the surface 10 cm of soil under conventional till than under no-till for all samplings and years. Total amounts of atrazine in the sampled profile (0- to 50-cm depth) were also generally lower under no-till than conventional till. More leaching below 10 cm occurred under no-till than conventional till, particularly in 1988 and 1990 when rain fell soon after application. Variation in soil atrazine levels among years was related to timing and amount of the first and subsequent rainfall after application.

Public health implications of soil contaminated with helminth eggs in the metropolis of Kaduna, Nigeria

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.V. Maikai ◽  
J.U. Umoh ◽  
O.J. Ajanusi ◽  
I. Ajogi
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
Dipylidium Caninum ◽  
Helminth Eggs

AbstractEnvironmental and socio-cultural variables influencing the distribution of helminth eggs in 608 soil samples were studied in 14 playgrounds that differ in socio-economic status in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria, using a modified sieving method and a sucrose flotation medium of specific gravity 1.27. Helminth eggs were found in 62% of the soil samples and the distribution was as follows: Toxocara spp. 50.4%, Taenia spp./Echinococcus spp. 36.9%, Dipylidium caninum 26.3%, Ancylostoma spp. 9.0%, Ascaris spp. 7.2%, Trichuris spp. 3.7% and Ascaridia spp. 1.9%. A higher prevalence (68.1%) was recorded during the dry harmattan period while in the rainy period the rate was 58.1%. Mean egg densities ranged from 1.11 ± 0.32 to 3.92 ± 2.47 in areas moderately rated. Samples from site 14, which was highly rated, were more contaminated (78.1%) than those collected from other sites, while the intensity of contamination (14.0%) was more in moderately rated site 4 than in the rest of the sites. There were significant associations between the prevalence of helminth eggs and rainy period of the study (odds ratio (OR) = 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) on OR: 0.20 < OR < 0.70), presence of dogs (OR = 0.56; 95% CI on OR: 0.37 < OR < 0.85) and grass (vegetation) (OR = 1.44; 95% CI on OR: 1.03 < OR < 2.04) in the sites. On the other hand, there was no association between the prevalence of helminth eggs and the dry period of the study, presence of refuse in the playgrounds, topography of playgrounds, depth of sample collection and socio-economic status of people in playgrounds (P>0.05). This study shows that the period of study, the presence of dogs and vegetation influence the prevalence of helminth eggs in soil in Kaduna metropolis.

Fire studies in Mallee (Eucalyptus spp.) communities of western New South Wales: spatial and temporal fluxes in soil chemistry and soil biology following prescribed fire

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 398 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Noble ◽  
D. J. Tongway ◽  
M. M. Roper ◽  
W. G. Whitford
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Biology ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Micro Organisms

The effects of prescribed fires on nutrient pools, soil micro-organisms, and vegetation patch dynamics were studied in three semi-arid mallee shrublands in western New South Wales. Repeated sampling of surface soil strata (0–2 and 2–4 cm) was undertaken at strategic times (immediately before and after the fire, after opening autumn rain, mid-season in the winter, and at the end of the spring) in five microsites (inner, middle and outer mallee litter zones, bare soil, and Triodia hummock). These samples were later analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon and available nitrogen. The effect of fire on soil micro-organisms in these microsites was also examined by measuring nitrogenase activity and enumerating soil Acari. Carbon and nitrogen levels were consistently higher in the inner mallee microsites whereas bare soil sites provided the lowest values. Significant microsite x soil depth interactions were recorded in two shrubland sites while highly significant (P < 0.001) depth x sampling time interactions were recorded in three sites. The most sensitive soil parameter with respect to microsite was electrical conductivity, particularly in the surface 0–2 cm stratum. Highest values were again recorded from the inner mallee microsites and the lowest from bare soil sites. Nitrogenase activity was highest in soil samples associated with mallee litter and, where litter was removed by fire, activity decreased markedly except in the bare soil samples where activity was higher in the burnt samples. Soil microarthropod populations also declined notably following fire. Mites from the Prostigmata greatly outnumbered those from other suborders, a total of 12 families (15 genera) being enumerated in control sites compared with three families (three genera) only of Cryptostigmata. Nonetheless the most abundant mites were cryptostigmatids (Aphelacarus spp.) found in unburnt hummocks beneath Triodia plants. The ecological and management implications of these spatial and temporal fluxes in soil chemistry and soil biology are discussed in relation to their effects on landscape processes, particularly water and nutrient redistribution.

