Experimental Evidence of the Dependence of Oil Extraction Rate on Extraction Time and Structure of Generative Material

Background: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the extraction of oils from pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds and Moringa seeds have been carried out at temperatures of 56 and 54°C. The extraction process was found to be exothermic and the kinetic constants in the three cases determined. It was also observed that the rate of extraction was dependent on extraction time and structural organization of the seeds. The kinetic constants are expected to provide information on the structural organization (crystalline, smectic, nematic or amorphous) of the seeds generating these oils. The enthalpies and entropies of extraction were calculated and a comparison of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters obtained in the 3 cases was made. Aim and Objective: This work was designed to extract oils from pumpkin, sesame and Moringa seeds and to determine the kinetics and thermodynnamics of the extraction process at the given temperatures using petroleum ether as solvent. Methodology: Ten grammes of seeds powder have been introduced in cellulose porous cartridge of 33 X 205 mm and all has been put in soxhlet extractor. In a 1000 mL thrice necked bahloon- flash fitted of a thermometer, 450 mL of petroleum ether (40°-60°c, ϱ=0,65 kg/L) have been introduced as solvent. The fitting out of soxhlet has been done on heating skull cap (mark thermo scientific) in fixing temperature at 56°C(or 54°C for sesame) in balloon flask during a given extraction time. To maintain the temperature constant during the experiment, the heating skull cap has been covered of aluminium paper as heat insulating. The ambient temperature has been kept at 22-23°C. After a given extraction time, the cartridge has been taken up to be dried in the drying oven at 50°C during 24 hours in order to get rid of traces of solvent. The oil-solvent mixture collected in the 1000 mL thrice necked balloon-flask is submitted to rotary evaporator to remove the solvent and the balloon flask with extracted oil is introduced in the drying oven at 105°C during 3 hours to eliminate totally all the traces of humidity. After this step the balloon flask with oil is cooled in a dessicator and weighed. The difference between the balloon flask containing oil and the empty balloon flask determines the extracted oil mass at a t time in gramme. Results: The kinetic constants, enthalpies and entropies of the extraction process of the oils from the three different seeds were calculated and compared. In all cases, the rate of oil extraction was found to be directly proportional to time of extraction and structure of the seeds. Conclusion: The kinetic and thermodynamic study of the extraction of oils from pumpkin, sesame and Moringa seeds show that the extraction was an exothermic balanced phenomenon. The energy thus released by this operation can be used to perform mechanical or electrical work. As for the kinetic constants, they are greater in an amorphous body where the entropy is greater. In such a case, the oil extracted was much more under the same temperature and pressure conditions for a given solvent. Under these conditions, the extraction was dependent not only on time, but also on the structural organization of the material generating the oil.

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Central Composite Design, Kinetic Model, Thermodynamics, and Chemical Composition of Pomelo (Citrus Maxima (Burm.) Merr.) Essential Oil Extraction by Steam Distillation

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9112075 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 2075

Author(s):

Tan Phat Dao ◽

Thanh Viet Nguyen ◽

Thi Yen Nhi Tran ◽

Xuan Tien Le ◽

Ton Nu Thuy An ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Kinetic Model ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Rate Constant ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Pomelo Peel

Pomelo peel-derived essential oils have been gaining popularity due to greater demand for stress relief therapy or hair care therapy. In this study, we first performed optimization of parameters in the pomelo essential oil extraction process on a pilot scale to gain better insights for application in larger scale production. Then extraction kinetics, activation energy, thermodynamics, and essential oil quality during the extraction process were investigated during the steam distillation process. Three experimental conditions including material mass, steam flow rate, and extraction time were taken into consideration in response surface methodology (RSM) optimization. The optimal conditions were found as follows: sample weight of 422 g for one distillation batch, steam flow rate of 2.16 mL/min and extraction time of 106 min with the coefficient of determination R2 of 0.9812. The nonlinear kinetics demonstrated the compatibility of the kinetic model with simultaneous washing and unhindered diffusion with a washing rate constant of 0.1515 min−1 and a diffusion rate constant of 0.0236 min−1. The activation energy of the washing and diffusion process was 167.43 kJ.mol−1 and 96.25 kJ.mol−1, respectively. The thermodynamic value obtained at the ΔG° value was −35.02 kJ.mol−1. The quality of pomelo peel essential oil obtained by steam distillation was characterized by its high limonene content (96.996%), determined by GC-MS.

