scholarly journals Rumen function in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) after sub-maintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Rangifer ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Nilsson ◽  
Birgitta Åhman ◽  
Michael Murphy ◽  
Timo Soveri
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Ad Libitum

The aim of this experiment was to ascertain how different feeding strategies affect the rumen function of reindeer after nutritional deprivation. Rumen adaptation to various diets, after restricted feeding, was studied in 44 eight-month-old semi-domesticated female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). All animals were initially fed a simulated winter diet based on lichens (lichen diet). A control group, continuously offered the lichen diet ad libitum, was compared to four groups of reindeer that were first restrictively fed (half the ad libitum ration) for eight days followed by one day without feed. The rumen content of restrictively fed animals had higher pH, lower dry matter content and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, a changed composition of VFAs, and lower counts of bacteria compared to that of the control group. The effect was less dramatic than previously reported for reindeer starved for several days. On day 10, the four restrictively fed groups were introduced to different diets. One group was re-fed the lichen diet ad libitum and did not differ from the control group when the experiment ended after five weeks of feeding. Two groups were fed grain-based reindeer feed (pellets) combined with either lichens or grass silage, and one group was fed silage with a gradually increased addition of pellets. Diarrhoea and so called “wet belly” occurred initially in the three latter groups. After five weeks of feeding, the reindeer in the three pellet-fed groups had an altered composition of VFAs and higher counts of protozoa, and also tended to have higher total VFA concentration in the rumen, compared to the control animals and those re-fed the lichen diet. Only small changes were observed in the size of rumen papillae and these could be associated with energy intake. Protozoa decreased over time on the lichen diet. This study confirmed that rumen function was significantly affected by a relatively short period of restricted feed intake. The experiment also revealed a clear difference in rumen function between reindeer adapted to a lichen-based diet and those adjusted to basically grain-based diets. Bacteria that were utilising lichens were drastically reduced when the diet lacked lichens; consequently these bacteria may be regarded as a substrate-specific group.Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag:Vomfunktionen hos ren (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) efter begränsat födointag och påföljande utfodring Ett försök utfördes med syfte att ta reda på hur olika utfodringsstrategier påverkar vomfunktionerna hos ren (Rangifer t. tarandus) efter en period med lågt näringsintag. Vommens anpassning till olika dieter studerades hos 44 åtta månader gamla honkalvar Alla renarna gavs initialt en simulerad vinterdiet baserad på lav (lavdiet). En kontrollgrupp, som fick äta fritt av lavdieten under hela försöket, jämfördes med fyra grupper renar, som först utfodrades restriktivt med lavdieten (halva fodergivan jämfört med fri utfodring) under åtta dagar och sedan var helt utan foder under en dag. Vominnehåll från de restriktivt utfodrade renarna hade högre pH, lägre torrsubstans, lägre koncentration av flyktiga fettsyror (VFA), förändrad sammansättning av VFA och mindre mängd bakterier än vad som uppmättes i kontrollgruppen. Effekten var inte så dramatisk som den som tidigare rapporterats för renar som svultit flera dagar. Dag 10 sattes de fyra restriktivt utfodrade grupperna på olika dieter. En grupp utfodrades åter med lavdieten i fri mängd, och skiljde sig inte från kontrollgruppen när försöket avslutades efter fem veckors utfodring. Två grupper gavs spannmålsbaserat renfoder (pellets) kombinerat med antingen lav eller ensilage gjort på gräs, och en grupp gavs först enbart ensilage och därefter pellets i gradvis ökande mängd. Flera renar i de tre senare grupperna drabbades av diarré och så kallad ”blöt buk”. Efter fem veckors utfodring hade renarna i de tre pelletsutfodrade grupperna en ändrad sammansättning av VFA och mer protozooer, och tenderade även att ha högre total VFA-koncentration, än de två grupper som fick lavdiet. Endast små förändringar observerades i storleken på vompapiller, och dessa kunde kopplas till energiintag. Protozooerna minskade med tiden på lavdieten. Denna undersökning bekräftar att vomfunktionerna påverkas signifikant av en relativt kort period med minskat födointag. Undersökningen visar också en klar skillnad i vomfunktion mellan renar anpassade till lavdiet och dem som är anpassade till en i huvudsak spannmålsbaserad diet. Bakterier som växte på lav minskade drastiskt när laven uteslöts ur dieten; dessa bakterier kunde följaktligen betraktas som en substrat-specifik grupp.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF FEED RESTRICTION AT THE STARTER PHASE ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
M Tion ◽  
M. T. Orga ◽  
I. A. Adeka
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Ad Libitum