scholarly journals Producer Soil Test Information Sheet

EDIS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rao S. Mylavarapu ◽  
William d'Angelo ◽  
Nancy Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Information Sheet ◽  
Testing Laboratory ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Test Form ◽  
Test Information ◽  
Soil And Water

Revised! SL-135, a 2-page form for the UF/IFAS Extension Soil Testing Laboratory, must accompany soil samples submitted to the UF/IFAS Extension Soil Testing Laboratory by Florida agricultural producers. Includes important information for sample collection and submission, and crop and analysis codes. Published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, August 2007. SL135/SS186: Producer Soil Test Form (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals Bio-remedial Effect of Specific Micro-organisms (Bacteria) on Used Engine Oil: A Case Study of Some Mechanic Workshops in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council (MMC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Yerima ◽  
G. A. Felix ◽  
M. I. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Used Engine Oil ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Effective Growth

The potential of three micro-organisms (Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and Bacillus sp) were isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated soil and were evaluated for their biodegradation ability. The rate of biodegradation of the engine oil in the soil samples were exposed to used engine oil with different exposure rates of 5,10,15 and 20 years  were studied for a period of three (3) weeks under greenhouse experiment. The soil samples were obtained from four different mechanic workshops in M.M.C and they were plated on nutrients agar and oil agar medium to isolate the bacterial species from the spilled soil samples. All the micro-organisms used in this study showed their abilities to remediate soil exposed to used engine oil and the remediated soil samples were able to support the growth of Maize ( Zea mays) after 10 years  effective growth

scholarly journals SOIL FERTILITY EVALUATION FOR FERTILISER RECOMMENDATION USING HYPERION DATA

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-1-W5 ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
Ranendu Ghosh ◽  
N. Padmanabhan ◽  
K. C. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Atmospheric Correction ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Hyperspectral Data ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Spectral Parameters ◽  
Map Generation ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Hyperion Data

Soil fertility characterised by nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur is traditionally measured from soil samples collected from the field. The process is very cumbersome and time intensive. Hyperspectral data available from Hyperion payload of EO 1 was used for facilitating preparation of soil fertility map of Udaipur district of Rajasthan state, India. Hyperion data was pre-processed for band and area sub setting, atmospheric correction and reflectance data preparation. Spectral analysis in the form of SFF and PPI were carried out for selecting the ground truth sites for soil sample collection. Soil samples collected from forty one sites were analysed for analysis of nutrient composition. Generation of correlogram followed by multiple regressions was done for identifying the most important bands and spectral parameters that can be used for nutrient map generation.

Weed Control by Alachlor and Residues in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) and Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy D. Herman ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco ◽  
T. Jack Sheets
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Potato Root ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Residue Levels

Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 3.4 and 6.7 kg/ha controlled weeds present in sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatasL. ‘Jewel’, ‘Centennial’, ‘Caromex’) at two locations in North Carolina. Yield was not reduced from slight early season injury observed with the herbicide treatments. Most sweet potato root samples contained less than the detectable limit of 0.05 ppmw of alachlor. At one location, samples of the cultivars Jewel and Centennial that received 6.7 kg/ha contained 0.06 and 0.05 ppmw, respectively. Averaged over locations, residue levels in soil samples from plots treated at 6.7 kg/ha decreased from 1.55 ppmw initially to less than 0.05 ppmw by 16 weeks after application.

scholarly journals Plants Root Interference Area, A Benefit To The Microbial Community

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurica Breica BOROZAN ◽  
Sorina POPESCU ◽  
Oana Maria BOLDURA
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Herbaceous Plants ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
Soil Rhizosphere ◽  
Micro Organisms

Part of byproducts synthesized by plants through photosynthesis reach the ground, where create selective microenvironments for micro-flora and associations of plant - micro-organisms, which are a benefit for plant growth Setting the interference effect of the root interference area of vines and herbaceous plants and of radicular exudates from vine rhizosphere on microbial community and estimating microbial population present on the vine leaves. The biological material was represented by leaves (Fa, Fb), and soil rhizosphere (Ra, Rb) of two varieties of vines (Tamaioasa Romanian white and black / TA, TN), and from the vine roots interference area with other herbaceous plants (Ma, Mb). The soil has never been chemically treated. The microbiological study of biological samples was performed by classical and molecular methods. Overall, bacteria had a significant presence in soil samples taken from the root interference zone (Ma, Mb). Actinomycetes quantitatively dominated the root interference area  of herbaceous plant with variety TA. The range of actinomycetes species and leaves microflora was reduced. In this study we have shown that significant growth of microorganisms occurs in the interference area of vine with other herbal plants as a result of the cumulative effect of radicular exudates.

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