scholarly journals DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUCONAZOLE MICROEMULSION FORMULATED WITH LEMONGRASS OIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Pavankumar K M ◽  
Parthiban S
Keyword(s):  
Ternary Phase Diagram ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Microemulsion Formulation ◽  
Lemongrass Oil ◽  
Antifungal Efficacy

The goal of the current investigation is to formulate Fluconazole loaded microemulsion (ME) with Lemongrass oil for deeper skin penetration and to obtain the dual benefit of drug and oil combination to improve antifungal efficacy of a drug with a reduced dose. We developed a Pseudo ternary phase diagram to identify the microemulsion zone by using the oil (clove oil), surfactant (Tween 20 and Tween 80), and co-surfactant (Propylene glycol) by water titration method. We formulated six different formulations (LM1 – LM6) by changing the oil/surfactant and cosurfactant ratio. The developed microemulsion formulation was characterized for various parameters % Transmittance, viscosity, pH, drug content, surface morphology, zeta potential, and in-vitro drug release study. The optimized microemulsion emulsion formulation is further converted into Microemulgel by dispersing the ME into 2% w/v Carbapol gel (LM-G) and further evaluated for various parameters. The antifungal efficacy was carried out for ME and Microemulgel by diffusion method against Candida albicans (MTCC no: 227) and compared with marketed gel which showed LM and LM-G have a better antifungal effect than marketed product, proved that the synergistic effect could be achieved by both clove oil and fluconazole drug by microemulsion formulation with deeper skin penetration effect.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF LEVOFLOXACIN LOADED MICROEMULSION FORMULATED WITH MUSTARD OIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Raghu Kumar H M ◽  
Parthiban S
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Microemulsion Formulation ◽  
Penetration Effect ◽  
Ternary Phase Diagrams

The aim of the current study is to develop Levofloxacin loaded microemulsion formulated with mustard oil for better skin penetration effect and to obtain combined effect of both the oil and the drug to improve the efficacy with a reduced dose. Primarily we developed a pseudo ternary phase diagrams to find out the region of microemulsion formation zone by using oil (mustard oil), surfactant (Tween 20 and Tween 80), and co-surfactant (propylene glycol) by water titration method. We formulated six different formulations (MM1-MM6) by varying the concentrations of the oil water and surfactant and cosurfactant ratio. The developed microemulsion formulation was characterized for various parameters % Transmittance, viscosity, pH, drug content, surface morphology, zeta potential, and in-vitro drug release study. The selected microemulsion formulation is further converted in to microemulgel by dispersing the ME into 2%w/W Carbopol gel (MM-G) and various parameters are evaluated for the gel. The antimicrobial efficacy was carried out for ME and Microemulgel by well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC: 737) compared with the standard streptomycin which showed that MM3 and MM-G have a better antimicrobial effect than standard proved that the drug levofloxacin and the mustard oil shows the synergistic effect in the Microemulsion formulation with better skin penetration effect.

scholarly journals Nanoencapsulation of clove oil and study of physico-chemical properties, cytotoxic, haemolytic and antioxidant activities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod G Nagaraju ◽  
Parineeta Sengupta ◽  
C. G. Poornima Priyadarshini ◽  
Pooja J Rao
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Vitro Release

AbstractThe therapeutic properties of clove oil is known for centuries, however, the pungent nature, chemical instability and low water solubility impose limitations in harnessing its therapeutic potential. Hence, nanoencapsulation of clove oil was performed to overcome the above constraints and control its in-vitro release. The stability of nanoemulsion depends on various factors where the surfactant and its hydrophile/lipofile balance (HLB) play a key role. The non-ionic surfactants Tween 20, 40 and 80 with HLB of 16.7, 15.6 and 15, respectively, were used to study the stability of clove oil nanoemulsion (CON). The creaming index of CON prepared with Tween 20, 40 and 80 was 22.75 and 17.5 and 1.5%, respectively, after 8 days of storage at room temperature. Tween 20 and 40 produced particles > 300 nm while Tween 80 resulted in particles of size ∼150 nm. Transmission electron microscopic image of spray dried CON prepared with Tween 80 showed particle size in the range 150-190 nm after one month of storage at room temperature. The in vitro release studies showed 76% and 42% cumulative release of CON and native clove oil (NC), respectively at pH 7.4. The cellular toxicity of CON was significantly reduced by four fold compared to NC at a concentration of 60 µg/mL when tested on Caco2 cells. Similarly, haemolytic activity on red blood cells revealed less than 10% haemolysis signifying the compatibility of CON for its nutraceutical applications. In addition, CON also exhibited higher in-vitro antioxidant compared to NC as shown by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Collectively, we have developed a unique method for NC nanoencapsulation using cost effective polysaccharide (maltodextrin) and surfactant for stabilizing the nanoemulsion for increased bioactivity.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF MICROEMULSION FORMULATION FOR ORAL DELIVERY OF ROSUVASTATIN CALCIUM

