scholarly journals Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses on Plant Metabolic Pathways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkanna Banothu ◽  
Addepally Uma
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Vanillyl Alcohol ◽  
Commercial Exploitation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Physiological Processes

Plants are prone to encounter some environmental stresses that include both biotic and abiotic. Plants in response to these stress conditions alter their metabolism at the genetic level with consequential effects at the metabolite production. Phenolic compounds, which are secondary metabolites are one such chemical entity which plays a significant role in various physiological processes of the plant. They are mainly formed by three different types of metabolic pathways that produce phenyl propanoid derivatives, flavonoids, terpenoids based on the needs of the plant and the rate of their production is solely dictated by the type of stress condition. A number of phenolic compounds like phytoalexins, phytoanticipins and nematicides exhibit negative response to biotic stress against several soil borne pathogens and nematodes. But some of the phenolic compounds like acetosyringone, umbelliferone, vanillyl alcohol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, apigenin and luteolin are found to exhibit beneficial effects to plants by encouraging rhizosphere formation particularly in Leguminosae family. Some of the ROS produced in various stress conditions are effectively dealt by various phenolics with antioxidant activity like hydroxyl benzoic acids and hydroxyl cinnamic acids. As the in vivo production of phenolics in plants is influenced by external factors it can certainly provide information for the adoption of agronomic practices to yield the full befits of commercial exploitation. As the in vivo production of phenolics in plants is influenced by external factors it can certainly provide information for the adoption of agronomic practices to yield the full befits of commercial exploitation.

scholarly journals The phenolic compounds of olive oil: structure, biological activity and beneficial effects on human health

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Tripoli ◽  
Marco Giammanco ◽  
Garden Tabacchi ◽  
Danila Di Majo ◽  
Santo Giammanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Mediterranean

AbstractThe Mediterranean diet is rich in vegetables, cereals, fruit, fish, milk, wine and olive oil and has salutary biological functions. Epidemiological studies have shown a lower incidence of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases and certain kinds of cancer in the Mediterranean area. Olive oil is the main source of fat, and the Mediterranean diet's healthy effects can in particular be attributed not only to the high relationship between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in olive oil but also to the antioxidant property of its phenolic compounds. The main phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, which give extra-virgin olive oil its bitter, pungent taste, have powerful antioxidant activity bothin vivoandin vitro. The present review focuses on recent works analysing the relationship between the structure of olive oil polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity. These compounds' possible beneficial effects are due to their antioxidant activity, which is related to the development of atherosclerosis and cancer, and to anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Effects of Protocatechuic Acid and Protocatechuic Aldehyde: Old Wine in a New Bottle

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Shijun Zhang ◽  
Zhibo Gai ◽  
Ting Gui ◽  
Juanli Chen ◽  
Qingfa Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Protocatechuic Acid ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Protocatechuic Aldehyde

Phenolic compounds are naturally present as secondary metabolites in plant-based sources such as fruits, vegetables, and spices. They have received considerable attention for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties for protection against many chronic disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. They are categorized into various groups based on their chemical structure and include phenolic acids, flavonoids, curcumins, tannins, and quinolones. Their structural variations contribute to their specific beneficial effects on human health. The antioxidant property of phenolic compounds protects against oxidative stress by up-regulation of endogenous antioxidants, scavenging free radicals, and anti-apoptotic activity. Protocatechuic acid (PCA; 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid) and protocatechuic aldehyde (PAL; 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde) are naturally occurring polyphenols found in vegetables, fruits, and herbs. PCA and PAL are the primary metabolites of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, which have been shown to possess pharmacological actions including antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of PCA and PAL by comprehensively summarizing their pharmacological properties reported to date, with an emphasis on their mechanisms of action and biological properties.

scholarly journals Influence of different morphological parts of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and its major secondary metabolite rutin on rumen fermentation in vitro

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Leiber ◽  
C. Kunz ◽  
M. Kreuzer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beneficial Effects