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Optimization and Kinetic Study of Soybean Oil Extraction Rate with Ternary Solvents Mixture

LAUTECH Journal of Civil and Environmental Studies ◽

10.36108/laujoces/1202.60.0160 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

A.I Usenu

Keyword(s):

Optimal Design ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Process Design ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Solvent Mixture ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Design Expert ◽

First Order

The rate of Soybean (Glycine max) oil (SBO) extraction with a ternary solvent mixture (water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) optimised with I-optimal Design (IOD) under the Mixture Methodology of the Design Expert (12.0.1.0). The data obtained were analysed statistically. The effect of extraction time (60-180 mins) and temperature (65-70 °C) on SBO was investigated and data obtained were used to evaluate the suitable kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the extraction. The maximum Rate of Oil Yield (32.35 mg/min) was achieved at the solvent mixture of 9.17% water, 6.67% ethanol, and 84.17% ethyl acetate. The Quadratic model best describes the Rate of Oil Yield, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9922 and an Adjusted R2 of 0.9825. The rate equation for the extraction process is a first-order reaction with ‘n’ value of 1.12756 (≅1.000) while the activation energy (Ea) and Arrhenius constant were 6508.1 kJ/mol and 38.901 s-1, respectively. The study has demonstrated the suitability of I-Optimal Design for the investigation of the Rate of Oil Yield from soybean and the result could be employed in oil extraction process design.

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STUDY ON MATHEMATICAL MODEL IN SIMULATING CYMBOPOGON WINTERIANUS ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTION BY STEAM DISTILLATION

Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering ◽

10.33736/jaspe.170.2016 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nik ‘Amirah Farhana Nik Ahmad Lutfi ◽

Mohd Farid Atan ◽

Nazeri Abdul Rahman ◽

Shanti Faridah Salleh ◽

Noraziah Abdul Wahab

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Process Variable ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Cymbopogon Winterianus

The main objective of this study is to improve the mathematical modelling of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil extraction by steam distillation proposed by Cassel and Vargas by minimum 5% error reduction. Two process variable of steam distillation which are extraction time and raw material state (dry or natural) has been optimized by using factorial experimental planning to obtain high yields of citronella essential oil from twig and leaves of lemongrass species Cymbopogon winterianus (C.winterianus). The optimal condition for maximum yield (0.942%) were found to be an extraction time, 4 hr, state, natural plant. The study of Cassel and Vargas was subsequently continued with five proposed kinetics model of the extraction process. The modelling of the extraction process is optimized by using one adjustable parameter of the model and the adequacy of the fit of the models to the experimental data are analyzed by using three statistical criteria that are correlation coefficient (r) ,the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean relative deviation modulus (E). The result has shown that the mathematical model developed by Ana based on mass transfer fundamentals is the optimum mathematical model for the extraction of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil by steam distillation.

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A Study on the Investigation of Diffusion Coefficient for Oil Extraction from Terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) Seeds

Current Physical Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1877946810666200129155312 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 144-153

Author(s):

Fatih Kaya ◽

Ahmet Özer

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Diffusion Coefficients ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Solvent Ratio ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Pistacia Terebinthus

Objective: In this study, the extraction of oil from Pistacia terebinthus L’s seeds grown in Elazig-TURKEY and called menengic in domestic region was investigated. Crude oil content of the seeds obtained from this region was determined as approximately 47% (w/w). Methods: Effects of the parameters such as extraction time, temperature, seeds/solvent ratio (dosage), the particle size of seeds and type of solvent were examined on the oil extraction yield. In this context, it has concluded that up to a certain point, the extraction time has increased the yield of oil extracted. But the extraction temperature showed activity as depending on the solvent type. Results: As expected, it has been observed that the yield of oil has decreased depending on the increase in particle size and dosage as well. The mathematical model obtained by solving Fick's second law under the appropriate boundary and initial conditions were used to calculate diffusion coefficients for the extraction process. Diffusion coefficients for the seeds with a particle size of 0.55 mm were found to be between 1.15x10-11 and 1.86x10-11 m2s-1. To compare the extraction yield of Pistacia terebinthus L’s seeds with that of sunflower at the same conditions, the diffusion coefficients of sunflower seeds were calculated in the range of 9.11x10-12 and 1.13x10-11 m2s-1. Conclusion: These figures show that the diffusion coefficients calculated for both oily seeds are nearly equivalent to each other. The fatty acid composition of extracted oil from Pistacia terebinthus L’s seeds was determined by GC-FID. The GC-FID results showed that oleic, linoleic (ω-6) and palmitic acid were main fatty acids in the oil obtained from menengic seeds.

