scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling of Transmission Dynamics with Periodic Contact Rate and Control by Different Vaccination Rates of Hepatitis B Infection in Ghana

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-75
Author(s):  
Ali Abubakar ◽  
Reindorf Nartey Borkor ◽  
Anas Musah ◽  
Frank Kofi Owusu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Contact Rate ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Periodic Contact ◽  
Health Decision ◽  
Chaotic Solution ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The paper evidenced that Hepatitis B infection is the world's deadliest liver infection and Vaccination is among the principal clinical strategies in fighting it. These have encouraged a lot of researchers to formulate mathematical models to accurately predict the mode of transmission and make deductions for better health decision-making processes. In this paper, an SEIR model is used to model the transmission of the Hepatitis B infection with periodic contact rate and examine the impact of vaccination. The model was validated using estimated data in Ghana and simulated in a MATLAB environment. The results showed that the vaccination rate has a great impact on the transmission mode of the Hepatitis B infection and the periodic contact rate may lead to a chaotic solution which could result in an uncontrolled spreading of the infection. It is concluded that even if the vaccination rate is 70%, the infection rate would reduce to the minimum barest so more newborns must be vaccinated.

scholarly journals The Effect of Vaccination Rates on the Infection of COVID-19 under the Vaccination Rate below the Herd Immunity Threshold

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7491
Author(s):  
Yi-Tui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Although vaccination is carried out worldwide, the vaccination rate varies greatly. As of 24 May 2021, in some countries, the proportion of the population fully vaccinated against COVID-19 has exceeded 50%, but in many countries, this proportion is still very low, less than 1%. This article aims to explore the impact of vaccination on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the herd immunity of almost all countries in the world has not been reached, several countries were selected as sample cases by employing the following criteria: more than 60 vaccine doses per 100 people and a population of more than one million people. In the end, a total of eight countries/regions were selected, including Israel, the UAE, Chile, the United Kingdom, the United States, Hungary, and Qatar. The results find that vaccination has a major impact on reducing infection rates in all countries. However, the infection rate after vaccination showed two trends. One is an inverted U-shaped trend, and the other is an L-shaped trend. For those countries with an inverted U-shaped trend, the infection rate begins to decline when the vaccination rate reaches 1.46–50.91 doses per 100 people.

scholarly journals Beyond the diagnosis: a qualitative exploration of the experiences of persons with hepatitis B in the Accra Metropolis, Ghana

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e017665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Ampong Adjei ◽  
Florence Naab ◽  
Ernestina S Donkor
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Health Delivery ◽  
Mission Hospital ◽  
Health Delivery System ◽  
Qualitative Exploration ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveThis study explored the experiences of people with hepatitis B in the Accra metropolis.DesignThe study employed qualitative exploratory descriptive design with purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interview and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed using content analysis.SettingsParticipants were recruited from one government and one mission hospital in Ghana.ParticipantsFourteen individuals aged between 26 and 45 years with hepatitis B infection were interviewed.ResultsThe findings of the study showed that people with hepatitis B in the Accra metropolis were unclear about the impact of their infection. Furthermore, they experienced psychological and social problems especially when they were initially informed about their hepatitis B status. Sadness, fear, shock, shame and disbelief were some of the experiences reported by participants. Coping strategies adopted include religiosity, denial and lifestyle modification.ConclusionsIt is, therefore, necessary as a country to integrate hepatitis B counselling into the already existing HIV structures in the health delivery system to offer support for individuals diagnosed with hepatitis B. Furthermore, it is important to draw lessons from the process used in the diagnosis of HIV, particularly in ensuring that people provide consent for being tested.

scholarly journals Effect of a Community-Based Hepatitis B Virus Infection Detection Combined with Vaccination Program in China

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Xinyao Liu ◽  
Wuqi Qiu ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Qian Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Community Based ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Series Completion ◽  
And Control