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Himanshu Paliwal ◽  
Ram Singh Solanki ◽  
Chetan Singh Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Microemulsion Formulation ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 400 ◽  
Rosuvastatin Calcium

The purpose of conducting this study was to prepare an oral microemulsion formulation of Rosuvastatin calcium (RC) to improve its water solubility. Oil in water microemulsion was formulated using Oleic acid, Tween 80 and Polyethylene Glycol-400(PEG-400) as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. The ideal proportion of surfactant: co-surfactant (Smix) was chosen by constructing pseudoternary diagrams. The microemulsion formulations which proved to be stable after thermodynamic stability testing were further evaluated for physical characteristics. Selected formulations were evaluated for droplet size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, viscosity and % drug content. The results were suggestive that optimized microemulsion formulation (F2) was thermodynamically stable and clear having a droplet size of 74.29 nm and zeta potential of -18.44.  In vitro dissolution study for optimized microemulsion was performed using a dialysis bag method and cumulative % drug release was determined. The result from the release study was indicative of improved solubility of Rosuvastatin calcium which may serve to boost up the oral bioavailability of drug.

scholarly journals A PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND IN VITRO SKIN PENETRATION OF MORUS ALBA ROOT EXTRACT NANOEMULSION

2019 ◽  
pp. 292-296
Author(s):  
MAZAYA FADHILA ◽  
ABDUL MUN IM ◽  
MAHDI JUFRI
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Morus Alba ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
In Vitro Skin Penetration ◽  
White Mulberry ◽  
Pseudoternary Phase Diagram

Objective: White mulberry (Morus alba) root extract has terpenoid, flavonoid, and stilbene compounds. The stilbenes, oxyresveratrol and resveratrol, have antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. Nanocarriers can help active ingredients to be delivered in a more efficient manner. The advantages of nanoemulsion on products include increased penetration, biocompatibility, and low toxicity due to its non-ionic properties and have the ability to combine the properties of lipophilic and hydrophilic active ingredients. The objective of this study was to prepare, characterize, and evaluate the in vitro skin penetration of M. alba root extract nanoemulsion. Methods: The M. alba root extract was prepared by ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction method. Nanoemulsion was optimized and prepared using virgin coconut oil (VCO), Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) by aqueous phase-titration method to construct pseudoternary phase diagram. M. alba root extract nanoemulsion was characterized for droplet size, viscosity, zeta potential, and physical stability tests for 12 weeks. In vitro skin penetration of oxyresveratrol from nanoemulsion was determined by the Franz diffusion cell and was compared by macroemulsion preparation, then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography method. Results: Based on pseudoternary phase diagram, nanoemulsion of white mulberry root extract contained of 2% VCO and 18% mixture of surfactant Tween 80 and PEG 400 (1:1) was chosen. Nanoemulsion has average globule size of 81.61 nm, with polydispersity index 0.22, and potential zeta −1.56 mV. The cumulative penetration of oxyresveratrol from nanoemulsion was 55.86 μg/cm2 with flux of 6.53 μg/cm2/h, while regular emulsion was 32.45 μg/cm2 with flux of 3.5501 μg/cm2/h. Conclusion: Nanoemulsion of white mulberry root extract was penetrated deeper than regular emulsion.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF TWEEN 80, PALM KERNEL OIL, AND ITS CONVERSION PRODUCT ON IN VITRO PENETRATION ENHANCEMENT OF INDOMETHACIN THROUGH RABBIT SKIN

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Anayanti Arianto ◽  
Rizki Amelia ◽  
Hakim Bangun
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Ointment Base

Objective: Objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of Tween 80, palm kernel oil (PKO), and its conversion products (hydrolyzed and transesterificated products) on the in vitro rabbit skin penetration of indomethacin from hydrocarbon ointment base.Materials and Methods: In vitro penetration of indomethacin through hairless rabbit skin from hydrocarbon ointment base (white petrolatum) was evaluated using a diffusion cell. The effects of Tween 80, PKO, and its conversion products at various concentrations were evaluated.Results: The higher of the concentration of Tween 80 until 5%, the higher of the indomethacin penetration. However, at the concentration above 5%, the penetration was decreased with the increasing concentration of Tween 80 used. The amount of indomethacin penetrated increased with the increasing of the concentration of PKO and its conversion products used. Hydrolyzed product showed the higher indomethacin penetration enhancing effect than PKO. Transesterificated product showed the highest penetration enhancing effect. However, the combination of Tween 80 with transesterificated product showed lower penetration enhancing effect compared to transesterificated product only.Conclusion: Tween 80 at low concentrations, PKO, and its conversion products could be used to enhance indomethacin penetration.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF TERPENES AS PENETRATION ENHANCERS ON THE RELEASE AND PERMEATION KINETICS OF MELOXICAM GELS FORMULATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Raj Kumari ◽  
Pallavi Matta ◽  
Meenakshi Sharma ◽  
Madhu Verma
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Enhancers ◽  
Peppermint Oil ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Rat Paw Edema ◽  
Lemongrass Oil ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Rat Paw