Two hundred and twenty five day old straight run broiler chicks were utilized in completely randomized design to test the effect of restricting feed intake of four groups of chicks to 92.5% 85.0%, 77.5% and 70.0% of the unrestricted (control) group in the starter phase and following adlibitum feeding for all groups in the finisher phase. The treatments were simply designated as A, B, C, D and E. The starter phase in which the restriction was carried out lasted 28 days and the finisher phase 42 days. Parameters evaluated during the starter and finisher phases included; growth rate, feed conversion ration and mortality rate. Results show gain in weight among all groups while the group fed diet B and the control had comparable weight gain at the starter phase. The percentage weight difference between the control and each of the other dietary groups was: 4.4%, 8.4%, 8.6% and 10.4% for the treatments B, C, D and E respectively. Feed gain ration improved as the level of restriction became stricter. Following ad-libitum feeding of all grops at the finisher phase, the feed restricted groups at the starter phase voraciously increased their feed intake, thus, producing comparable performance values with the unrestricted (control) group in weight gain in the 8th week of the study. Although birds in all groups averaged more than 2000g final live weight in 10weeks, significant differences exist between groups that were fed diets C, D, and E that were restricted at the starter phase, an indication that complete compensatory growth was not obtainable. Feed gain ration improved for restricted groups. Mortality rate did not show any trend attributable to levels of feed restriction. This study shows that broiler chicks fed restricted levels of balanced diet at the starter phase but later fed ad-libitum at the finisher phase could attain a finished weight of about 2000g or more at a market age of 10 weeks (70 days) with an improvement in feed gain ration.

scholarly journals Time-Restricted Feeding in Commercial Layer Chickens Improves Egg Quality in Old Age and Points to Lack of Adipostat Activity in Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesan Saibaba ◽  
Mark Ruzal ◽  
Dima Shinder ◽  
Sara Yosefi ◽  
Shelly Druyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Visceral Fat Accumulation ◽  
Ad Libitum

In mammals, time-restricted feeding (TRF) with no caloric restriction provides health benefits and extends longevity, usually with a minor (∼3%) or no reduction in total food consumption. In the current study, a TRF regimen of 6 h free access to food (08:00–14:00 h) was applied to Leghorn chickens from 25 to 86 weeks of age; control birds ate freely during the light hours (06:00–20:00 h). Unexpectedly, the TRF-treated birds consumed, on average, 11.7% less food than the controls. This was manifested by an average reduction of 9.6% in body weight, 2.6-fold in visceral fat accumulation, and 6.5% in egg weight. Hen-housed egg production was reduced by 3.6% in the TRF group compared with the control, along the first 40 weeks of the follow-up (P < 0.05), and changed into a tendency of 0.7% higher egg production thereafter. Several parameters of egg quality showed significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the TRF group compared with the controls. A comparison of diurnal patterns of feed consumption revealed a higher rate of hourly consumption in the TRF group and increased consumption before dark in the control group. In conclusion, the reduced feed intake in response to the TRF treatment and loss in visceral fat accumulation supports the lack of a strong adipostat activity in chickens and different appetite regulation mechanisms compared with mammals. Therefore, future TRF studies in chickens should be adjusted by extending the ad libitum time window. The lower feed intake by the TRF-treated chickens compared with the ad libitum-fed controls seems to reduce the efficiency of egg production. Nevertheless, the improved egg quality and persistence of egg lay at the older age suggest that similarly to mammals, the TRF treatment delayed at least some of the negative impacts associated with advanced age.