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Optimization of Essential Oil Extraction Process of White Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Harvested in Phu Quoc Island, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2020.22480 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (11) ◽

pp. 2707-2712

Author(s):

Thien Hien Tran ◽

Thi Cam Quyen Ngo ◽

Hoang Duy Ngo ◽

Nguyen Huu Thuan Anh ◽

Ton Nu Thuy An ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Green Pepper ◽

White Pepper

Vietnam is a leading producer and exporter of products harvested from plants of the family Piperaceae such as green pepper, black pepper, red pepper and white pepper. In this study, an attempt is made to examine the essential oil extraction process with the material of white pepper grown and harvested in Phu Quoc island, Vietnam. To maximize essential oil production, three factors consisting the ratio of materials and solvents, extraction time and extraction temperature were selected and optimized. The surface response methodology optimization resulted the highest yield of 3.6%, achieved at the ratio of material and water ratio of 1:20 g/g, extraction time of 96 min and at 130 ºC. A high F values, low P values (< 0.0001), the determination coefficient (R2 = 0.9993) and a non-significant lack of fit suggested a strong correlation between actual and predicted values of the responses. The essential oil obtained was determined for chemical composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The GC-MS results showed that major constituents existing in the oil sample were limonene, 3-carene, sabinene, β-pinene, α-pinene and α-phellandrene, accounting for 27.059, 23.345, 17.903, 9.996, 5.167 and 4.588%, respectively.

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Kinetics of Oil Extraction from Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana)

ASM Science Journal ◽

10.32802/asmscj.2019.291 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Faiznur Mohd Fuad ◽

Wan Abdul Azim Wan Azzuddin

Keyword(s):

Solvent Extraction ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Logarithmic Model ◽

Aleurites Moluccana ◽

Kinetics Of

Oil from candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) was extracted using a solvent extraction technique. The influence of three parameters namely extraction time, extraction temperature as well as liquid to solid (L/S) ratio on the candlenut oil yield were studied to optimise the extraction conditions for achieving maximum oil yield. The maximum candlenut oil yield (35.67%) was achieved using methanol as a solvent at a temperature of 45oC for 80 min of extraction period. The optimum L/S ratio was 10ml/g. It was found that the candlenut oil yield increases with the increase of extraction time, extraction temperature and L/S ratio. Kinetics of solvent extraction of oil from candlenut was evaluated using Peleg’s model and Logarithmic model. The model parameters were calculated using the experimental data. The kinetics of candlenut oil extraction conforms very well to the Peleg’s model with a high R2 value of 0.9927 and low MRPD value of 1.827%. However, the Logarithmic model can fairly describe the candlenut oil extraction process with the values of R2 and MRPD of 0.9653 and 4.352%, respectively.

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Resource Recovery from Waste Coffee Grounds Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Technology for Bioenergy Production

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13071770 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1770 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Mofijur ◽

F. Kusumo ◽

I. M. Rizwanul Fattah ◽

H. M. Mahmudul ◽

M. G. Rasul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Edible Oils ◽

Infrared Absorption Spectrum ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Solvent Ratio ◽

Waste Products ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted ◽

Coffee Oil

Biodiesel is a proven alternative fuel that can serve as a substitute for petroleum diesel due to its renewability, non-toxicity, sulphur-free nature and superior lubricity. Waste-based non-edible oils are studied as potential biodiesel feedstocks owing to the focus on the valorisation of waste products. Instead of being treated as municipal waste, waste coffee grounds (WCG) can be utilised for oil extraction, thereby recovering an energy source in the form of biodiesel. This study evaluates oil extraction from WCG using ultrasonic and Soxhlet techniques, followed by biodiesel conversion using an ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process. It was found that n-hexane was the most effective solvent for the oil extraction process and ultrasonic-assisted technology offers a 13.5% higher yield compared to the conventional Soxhlet extraction process. Solid-to-solvent ratio and extraction time of the oil extraction process from the dried waste coffee grounds (DWCG) after the brewing process was optimised using the response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that predicted yield of 17.75 wt. % of coffee oil can be obtained using 1:30 w/v of the mass ratio of DWCG-ton-hexane and 34 min of extraction time when 32% amplitude was used. The model was verified by the experiment where 17.23 wt. % yield of coffee oil was achieved when the extraction process was carried out under optimal conditions. The infrared absorption spectrum analysis of WCG oil determined suitable functional groups for biodiesel conversion which was further treated using an ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process to successfully convert to biodiesel.

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Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Oil Extraction fromJatropha curcasL. Using Ethanol as a Solvent

International Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1155/2015/871236 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Silmara Bispo dos Santos ◽

Marcio Arêdes Martins ◽

Ana Lívia Caneschi ◽

Paulo Rafael Morette Aguilar ◽

Jane Sélia dos Reis Coimbra

Keyword(s):

Thermodynamic Parameters ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Transfer Model ◽

Average Particle ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Kinetic And Thermodynamic Parameters ◽

Moisture Contents

In the study the yield and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the oil extraction process fromJatropha curcasL. using ethanol as a solvent were evaluated for different temperatures, moisture contents of the solid phase, and particle sizes. The extraction process yield increased with contact time of solid particles with the solvent until reaching equilibrium (saturation of the solvent), for all the temperatures, moisture contents, and average particle sizes. These parameters significantly influenced (95% confidence) the extracted oil yield. A convective mass transfer model was used to simulate the extraction process and estimate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. For all conditions evaluated, values of oil yield in the liquid phase close to equilibrium were obtained in approximately 20 min. The variations of enthalpy and entropy were positive, indicating that the process is endothermic and irreversible. Values obtained for the variation in Gibbs free energy showed that the extraction process using ethanol as a solvent is spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable for the moisture content of 0%, where the smaller the average particle size the greater the spontaneity of the process.