Introduction: The transdermal route of administration has been extensively accepted as one of the potential route for the local and systemic delivery of drugs. The greatest obstacle in drug absorption is the highly organized stratum corneum (SC), which hinder drug transport. The probable solution leads to inclusion of penetration enhancers for reversibly disorganizing the barrier characteristic of stratum corneum. Objective: The main objective of the research work was to study the influence of peppermint oil, lemongrass oil, clove oil and turpentine oil as penetration enhancers on the percutaneous absorption of Meloxicam (ME) from a Carbopol 934 based gel formulation. Materials and Methods: ME gel sample was divided into 5 batches i.e., F1, F2, F3, F4, F5. Except F1, all other batches were incorporated with penetration enhancers (5% w/w) namely peppermint oil, clove oil, lemongrass oil and turpentine oil. The formulations were further evaluated for in-vitro drug release studies using a standard cellophane membrane at 37± 0.5˚ C in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and a comparative anti-inflammatory activity was conducted using rat paw edema method. Result and Discussion: In-vitro permeation studies using a standard cellophane membrane showed that the rank order of enhancement ratio (ERflux) for Meloxicam as peppermint oil (1.414) > clove oil (1.353) > lemongrass oil (1.326) > turpentine oil (1.272) proving peppermint oil as the most competent penetration enhancer for Meloxicam. Further In- vivo anti-inflammatory activity were carried out using the standard rat paw edema method. The in vivo studies revealed that gel containing peppermint, clove, lemongrass and turpentine exhibited 2.53, 2.0, 1.9 and 1.38 times higher anti-inflammatory effect as compared to meloxicam (standard). Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that all the 4 terpenes significantly increases the permeation of meloxicam gels and can be used as effective penetration enhancers.

scholarly journals Essential oils in the management of soft rot of kale in the brazilian semiarid region

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Ferreira Queiroz ◽  
Meridiana Araujo Gonçalves Lima ◽  
Josineide Edinalva Pereira ◽  
Karol Alves Barroso ◽  
Cristiane Domingos Da Paz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Lemongrass Oil

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of essential oils on the control of soft rot of kale. Clove essential oil at 0.25%, lemongrass and palmarosa essential oils at 0.5%, melaleuca and orange essential oils at 0.75%, bergamot, rosemary, sage and ginger essential oils at 1% were evaluated for the in vitro inhibition of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis (Pcb) and control of soft rot of kale, sprayed 72 hours before or seven hours after inoculation. Clove, citronella, bergamot, rosemary, palmarosa, sage, melaleuca, and lemongrass oils completely inhibited the growth of Pcb. Lemongrass oil (0.5%) caused 0% of disease incidence (INC), providing 100% of disease control in both periods of inoculation. Clove oil (0.25%) showed a lower INC (25%) when applied after inoculation, providing a control percentage of 71.42%. The lemongrass and clove essential oils were analyzed by GC/FID (Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector) and by GC/MS (Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometer). The major components were eugenol (91,9%) for clove oil and citral, isometric mixture of neral (34,1%) and geranial (42,9%) for lemongrass oil. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lemongrass, clove oils and their major components (citral and eugenol, respectively) was determined by using a broth macrodilution technique, as well as they were evaluated at different concentrations on the control of soft rot of kale, sprayed according descriptions above. The MIC was 0.03125% for citral, and 0.0625 and 0.125% for lemongrass and clove oils, respectively. Eugenol didn't show MIC. Lemongrass oil at 0.125% (post-inoculation) and citral at 0.125% (pre and post-inoculation) provided the highest percentages of disease control (33.33, 50, and 100%, respectively). Clove oil at 0.125% (post-inoculation) showed better effectiveness than eugenol (0.25%), providing a percentage of disease control of 16.67%. Lemongrass and clove essential oils were the most effective in control of soft rot of kale, suggesting that these oils have a potential to be used as antibacterial agents.

scholarly journals Formulation and Evaluation of Galantamine Hydrobromide Proniosome Gel for Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-s) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Mohammed Sarfaraz ◽  
Tanvi Goel ◽  
H. Doddayya
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Phase Separation ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Separation Method ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Drug Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Studies