scholarly journals Comparison between grass-silages of different dry matter content fed to reindeer during winter

Rangifer ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Nilsson ◽  
Ingemar Olsson ◽  
Per Lingvall
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Significant Difference

A study was made of whether the dry matter content of silage influenced performance when 17-month-old male reindeer were fed solely silage outdoor during winter. Two kinds of round-baled silages with different wilting times were offered to the animals; low dry matter (LDM silage) with a mean of 39% DM, or high dry matter (HDM silage) with a mean of 53% DM. The 115 reindeer were allotted to slaughter at the start of the experiment in October or to be fed until slaughter in January or March. During the first three weeks of the experiment small amounts of lichens were mixed with the silages and the reindeer adapted to the feeding without problems. The daily intake of DM did not differ significantly between reindeer fed the LDM or the HDM silage despite a highly significant difference in daily silage intake. This resulted in small but significantly higher gains in live weight for animals fed the LDM silage, caused by increased weight of the rumen content. All groups of reindeer either retained or lost carcass weight during the experiment, and no improvements or differences were obtained between the kinds of silages in carcass assessment or gains in fat in the abdominal cavity. Animals slaughtered in January had a lower carcass weight and dressing percentage than reindeer slaughtered in October and March. Environmental conditions during the experiment were good but nonetheless mobbing and illness still occurred. The present results concur with those of earlier studies suggesting that it seems to be the bulk of the ration rather than the dry matter content of the silage that limits the intake.

scholarly journals Response of slow-growing chickens to feed restriction and effects on growth performance, blood constituents and immune markers

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef A Attia ◽  
Abd-Elhamid E Abd-Elhamid ◽  
Manal Mustafa ◽  
Mohammed A Al-Harthi ◽  
Mai Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Slow Growing

An experiment was conducted to study the response of a slow growing chickens breed “Sinai” to feed restriction (FR) and the effects on growth performance, blood constituents and immune markers using a total number of 60 unsexed 7-d-old chicks. Chickens were housed in battery brooders during d 1 to 35 of age and randomly distributed keeping similar initial body weight, in two FR treatment groups. During 0-6 d of age, chickens were fed ad libitum, a mash commercial diet. During d 7-14 of age, chickens were fed either 100 or 80 % of the daily amount of feed consumed by the control group during the previous day. From d 15 to d 35, chickens were fed ad libitum diets a mash commercial diet. At the end of the experiment, body weight gain on the FR regimen was significantly lower than that of the control group, but feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected. In addition, red blood cells parameters and white blood cells traits were not negatively affected. However, hemagglutination inhibition titter for New castle disease virus, monocyte and total cholesterol were significantly decreased by FR regimen, but blood plasma albumin and immunoglobulin A significantly increased. In conclusion, slow growing chickens could tolerate 27.2 % FR during the 2nd week of age without significant differences in feed intake and FCR for the whole period, and general health status and metabolic profiles indicating a compensatory growth during 15-35 d of age although growth was in favour to the unrestricted group. 