It was hypothesized that buckwheat, especially its flowers, influences foregut fermentation in ruminant animals because it is rich in phenolic compounds. The entire fresh aerial buckwheat herb, or its parts (leaves, stems, flowers and grain), were incubated for 24 h together with pure ryegrass (1:1, dry matter basis) in an in vitro ruminal fermentation system (Hohenheim Gas Test). Additionally ryegrass, supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5, or 50 mg rutin trihydrate/g dry matter, was incubated. Contents of extractable phenols (g/kg dry matter) were the highest in buckwheat flowers (88), followed by leaves (63), and the lowest in ryegrass (8). The levels of production of total gas and volatile fatty acids demonstrated that the nutritional value of buckwheat was slightly lower than that of ryegrass. Compared to ryegrass alone, ruminal transformation of dietary protein-N <br />into ammonia was lower with 50 mg rutin, buckwheat flowers and buckwheat leaves. Thus, these treatments appeared to have partly protected dietary protein from ruminal degradation. Rutin, at the highest level, buckwheat flowers and the total aerial fraction of the buckwheat plant suppressed methane per unit of total gas by &gt; 10%, either at elevated (rutin) or reduced total gas volume. This indicates that the ways of the influence on the ruminal fermentation pattern differed between pure rutin and buckwheat. In vivo studies have to confirm these potentially beneficial effects of buckwheat if used as forage for ruminants and clarify the role of further phenolic compounds present in buckwheat. Abbreviations: DM = dry matter, HGT = Hohenheim Gas Test, NDF = neutral detergent fibre, TEP = total extractable phenols, VFA = volatile fatty acids

scholarly journals Preharvest UV-C Hormesis Induces Key Genes Associated With Homeostasis, Growth and Defense in Lettuce Inoculated With Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadou Sidibé ◽  
Marie Thérèse Charles ◽  
Jean-François Lucier ◽  
Yanqun Xu ◽  
Carole Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
False Discovery ◽  
Ultraviolet C ◽  
Uv C

Preharvest application of hormetic doses of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) generates beneficial effects in plants. In this study, within 1 week, four UV-C treatments of 0.4 kJ/m2 were applied to 3-week-old lettuce seedlings. The leaves were inoculated with a virulent strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians (Xcv) 48 h after the last UV-C application. The extent of the disease was tracked over time and a transcriptomic analysis was performed on lettuce leaf samples. Samples of lettuce leaves, from both control and treated groups, were taken at two different times corresponding to T2, 48 h after the last UV-C treatment and T3, 24 h after inoculation (i.e., 72 h after the last UV-C treatment). A significant decrease in disease severity between the UV-C treated lettuce and the control was observed on days 4, 8, and 14 after pathogen inoculation. Data from the transcriptomic study revealed, that in response to the effect of UV-C alone and/or UV-C + Xcv, a total of 3828 genes were differentially regulated with fold change (|log2-FC|) &gt; 1.5 and false discovery rate (FDR) &lt; 0.05. Among these, of the 2270 genes of known function 1556 were upregulated and 714 were downregulated. A total of 10 candidate genes were verified by qPCR and were generally consistent with the transcriptomic results. The differentially expressed genes observed in lettuce under the conditions of the present study were associated with 14 different biological processes in the plant. These genes are involved in a series of metabolic pathways associated with the ability of lettuce treated with hormetic doses of UV-C to resume normal growth and to defend themselves against potential stressors. The results indicate that the hormetic dose of UV-C applied preharvest on lettuce in this study, can be considered as an eustress that does not interfere with the ability of the treated plants to carry on a set of key physiological processes namely: homeostasis, growth and defense.

scholarly journals Phenolic Compounds – An Emerging Group of Natural Compounds against Leukaemia: in vitro, in vivo and Clinical Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucienne Gatt ◽  
Pierre Schembri Wismayer
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
All Trans Retinoic Acid

Leukaemia is the most common cancer in children under 15 years of age as well as the most common blood cancer in people older than 55. The use of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in combination with arsenic trioxide (ATO) for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) respectively, have improved survival rates. However, new, natural therapies are constantly being sought after to overcome issues with resistance, side effects and specificity. As a result of their range of health benefits, including anticancer properties, phenolic compounds have been extensively studied over the past two decades. One on hand, in vitro and in vivo studies highlight both the inhibitory as well as differentiation inducing effects of phenolics on different leukaemia types. On the other hand, clinical trials to date have shown their beneficial effects (decrease in the absolute lymphocyte count and lymphadenopathy) in CLL (Chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia) patients. Promising therapeutic candidates for future use include epigallocatechin-3-gallate, coumarin, and gallic acid, with the latter ideally used in combination with the conventional drugs daunorubicin and cytarabine.