Galantamine hydrobromide is formulated in tablets and capsules prescribed through oral delivery for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. However, oral delivery of drugs can cause severe side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal disturbance. In the present research work, Galantamine hydrobromide is formulated as proniosome gel by Coacervation phase separation method using different surfactants such as Tweens and Spans. Overall eight formulations were developed and evaluated for various parameters. The prepared gels were viewed by naked eye to observe the colour of gel. Microscopical observations of the gels showed vesicles of optimum size from 3.030 mm (P2) - 3.735 mm (P5). The gel also showed optimum rate of spontaneity in the range 9.60 mm3x1000 (P7) to 11.80 mm3x1000 (P4) and entrapment efficiency of vesicles in the range 66.15% (P5) to 86.92% (P3). The gels had pH in suitable range of skin (5.92-6.9). The in vitro drug diffusion studies revealed that the drug diffusion was affected by the various surfactants used. The rank order of surfactant effect on in-vitro drug diffusion was Tween 80 > Tween 60 > Tween 40 >Tween 20 > Span 80 > Span 60 > Span 40 > Span 20. The proniosomal gel containing Tween 80 showed maximum drug diffusion (99.24%) and the gel containing Span 20 showed minimum drug diffusion (71.74%). FT-IR studies of optimized proniosome gel P8 revealed the absence of any chemical interactions between drug and carriers used. Keywords: Galantamine hydrobromide, Proniosome gel, Coacervation phase separation method,   Surfactants, in vitro drug diffusion studies.

scholarly journals Effect of Photosensitization on Inactivation of Aspergillus flavus in Maize

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Rafael Nguenha ◽  
Maral Seidi Damyeh ◽  
Hung T. Hong ◽  
Yasmina Sultanbawa
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Maize Kernel ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Maize Kernels

Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain types of fungi thatcontaminate food and feed, posing serious health risks to human and livestock. Photosensitizationis a light-based technique, which has emerged as a novel and promising green technology to controlmicrobial growth in food and feed. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of solvent mediumincluding ethanol (EtOH), 50% (v/v) propylene glycol (PG), 20 % (v/v) tween 20 (TW-20), and 20 %(v/v) tween 80 (TW-80), on curcumin-mediated photosensitization to inactivate Aspergillus flavusspores in vitro and on the surface of yellow and white maize kernel and flour. Results showed areduction in the phototoxic activity of curcumin in TW-20 and TW-80. However, curcumin-basedphotosensitization using EtOH and PG as solvents led to a significant decrease in the colony formingability of A. flavus spores in vitro, up to 2.04 and 3.33 log colony-forming unit (CFU), respectively.Interestingly, fungal growth was delayed in photosensitized maize kernel and flour for 14 and 7days, respectively, which were stored at 25 °C. Consequently, no Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was detectedin maize kernels after 20 days of storage at 25 °C, whereas accumulation of the toxin was reducedby 91% in photosensitized flour. Thus, photosensitization showed to be a potential alternative toreduce A. flavus contamination on maize kernel and flour, giving rise to low concentrations of AFB1.This technique has the potential for use in feed applications resulting in the reduction of postharvestlosses in maize.

Comparative Study Between Two Different High-Energy Emulsification Strategies for the Preparation of Bio-Oil Based Nanoemulsion

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 5953-5959
Author(s):  
J. S Swathy ◽  
Prabhakar Mishra ◽  
Amitava Mukherjee ◽  
Natarajan Chandrasekaran
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Pressure Homogenization ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Antimicrobial Potential ◽  
The Comparative Study

The current experimentation deals about the comparative study of two different high-energy emulsification techniques used for nanoemulsion formulation. The preparation of clove oil nanoemulsion accomplished through high-energy methods such as ultrasonication and high pressure homogenization. The coarse emulsion formed after mixing the oil phase consisting of clove oil and the aqueous phase comprising of Tween 80 and Milli-Q water was subjected to the both high energy method in order to compare the efficiency. The comparative study was carried out based on droplet size, nanoemulsion stability and its antimicrobial potential. Significant differences has been observed in the droplet size and antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion prepared by ultrasonication and high pressure homogenization. The nanoemulsion prepared from high pressure homogenizer exhibit good stability compared to nanoemulsion prepared using ultrasonication technique, with a low droplet size. Further the antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsion prepared via ultrasonication and high pressure homogenization was evaluated against bacterial pathogen P. alcaligenes (in-vitro studies), among which nanoemulsion prepared through high pressure homogenization exhibited significant antimicrobial potential. Therefore the nanoemulsion prepared using high pressure homogenization showed effective antimicrobial potential against P. alcaligenes with low droplet size and higher stability.

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