scholarly journals Effects of a blend of essential oils in milk replacer on performance, rumen fermentation, blood parameters and health scores of dairy heifers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana P. Campolina ◽  
Sandra G. Coelho ◽  
Anna Luiza Belli ◽  
Fernanda S. Machado ◽  
Luiz G. R. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Body Development ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate how the inclusion of a blend of essential oils in milk replacer (MR) affects different outcomes of dairy heifers. The outcomes evaluated: feed intake, performance, body development, blood cells and metabolites, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), rumen fermentation, fecal scores and respiratory scores. All outcomes were evaluated during pre-weaning (4 – 60 d of age), and carryover effects on post-weaning (61 – 90 d of age) periods. The experimental units utilized were 29 newborn Holstein × Gyr crossbred dairy heifers, with genetic composition of 5/8 or more Holstein and 3/8 or less Gyr and body weight (BW) at birth of 32.2 ± 5.2 kg. Experimental units were randomly assigned to either a control group (CON, n = 15) or a treatment group, consisting of supplementation of a blend of essential oils (BEO, n = 14) with1 g/d/calf (Apex Calf, Adisseo, China). During the pre-weaning phase, all heifers were fed 5 L of MR/d reconstituted at 15% (dry matter basis), divided into two equal meals. Water and starter were provided ad libitum. During the post-weaning, animals received a maximum 3 kg of starter/d, and ad libitum corn silage, divided into two meals. The outcomes feed intake, fecal and respiratory scores were evaluated daily. BW was measured every three days, while body development was recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected on 0, 30 and 60 d of age for total blood cell count, weekly to determinate ß-hydroxybutyrate, urea and glucose, and biweekly for IGF-1. Ruminal parameters (pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia-N and acetate:proprionate proportion - C2:C3) were measured each 14 days. A randomized complete block design with an interaction between treatment and week was the experimental method of choice to test the hypothesis of effect of BEO on all outcomes. An ANOVA procedure was used for continuous outcomes and a non-parametric test was used for the ordered categorical outcomes both adopting a C.I. = 95%. Results indicated that there was not enough evidence to accept the alternative hypothesis of effect of BEO in MR on: feed intake, performance, body development and blood metabolites during both pre-weaning and post-weaning periods. However, results indicated that the inclusion of BEO in MR significantly affects the proportion of C2:C3 during pre and post-weaning (P ≤ 0.05). Similarly, the effect is significant for basophil (P ≤ 0.001) and platelet (P ≤ 0.05) counts in pre-weaning. The interaction between week and treatment was also significant for lymphocytes (P ≤ 0.001), revealing a long-term treatment immunological effect. Lastly, the effect on fecal scores was also significant (P ≤ 0.05) during pre-weaning, with lower values for BEO. BEO contributed for ruminal manipulation on pre-weaning and carry over effect on post-weaning; immunity improvement and a decrease morbidity of neonatal diarrhea in pre-weaning phase.

scholarly journals PSXI-6 Effects of different feeding strategies during gestation on the reproductive performance of crossbred Landrace-Yorkshire sows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 388-388
Author(s):  
Yuanfei Zhou ◽  
Jian Peng
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
North American ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Feeding Pattern ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
American System ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different feeding strategies during gestation on the reproductive performance of sows. A total of 1121 American Landrace-Yorkshire (YL) crossbred sows and parity from 1 to 4 were assigned randomly to “North American System” feeding pattern or “Danish System” feeding pattern during gestation basing on the backfat thickness and body weight. Sows received the same diet and fed ad libitum during lactation. Results showed that over the entire gestation period, there was also no difference in average daily feed intake and total feed intake between two groups (P > 0.05). “Danish System” group has significantly improved the backfat thickness at gestation 30 d (P < 0.01). At 110 d of gestation, there was no difference of the backfat thickness between two groups (P > 0.05). “Danish System” group had significantly increased the total number of born (P = 0.02) and born alive (P = 0.04). The number of total born (P = 0.04), stillborn (P = 0.05) and mummies (P = 0.02), had significantly different in between parities of sows. Mummies had significantly interaction effect (P = 0.01). No different was observed for the number of weaned pigs, litter weight at weaning, piglet weight, and weaning to oestrus interval between two groups. However, a significant increase of litter weight at weaning, piglet weight, was associated with increased parity of sow (P < 0.01). The results of the present investigation showed that “Danish System” group could significantly increase the litter size and number born alive. Our findings point to the importance that the Danish system can be applied to North American genotypes.

EFFECT OF LEVEL OF ALFALFA PELLETS ON INTAKE OF EARLY AND LATE HARVESTED TIMOTHY SILAGES OF DIFFERENT DRY MATTER CONTENT BY DAIRY COWS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. BURGESS ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
E. A. GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Timothy Grass ◽  
Ad Libitum