Evidence on the effectiveness of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection screening and vaccination programs remains rare in China. We used a quasi-experimental method, propensity score matching, to evaluate the effects of a community-based HBV infection detection combined with vaccination (HBVIDV) program in a pilot. Data were retrieved from the HBVIDV program implemented between July 2019 and June 2020. Outcomes were the difference between the treatment and control groups in hepatitis B vaccination (≥1 dose), hepatitis B vaccine series completion (≥3 doses), and serologic evidence of vaccine-mediated immunity. Altogether, 26,180 individuals were included, where 6160 (23.5%) individuals were assigned to the treatment group, and 20,020 (76.5%) individuals were assigned to the control group. After propensity score matching, 5793 individuals were matched. The rates of hepatitis B vaccination, hepatitis B vaccine series completion, and prevalence of vaccine-mediated immunity in the treatment and control groups were 29.0% vs. 17.8%, 22.1% vs. 13.1%, and 38.2% vs. 27.6%, respectively. The HBVIDV program was significantly associated with increased hepatitis B vaccination rate (OR, 1.884, 95% CI 1.725–2.057), hepatitis B vaccine series completion rate (OR, 1.872, 95% CI 1.696–2.065), and prevalence of vaccine-mediated immunity (OR, 1.623, 95% CI 1.501–1.755). The greater magnitude of association between HBVIDV program and outcomes was observed among adults aged 35–54 years and adults who live in rural areas. The HBVIDV program was effective in increasing the hepatitis B vaccination rate, hepatitis B vaccine series completion rate, and prevalence of vaccine-mediated immunity among adults in the pilot. Further focusing the program on special populations and regions may produce more effective results.

scholarly journals Simulating the impact of vaccination rates on the initial stages of a COVID-19 outbreak in New Zealand (Aotearoa) with a stochastic model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leighton M Watson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Aim: The August 2021 COVID-19 outbreak in Auckland has caused the New Zealand government to transition from an elimination strategy to suppression, which relies heavily on high vaccination rates in the population. As restrictions are eased and as COVID-19 leaks through the Auckland boundary, there is a need to understand how different levels of vaccination will impact the initial stages of COVID-19 outbreaks that are seeded around the country. Method: A stochastic branching process model is used to simulate the initial spread of a COVID-19 outbreak for different vaccination rates. Results: High vaccination rates are effective at minimizing the number of infections and hospitalizations. Increasing vaccination rates from 20% (approximate value at the start of the August 2021 outbreak) to 80% (approximate proposed target) of the total population can reduce the median number of infections that occur within the first four weeks of an outbreak from 1011 to 14 (25th and 75th quantiles of 545-1602 and 2-32 for V=20% and V=80%, respectively). As the vaccination rate increases, the number of breakthrough infections (infections in fully vaccinated individuals) and hospitalizations of vaccinated individuals increases. Unvaccinated individuals, however, are 3.3x more likely to be infected with COVID-19 and 25x more likely to be hospitalized. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the importance of vaccination in protecting individuals from COVID-19, preventing high caseloads, and minimizing the number of hospitalizations and hence limiting the pressure on the healthcare system.

Use Of A Mobile Cart Influenza Program For Vaccination Of Hospital Employees

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 918-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Sartor ◽  
Herve Tissot-Dupont ◽  
Christine Zandotti ◽  
Francoise Martin ◽  
Pierre Roques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Vaccination Acceptance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Haenszel Test

AbstractObjective:Rates of annual influenza vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) remained low in our university hospital. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of a mobile cart influenza vaccination program on HCW vaccination.Methods:From 2000 to 2002, the employee health service continued its annual influenza vaccination program and the mobile cart program was implemented throughout the institution. This program offered influenza vaccination to all employees directly on the units. Each employee completed a questionnaire. Vaccination rates were analyzed using the Mantel–Haenszel test.Results:The program proposed vaccination to 50% to 56% of the employees. Among the nonvaccinated employees, 52% to 53% agreed to be vaccinated. The compliance with vaccination varied from 61% to 77% among physicians and medical students and from 38% to 55% among nurses and other employees. Vaccination of the chief or associate professor of the unit was associated with a higher vaccination rate of the medical staff (P < .01). Altogether, the vaccination program led to an increase in influenza vaccination among employees from 6% in 1998 and 7% in 1999 before the mobile cart program to 32% in 2000, 35% in 2001, and 32% in 2002 (P < .001).Conclusions:The mobile cart program was associated with a significantly increased vaccination acceptance. Our study was able to identify HCW groups for which the mobile cart was effective and highlight the role of the unit head in its success.

