scholarly journals Pyrolysis: A Convenient Route for Production of Eco-Friendly Fuels and Precursors for Chemical and Allied Industries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamiu Mosebolatan Jabar
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Convenient Route ◽  
Water Holding

Thermochemical decomposition of post harvest agro-wastes (biomass) to solid carbonaceous material called as bio-char, condensable vapors (bio-oils and bio-tars) and non-condensable vapors (bio-gas or syn-gas) is referred as pyrolysis. The yield of these products from biomass pyrolysis depends on temperature and other conditions (such as vapor retention time and heating rate) of thermal decomposition in air or oxygen excluded reactor. Bio-char is often used as adsorbent in treatment of water contaminated with dye effluent from textile industry and/or emerging contaminants from other industries. It is also used in production of supercapacitor for energy storage, fertilizer composite and soil amendment for slow release of nutrients for plants and stabilizing pH, enhances water holding and ion exchange capacity of soil. Bio-oils are used for transportation fuels, soaps and other cosmetics production. Bio-tars are also used for transportation fuels but with high heating values and also as organic solvents in chemical, biological and biochemical laboratories. Non-condensable vapors are mostly used as bio-fuels. Products of biomass pyrolysis are potential alternative eco-friendly precursors for chemical and allied industries.

scholarly journals Bermudagrass Growth in Soil Supplemented with Inorganic Amendments

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn R. Wehtje ◽  
Joey N. Shaw ◽  
Robert H. Walker ◽  
Walker Williams
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Material ◽  
Calcined Clay ◽  
Inorganic Amendments ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Optimum Water

Various inorganic soil amendments have been promoted as a means of improving the chemical and physical properties of certain soils. To test this hypothesis, a marginally productive soil was supplemented with 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% (v/v) of either selected inorganic amendments or sand. Amendments consisted of commercially available diatomaceous earth, calcined clay, zeolite, and crystalline SiO2. The soil material was extracted from the argillic horizon of a Cecil sandy loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults). Ability of these soil-amendment mixtures to promote `Tifway' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] growth was evaluated under greenhouse conditions, and contrasted to that obtained in nonamended soil. Selected chemical and physical properties that are pertinent to plant growth were also evaluated. The experiment, which was conducted 3×, began with a §60-day period in which both water and nutrients were optimum. This was followed by a 30-day drought. During optimum water and nutrients, no soil-amendment treatment(s) consistently resulted in superior bermudagrass growth compared to soil alone. However, <2% of the bermudagrass tissue that was produced during the drought became green and succulent with the resumption of irrigation in nonamended soil. This percentage was exceeded by all treatments that contained either ≥60% diatomaceous earth (Axis), or ≥40% calcined clay (Profile); and by 100% zeolite (Clinolite) and 100% silica (Green's Choice). Drought-sustaining ability of soil-amendment mixtures was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with water-holding ability, soil strength, bulk density, and oxygen diffusion rate, but not correlated with either pH or cation exchange capacity (CEC). While certain inorganic amendments did improve the drought-sustaining ability of soil, the amount required was generally ≥40%.

Growth of Container-grown Plants With and Without Azomite Soil Amendment

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 492c-492
Author(s):  
Chris Ely ◽  
Mark A. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Water Holding

Azomite is a mined, commercially available, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosiliclate soil amendment reported to act as a source of mineral elements. To determine its effect on plant growth, Dendranthema `Connie' rooted cuttings, Malus seedlings, and Citrus seedlings were grown in containers in one of two growing media: ProMix BX or ProMix BX with Azomite (1:1, v:v). Plant height was monitored weekly and after 6 weeks of growth, fresh and dry plant weights of roots and shoots were determined. There was no difference in any of the parameters measured as a result of the addition of Azomite. Any nutritional influence of the Azomite may only be evident in different conditions, e.g., field soil, or over an extended period of time. The Azomite altered the medium's physical properties and therefore bulk density and water-holding capacity of the Azomite were determined for consideration.

scholarly journals Effect of Low Zeolite Doses on Plants and Soil Physicochemical Properties

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2617
Author(s):  
Alicja Szatanik-Kloc ◽  
Justyna Szerement ◽  
Agnieszka Adamczuk ◽  
Grzegorz Józefaciuk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soil Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Water Holding