Two experiments were carried out, using 36 lactating Holstein cows, to determine the effect of three levels (0, 4.5 and 9.0 kg/day) of alfalfa pellets (AP) on the ad libitum consumption of early and late harvested timothy grass silages of different dry matter (DM) content. Cows consumed significantly more wilted than nonwilted silage DM for both the early and late harvested grass, although milk yields were similar for both groups. For the early harvested, wilted and nonwilted silages, feeding AP did not significantly depress silage DM intake until a level of 9.0 kg/day was reached. Total ration DM intake increased significantly with each increment of AP. With the late harvested silages, AP at the 9.0 kg/day level reduced nonwilted silage DM intake while with the wilted silage each increase of AP significantly lowered silage DM intake. Both the 4.5 and 9.0 kg/day of AP increased total DM consumption with the nonwilted silage but 9.0 kg/day of AP was required to significantly increase total DM intake for cows fed the late harvested, wilted silage. Milk yield and milk composition were not changed by the level of AP supplementation or the type of silage fed.

scholarly journals EVALUASI KANDUNGAN BAHAN KERING, BAHAN ORGANIK DAN PROTEIN KASAR PELEPAH SAWIT FERMENTASI DENGAN PENAMBAHAN SUMBER KARBOHIDRAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Astuti ◽  
M N Rofiq ◽  
Nurhaita Nurhaita
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Content Factor

This research was aimed to evaluate the content of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein of palm oil fronds as an alternative feed substitution of native grass, which was enhanced through fermentation biotechnological innovation with the addition of carbohydrate soluble.  Fermentation palm oil frond done using local microorganisms resources rumen content andLactobacillus. The experimental design used was factorial on complete randomized design 2x3 with 3 replication each treatment.   Factor A were the  source of inoculums fermentation, A1=. lactobacillus, A2= local microorganisms resources rumen content.  Factor B were the source of soluble carbohydrates where B1 = without a carbohydrates, rice B2 = e bran, B3 = tapioca starch.  Parameters measured were content of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein of palm oil fronds.  The results of this research showed that no interaction effect between the source of microorganisms with carbohydrates, and the treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on dry matter content.  No effect Factor A for all parameters while the  factors B Influential were significantly (P < 0.01) on the content of organic matter and crude protein.  The highest crude protein content in the fermented palm oil fronds with a source of carbohydrates from rice bran (6.55%)

scholarly journals Effect of tropical green forage Pueraria phaseoloides addition to a pelleted complete feed on rabbit growth performance and digestion

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
M. Kimsé ◽  
M.Y. Yapi ◽  
M. Karamoko ◽  
T. Gidenne ◽  
M. Zongo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Pueraria Phaseoloides ◽  
Ad Libitum

<p>The aim of this work was to study the effect of tropical green forage on rabbit growth performance and apparent digestibility. Thirty rabbits weaned at 35 d of age were individually caged and allotted to 2 dietary treatments. From 35 to 90 d of age, the control group C was fed <em>ad libitum</em> with commercial pelleted diet C only, while the test group was fed the C diet and forage <em>Pueraria phaseoloides</em> (Pp) <em>ad libitum</em>. Individual water and feed intake, body weight gain, nutrient apparent digestibility, red and white blood cells were studied. Mean housing temperature was 27.7°C. Water intake (35-90 d) did not differ between the 2 groups (mean=128 mL/d), whereas feed intake (35-90 d) was twice as high, with Pp (114 vs. 56 g; P=0.02). Forage intake doubled every 2 wk, averaging 50% of the total intake from 35 to 90 d of age. The growth rate was higher (+30%) in the Pp group after weaning (35-49 d) but did not differ between groups thereafter. The feed conversion was higher for the Pp group after weaning only (+ 87%; P&lt;0;05). Weight of rabbits and feed efficiency were not affected by forage addition. Organic matter digestibility of diet C alone was roughly twofold higher compared to C+Pp (P=0.03). Red blood cells were not affected by treatments (4.1×10<sup>12</sup> cells/L). However, the white blood cell count was higher in Pp than in C group (7.4×10<sup>9</sup> vs. 3.9×10<sup>9</sup> cells/L; P&lt;0.01). <em>P. phaseoloides</em> may be used as a complement to a balanced pelleted feed, but further studies with a large number of rabbits are necessary to analyse the potential impact on health status.</p>

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