scholarly journals The influence of a community intervention on influenza vaccination knowledge and behavior among diabetic patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Tao ◽  
Ming Lu ◽  
Xiaoning Wang ◽  
Xiaoyan Han ◽  
Shuming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract Background This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of a comprehensive community intervention on cognition and inoculation behaviors of diabetic patients immunized with influenza vaccine. Methods A total of 1538 diabetic patients aged 35 years and above for outpatient visits and follow-up treatments were selected from six community health service centers (three for the experimental group, and the other three for the control group) in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Comprehensive interventions applied to the experimental group include patient intervention and community climate interventions. We compared the total awareness of influenza vaccine knowledge and influenza vaccination rates between the two groups before and after the intervention. Results Before the intervention, the total awareness rate of influenza vaccine in the experimental group and the control group was similar (50.6 and 50.2%, respectively. P = 0.171). After the intervention, the awareness rate of influenza vaccine in the experimental group and the control group increased. The amplitude of the increase was similar (70.3 and 70.1%, respectively. P = 0.822,). Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the influenza vaccination rate between the experimental group and the control group (29.0 and 26.8%, respectively. P = 0.334). After the intervention, the vaccination rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (The vaccination rate 45.8 and 27.4% for the experimental group and the control group, respectively. P < 0.001). Conclusion Comprehensive community interventions had a positive effect on vaccination in diabetic patients. Trial registration ChiCTR1900025194, registered in Aug,16th, 2019. Retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Climate-Driven Trends in Pathogen Spectrum of HFMD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhicheng Du ◽  
Yong Huang ◽  
Wayne R. Lawrence ◽  
Jianxiong Xu ◽  
Zhicong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
And Control ◽  
Log Ratio ◽  
Pathogen Spectrum

Abstract Background: Pathogen spectrum is vital during infectious disease epidemics. However, the role of pathogen spectrum during hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics and the major contributing factors remains unknown.Methods: HFMD cases from 2016 to 2018 in Guangzhou, China were collected. The relationship between HFMD cases and pathogen spectrum, as well as the association between pathogen spectrum and climate factors were studied using general linear models. We transformed the pathogen spectrum to the isometric log-ratio (ILR) components included in the model. Additionlly, vaccination rates were adjusted in the climate driven models.Results: We observed seasonal trends in HFMD cases, pathogen spectrum, and climate factors. The model regressing case numbers on pathogen spectrum revealed negative associations with both the ILRs of CAV16 (RR = 0.725, P<0.001) and EV71 (RR = 0.421, P<0.001). The model regressing pathogen spectrum on driven factors showed that the trends for EV71 proportions were inversely related to vaccination rate (%, β = -0.152, P=0.098) and temperature (°C , β = -0.065, P=0.004). Additionally, the trends for CVA16 proportions were inversely related to vaccination rate (%, β = -0.461, P=0.004) and temperature (°C , β = -0.068, P=0.031). The overall trends for pathogen spectrum showed that EV71 decreased significantly, while the trends for CVA16 increased annually.Conclusions: Our findings suggest a potential pathway for climate factors - pathogen spectrum - HFMD cases. Our study is practical and useful for targeted prevention and control, as well as provides environmental-based evidence.

scholarly journals Higher COVID-19 vaccination rates are linked to decreased county-level COVID-19 incidence across USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Puranik ◽  
AJ Venkatakrishnan ◽  
Colin Pawlowski ◽  
Bharathwaj Raghunathan ◽  
Eshwan Ramudu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
P Value ◽  
County Level ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The Impact