Thousands of tons of zeolitic materials are used yearly as soil conditioners and components of slow-release fertilizers. A positive influence of application of zeolites on plant growth has been frequently observed. Because zeolites have extremely large cation exchange capacity, surface area, porosity and water holding capacity, a paradigm has aroused that increasing plant growth is caused by a long-lasting improvement of soil physicochemical properties by zeolites. In the first year of our field experiment performed on a poor soil with zeolite rates from 1 to 8 t/ha and N fertilization, an increase in spring wheat yield was observed. Any effect on soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), surface area (S), pH-dependent surface charge (Qv), mesoporosity, water holding capacity and plant available water (PAW) was noted. This positive effect of zeolite on plants could be due to extra nutrients supplied by the mineral (primarily potassium—1 ton of the studied zeolite contained around 15 kg of exchangeable potassium). In the second year of the experiment (NPK treatment on previously zeolitized soil), the zeolite presence did not impact plant yield. No long-term effect of the zeolite on plants was observed in the third year after soil zeolitization, when, as in the first year, only N fertilization was applied. That there were no significant changes in the above-mentioned physicochemical properties of the field soil after the addition of zeolite was most likely due to high dilution of the mineral in the soil (8 t/ha zeolite is only ~0.35% of the soil mass in the root zone). To determine how much zeolite is needed to improve soil physicochemical properties, much higher zeolite rates than those applied in the field were studied in the laboratory. The latter studies showed that CEC and S increased proportionally to the zeolite percentage in the soil. The Qv of the zeolite was lower than that of the soil, so a decrease in soil variable charge was observed due to zeolite addition. Surprisingly, a slight increase in PAW, even at the largest zeolite dose (from 9.5% for the control soil to 13% for a mixture of 40 g zeolite and 100 g soil), was observed. It resulted from small alterations of the soil macrostructure: although the input of small zeolite pores was seen in pore size distributions, the larger pores responsible for the storage of PAW were almost not affected by the zeolite addition.

Sustainability, Business Models, and Techno-Economic Analysis of Biomass Pyrolysis Technologies

2015 ◽  
pp. 298-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Garcia-Peréz ◽  
Jesus Alberto Garcia-Nunez ◽  
Manuel Raul Pelaez-Samaniego ◽  
Chad Eugene Kruger ◽  
Mark Raymond Fuchs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Life Cycle Assessments ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Sustainable Business Models ◽  
Enterprise Level ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils

The objective of this chapter is to review and discuss sustainability and techno-economic criteria to integrate pyrolysis, biochar activation, and bio-oil refining into sustainable business models. Several business models such as the production of biochar with heat recovery and bio-oil refining are discussed. Cost data needed by engineering practitioners to conduct enterprise-level financial analyses of different biomass pyrolysis economy models are presented. This chapter also reviews life cycle assessments of pyrolysis business models. If the feedstock used is produced sustainably and if the pyrolysis vapors are used for bio-oil or heat production, both, the production of biochar through slow pyrolysis and its use as a soil amendment to sequester carbon, and the production and refining of fast pyrolysis oils to produce transportation fuels could have a positive environmental impact.

The ameliorative effects of low-grade palygorskite on acidic soil

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Jin-Hua Yuan ◽  
Sheng-Zhe E ◽  
Zong-Xian Che
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Acid Neutralisation

Mineral composition and alkaline properties of palygorskite (Pal), and its ameliorative effects on chemical properties of acid soil were investigated. Dolomite was the main form of alkali in Pal and the acid neutralisation capacity of Pal was 215 cmol kg–1. Incubation experiments indicated that Pal incorporation increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity, base saturation and exchangeable K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents, and decreased the levels of exchangeable H+, Al3+ and acidity, over a 1-year period. The ameliorative mechanisms were the dissolution of major alkaline matter in Pal (i.e. dolomite), and the exchange between released Ca2+ and Mg2+ with H+ in acidic soil. Hence, Pal can be used as a moderate acidic soil amendment.

scholarly journals Improving Soil Quality by Using Oil Palm Solid Waste Biochar

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
Darmawan Darmawan ◽  
Sari Handani ◽  
Ikhsanul Adli
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Water Holding

Solid waste and land degradation are two main problem faced by oil palm plantation in mineral soils. In order to get rid of these difficulties, a field experiment has conducted at re-planting stage of oil palm in PT. Tidar Kerinci Agung plantation. The objective of this study is to examine the potentiality of biochar made from empty bunch of oil palm on soil quality. Fifteen plots of 100 square meters were applied with the dose of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 Mg/ha biochar, respectively. The results show the treatment increase soil organic matter, total pore space, water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity. On the other hand, soil bulk density found decrease significantly along with the treatment. These results indicated that application of biochar might be a better choice for sustainable oil palm plantation in mineral soil.

scholarly journals 329 Evaluation of Textile Fiber Residues for Horticultural Use