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EKSTRAKSI PIGMEN ANTOSIANIN DARI KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v3i2.1502 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 25-29

Author(s):

Lidya Simanjuntak ◽

Chairina Sinaga ◽

Fatimah

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Ph Value ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Solvent Mixture ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Solvent Ratio ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Anthocyanin Pigment ◽

Anthocyanin Pigments ◽

Hylocereus Polyrhizus

Extraction of anthocyanin pigments from the red pitaya’s peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) has been done. Anthocyanin pigment from the red pitaya’s peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) can be used as an alternative for sinthetys dye. Extraction of anthocyanin pigments in this experiment is using maceration method. There are three independent variables used in this experiment, they are the type of solvent (distilled water, 95% ethanol, ethyl acetate and 10% citric acid), solvent ratios (1:2, 1:3 and 1:4,) and the time of extraction process (1, 2 and 3 days). This experiment aims to determine the right type of solvent, better solvent ratio and better extraction time that used to get anthocyanin pigments from red pitaya’s peel. The measurements in this experiment are based on the pH value, the absorbance value and anthocyanin pigment yield. The experimental results shows that the levels of anthocyanin pigments of red pitaya’s peel dissolved in a solvent mixture of distilled water plus 10% citric acid produce the highest level of anthocyanin pigment yield is 62.68% at pH 2 and the extraction time are 3 days.

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Proses Ekstraksi Minyak Alga Chlorella.sp menggunakan Metode Sokhletasi

Reka Buana Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil dan Teknik Kimia ◽

10.33366/rekabuana.v5i1.1555 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Yustia Wulandari Mirzayanti ◽

Dian Yanuarita Purwaningsih ◽

Siti Nur Faida ◽

Nurza Istifara

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Solvent Extraction ◽

Oil Content ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Reproductive Rate ◽

Acid Number ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Algae Oil

Chlorella.sp is a type of green algae and has no flagella. One of the advantages of algae Chlorella.sp is that it has a high reproductive rate. Chlorella.sp algae is one of the algae that has oil content from its body mass. This study aims to determine the effect of the amount of solvent, extraction time on the Chlorella.sp algae oil extraction process using methanol solvent through the sokhletation method. Also, knowing the composition of fatty acids and acid numbers from algae oil Chlorella.sp. The ratio of Chlorella.sp algae: the amount of methanol solvent used are 1: 6; 1: 9 and 1:12 gr/ml. Then for the extraction time variation are 4; 4,5; 5; 5.5 and 6 hours. Chlorella.sp algae oil extraction process using sokhletation method is carried out at 70oC. The best results through the% yield and number parameters obtained by 17.98% Chlorella.sp algae oil yield ratio of 1:12 and the extraction time for 5.5 hours. Chlorella.sp algae oil has an acid number of 3.14 mg NaOH/g. Based on the results of the GC-MS test it is known that Chlorella.sp algae are dominated by linoleic acid by 55.01%area. ABSTRAKChlorella.sp merupakan jenis alga berwarna hijau dan tidak memiliki flagella. Salah satu kelebihan dari alga Chlorella.sp yaitu memiliki tingkat reproduksi yang tinggi. Alga Chlorella.sp merupakan salah satu alga yang memiliki kandungan minyak dari massa tubuhnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jumlah pelarut, waktu ekstraksi pada proses ekstraksi minyak alga Chlorella.sp menggunakan pelarut methanol melalui metode sokhletasi. Selain itu, mengetahui komposisi asam lemak dan bilangan asam dari minyak alga Chlorella.sp. Variasi rasio perbandingan antara alga Chlorella.sp : jumlah pelarut metanol yang digunakan yaitu 1:6; 1:9 dan 1:12 gr/ml. kemudian untuk variasi waktu ekstraksi adalah 4; 4,5; 5; 5,5 dan 6 jam. Proses ekstraksi minyak alga Chlorella.sp menggunakan metode sokhletasi dilakukan pada temperatur 70oC. Hasil terbaik melalui parameter %yield dan bilangan diperoleh sebesar 17,98% yield minyak alga Chlorella.sp dengan ratio perbandingan 1:12 dan waktu ekatraksi selama 5,5 jam. Minyak alga Chlorella.sp memiliki bilangan asam sebesar 3,14 mgNaOH/g. Berdasarkan hasil uji GC-MS diketahui bahwa untuk alga jenis Chlorella.sp didominasi oleh asam linoleat sebesar 55,01%area.

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