Platelet Microtubules in Clot Structure Formation and Contractile Force Generation: Investigation of a Controversy

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (01) ◽  
pp. 023-027 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Jen ◽  
L V McIntire
Keyword(s):  
Network Formation ◽  
Contractile Force ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Clot Retraction ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Fibrin Network ◽  
Two Parameters

SummaryWhether platelet microtubules are involved in clot retraction/ contraction has been controversial. To address this question we have simultaneously measured two clotting parameters, clot structural rigidity and isometric contractile force, using a rheological technique. For recalcified PRP clots these two parameters began rising together at about 15 min after CaCl2 addition. In the concentration range affecting microtubule organization in platelets, colchicine, vinca alkaloids and taxol demonstrated insignificant effects on both clotting parameters of a recalcified PRP clot. For PRP clots induced by adding small amounts of exogenous thrombin, the kinetic curves of clot rigidity were biphasic and without a lag time. The first phase corresponded to a platelet-independent network forming process, while the second phase corresponded to a platelet-dependent process. These PRP clots began generating contractile force at the onset of the second phase. For both rigidity and force parameters, only the second phase of clotting kinetics was retarded by microtubule affecting reagents. When PRP samples were clotted by adding a mixture of CaCl2 and thrombin, the second phase clotting was accelerated and became superimposed on the first phase. The inhibitory effects of micro tubule affecting reagents became less pronounced. Thrombin clotting of a two-component system (washed platelets/ purified fibrinogen) was also biphasic, with the second phase being microtubule-dependent. In conclusion, platelet microtubules are important in PRP clotted with low concentrations of thrombin, during which fibrin network formation precedes platelet-fibrin interactions. On the other hand they are unimportant if a PRP clot is induced by recalcification, during which the fibrin network is constructed in the presence of platelet-fibrin interactions. The latter is likely to be more analogous to physiological processes in vivo.

The Mechanisms Behind the Biological Activity of Flavonoids

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (39) ◽  
pp. 6976-6990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María González-Paramás ◽  
Begoña Ayuda-Durán ◽  
Sofía Martínez ◽  
Susana González-Manzano ◽  
Celestino Santos-Buelga
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Stress Theory ◽  
Radical Scavenging Properties

: Flavonoids are phenolic compounds widely distributed in the human diet. Their intake has been associated with a decreased risk of different diseases such as cancer, immune dysfunction or coronary heart disease. However, the knowledge about the mechanisms behind their in vivo activity is limited and still under discussion. For years, their bioactivity was associated with the direct antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of phenolic compounds, but nowadays this assumption is unlikely to explain their putative health effects, or at least to be the only explanation for them. New hypotheses about possible mechanisms have been postulated, including the influence of the interaction of polyphenols and gut microbiota and also the possibility that flavonoids or their metabolites could modify gene expression or act as potential modulators of intracellular signaling cascades. This paper reviews all these topics, from the classical view as antioxidants in the context of the Oxidative Stress theory to the most recent tendencies related with the modulation of redox signaling pathways, modification of gene expression or interactions with the intestinal microbiota. The use of C. elegans as a model organism for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in biological activity of flavonoids is also discussed.

Phenolic Acids Exert Anticholinesterase and Cognition-Improving Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Szwajgier ◽  
Ewa Baranowska-Wojcik ◽  
Kamila Borowiec
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Amyloid Β Peptide ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Aβ Fibrils

Numerous authors have provided evidence regarding the beneficial effects of phenolic acids and their derivatives against Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, the role of phenolic acids as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is discussed, including the structure-activity relationship. In addition, the inhibitory effect of phenolic acids on the formation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) fibrils is presented. We also cover the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies concerning the prevention and treatment of the cognitive enhancement.

Strategies to Protect Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Culture-Induced Stress Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Aerts-Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Induced Stress

: In contrast to their almost unlimited potential for expansion in vivo and despite years of dedicated research and optimization of expansion protocols, the expansion of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) in vitro remains remarkably limited. Increased understanding of the mechanisms that are involved in maintenance, expansion and differentiation of HSCs will enable the development of better protocols for expansion of HSCs. This will allow procurement of HSCs with long-term engraftment potential and a better understanding of the effects of the external influences in and on the hematopoietic niche that may affect HSC function. During collection and culture of HSCs, the cells are exposed to suboptimal conditions that may induce different levels of stress and ultimately affect their self-renewal, differentiation and long-term engraftment potential. Some of these stress factors include normoxia, oxidative stress, extra-physiologic oxygen shock/stress (EPHOSS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, replicative stress, and stress related to DNA damage. Coping with these stress factors may help reduce the negative effects of cell culture on HSC potential, provide a better understanding of the true impact of certain treatments in the absence of confounding stress factors. This may facilitate the development of better ex vivo expansion protocols of HSCs with long-term engraftment potential without induction of stem cell exhaustion by cellular senescence or loss of cell viability. This review summarizes some of available strategies that may be used to protect HSCs from culture-induced stress conditions.

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