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 448F-448
Author(s):  
D. Wees ◽  
R. Lowe ◽  
D. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
High Water ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Textile Fiber ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Potato Plantlets

Textile fiber residues spun into small (2 to 5 mm), soft pellets (Flocagro®), through a patented process, were evaluated for horticultural use. Pellets alone and in mixtures with other substrates, were assessed using standard criteria including cation exchange capacity (CEC), aeration porosity, bulk density, and water-holding capacity. The physical and chemical properties of these textile pellets were acceptable as a horticultural growing medium when mixed with substrates such as peat; it was light-weight, had a high water-holding capacity, moderately high aeration porosity, neutral pH, low inherent fertility, low buffering capacity, and mixed easily with other substrates. The potential of Flocagro® in potting mixtures for radish and tomato seedlings and micropropagated potato plantlets was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Soil Health Assessment of Two Regenerative Farming Practices on Sandy Soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Nan Xu ◽  
Jehangir H. Bhadha ◽  
Abul Rabbany ◽  
Stewart Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
Water Holding

The addition of organic amendments and cover cropping on sandy soils are regenerative farming practices that can potentially enhance soil health. South Florida mineral soils present low soil quality due to their sandy texture and low organic matter (OM) content. Few studies have focused on evaluating the effects of farm-based management regenerative practices in this region. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil properties associated with two regenerative farming practices - horse bedding application in combination with cover cropping (cowpea, Vigna unguiculata), compared to the practice of cover cropping only for two years. The soil quality indicators that were tested included soil pH, bulk density, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, OM, active carbon, soil protein and major nutrients (N, P, K). Results indicated no significant changes in soil pH, but a significant reduction in soil bulk density and a significant increase in maximum water holding capacity for both practices. Cation exchange capacity and the amounts of active carbon increased significantly after 1.5-year of the farming practices. Horse bedding application with cover cropping showed a significant 4% increase in OM during a short period. A significant increase in plant-available P was also observed under these two practices. Based on this study, horse bedding application as an organic amendment in conjunction with cover cropping provides an enhanced soil health effect compared to just cover cropping. As local growers explore farming option to improve soil health particularly during the fallow period using regenerative farming practices on sandy soils, these results will assist in their decision making.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of wheat and barley straw

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Anežka Sedmihradská ◽  
Michael Pohořelý ◽  
Petr Jevič ◽  
Siarhei Skoblia ◽  
Zdeněk Beňo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Practical Temperature

Pyrolysing agricultural crop residues and other biomass constitutes a newer method of transforming often difficult, waste materials into a novel type of soil amendment/additive. Simultaneously, this process also makes it possible to exploit part of the energy released in the agricultural production. Biochar, viewed as the solid product of biomass pyrolysis, is a remarkable, porous material, rich in carbon. Two agricultural crop residues, such as wheat and barley straw, were selected for the experimental studies. The results indicate that the practical temperature for the production of biochar from the two explored materials occurs in the vicinity of 600 °C. Starting at this temperature, the biochar produced complies safely with the principal European Biochar Certificate standards (EBC 2012). Thus, for the wheat straw and barley straw – originated char, the content of the carbon amounts to 67.2 and 67.0 mass %, the atomic ratio H : C is as large as 0.032 and 0.026, and the specific surface area amounts to 217 and 201 m<sup>2</sup>·g<sup>–1</sup>, respectively.

Study involving removal of azo dye Direct Orange 34 by adsorption in zeolite–clay system

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 609-615
Author(s):  
Mohuli Das ◽  
Sudipta Dasgupta ◽  
Marcos Antonio Klunk ◽  
Soyane Xavier Juceli Siqueira ◽  
Farid Chemale Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Clay System ◽  
Extensive Surface ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Dye Extraction

Recently, dyes have procured a wide range of application in the textile industry. These organic compounds possess toxic agents and act as water pollutants. Such dyes can be extracted by adsorption to prevent water pollution. The present work proposes removal of azo dye Direct Orange 34 from the aqueous solution using mixtures of sodalite zeolite (Si/Al ratio 2.5) and clay (vermiculite in 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 g). The methodology involves a system with different stages of separation, considering specified retention time (72, 48, 24, 12, 6 h) of adsorbate and dye concentrations (100, 50, 25, 10, 5 mg/L). The zeolite–vermiculite mixture has a high potential of dye removal due to extensive surface area and porosity with excellent cation exchange capacity conferring its adsorbent property. High concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L) and longer retention times than 48 h results in 50% removal of dyes, whereas a low concentration level (25, 10, 5 mg/L) increases the removal efficiency (74%). Henceforth, the experiment concluded that the zeolite–clay mixtures are capable of azo dye extraction.

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