Real world evidence studies of mass vaccination across health systems have reaffirmed the safety1 and efficacy2,3 of the FDA-authorized mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. However, the impact of vaccination on community transmission remains to be characterized. Here, we compare the cumulative county-level vaccination rates with the corresponding COVID-19 incidence rates among 87 million individuals from 580 counties in the United States, including 12 million individuals who have received at least one vaccine dose. We find that cumulative county-level vaccination rate through March 1, 2021 is significantly associated with a concomitant decline in COVID-19 incidence (Spearman correlation ρ = −0.22, p-value = 8.3e-8), with stronger negative correlations in the Midwestern counties (ρ = −0.37, p-value = 1.3e-7) and Southern counties (ρ = −0.33, p-value = 4.5e-5) studied. Additionally, all examined US regions demonstrate significant negative correlations between cumulative COVID-19 incidence rate prior to the vaccine rollout and the decline in the COVID-19 incidence rate between December 1, 2020 and March 1, 2021, with the US western region being particularly striking (ρ = −0.66, p-value = 5.3e-37). However, the cumulative vaccination rate and cumulative incidence rate are noted to be statistically independent variables, emphasizing the need to continue the ongoing vaccination roll out at scale. Given confounders such as different coronavirus restrictions and mask mandates, varying population densities, and distinct levels of diagnostic testing and vaccine availabilities across US counties, we are advancing a public health resource to amplify transparency in vaccine efficacy monitoring (https://public.nferx.com/covid-monitor-lab/vaccinationcheck). Application of this resource highlights outliers like Dimmit county (Texas), where infection rates have increased significantly despite higher vaccination rates, ostensibly owing to amplified travel as a “vaccination hub”; as well as Henry county (Ohio) which encountered shipping delays leading to postponement of the vaccine clinics. This study underscores the importance of tying the ongoing vaccine rollout to a real-time monitor of spatio-temporal vaccine efficacy to help turn the tide of the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Counties with Lower Insurance Coverage and Housing Problems Are Associated with Both Slower Vaccine Rollout and Higher COVID-19 Incidence

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Gregory Donadio ◽  
Mayank Choudhary ◽  
Emily Lindemer ◽  
Colin Pawlowski ◽  
Venky Soundararajan
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
P Value ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Equitable vaccination distribution is a priority for outcompeting the transmission of COVID-19. Here, the impact of demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors on county-level vaccination rates and COVID-19 incidence changes is assessed. In particular, using data from 3142 US counties with over 328 million individuals, correlations were computed between cumulative vaccination rate and change in COVID-19 incidence from 1 December 2020 to 6 June 2021, with 44 different demographic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This correlation analysis was also performed using multivariate linear regression to adjust for age as a potential confounding variable. These correlation analyses demonstrated that counties with high levels of uninsured individuals have significantly lower COVID-19 vaccination rates (Spearman correlation: −0.460, p-value: <0.001). In addition, severe housing problems and high housing costs were strongly correlated with increased COVID-19 incidence (Spearman correlations: 0.335, 0.314, p-values: <0.001, <0.001). This study shows that socioeconomic factors are strongly correlated to both COVID-19 vaccination rates and incidence rates, underscoring the need to improve COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in marginalized communities.

scholarly journals The Impact of Healthcare Worker Influenza Vaccination on Nosocomial Influenza in a Tertiary Hospital: An Ecological Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wycliffe Enli Wei ◽  
Stephanie Fook-Chong ◽  
Wen Kai Chen ◽  
Maciej Piotr Chlebicki ◽  
Wee Hoe Gan
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Healthcare Worker ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: To protect hospitalized patients who are more susceptible to complications of influenza, seasonal influenza vaccination of healthcare workers (HCW) has been recommended internationally. However, its effectiveness is still being debated. To assess the effectiveness of HCW influenza vaccination, we performed an ecological study to evaluate the association between healthcare worker influenza vaccination and the incidence of nosocomial influenza in a tertiary hospital within Singapore between 2013-2018. Methods: Nosocomial influenza was defined by influenza among inpatients diagnosed 7 days or more post-admission by laboratory testing, while healthcare worker influenza vaccination rate was defined as the proportion of healthcare workers that was vaccinated at the end of each annual seasonal vaccination exercise. A modified Poisson regression was performed to assess the association between the HCW vaccination rates and monthly nosocomial influenza incidence rates. Results: Nosocomial influenza incidence rates followed the trend of non-nosocomial influenza, showing a predominant mid-year peak. Across 2,480,010 patient-days, there were 256 nosocomial influenza cases (1.03 per 10,000 patient-days). Controlling for background influenza activity and the number of influenza tests performed, no statistically significant association was observed between vaccination coverage and nosocomial influenza incidence rate although a protective effect was suggested (IRR 0.89, 95%CI:0.69-1.15, p =0.37). Conclusion: No significant association was observed between influenza vaccination rates and nosocomial influenza incidence rates, although a protective effect was suggested. Aligning local HCW vaccine timing and formulation to that of the Southern Hemisphere may improve effectiveness. HCW vaccination remains important but demonstrating its effectiveness in preventing nosocomial influenza is challenging.

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