scholarly journals In vitro, In vivo and In situ, Effect of Mancozeb 80 WP on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc., Causative Agent of Anthracnose of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Chad and Cameroon

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Ngoh Dooh Jules Patrice ◽  
Deurnaye Placide ◽  
Abdoul Madjerembe ◽  
Mbou T. Pavel Rony ◽  
Djongnang Gabriel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Cashew Tree

Aims: The aim of this work was to evaluate effect of Mancozeb 80 WP against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the agent responsible of anthracnose of cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale  L.). Study Design: The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed in Laboratory of  Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maroua during six months. Field trial was carried out in Kelo, Chad during three months. Methodology: Isolates were obtained from diseased organs (leaves and fruits) from Kélo in Chad and Maroua in Cameroon. The concentrations used in the laboratory were C1 (5 mg/ml), C2 (0.5 mg/ml), C3 (0.05 mg/ml), C4 (0.005 mg/ml), C5 (0.0 mg/ml). Radial growth, sporulation, conidial germination and pathogenicity were used to characterize and evaluate the effect of Mancozeb on the isolates in vitro. The preventive test was performed on three-month-old plants previously treated with Mancozeb. The concentration of 5 g/l was applied to the field and the incidence and severity were used to calculate the AUIPC (Area Under Disease Incidence Progress Curve) and AUSiPC (Area Under Disease Severity Index Progress Curve) curves. Results: Mancozeb reduced radial growth of all isolates at concentrations C1 (5 mg/ml), C2 (0.5 mg/ml) and C3 (0.05 mg/ml). The percentages of inhibition ranged from 50 to 100%. Mancozeb 80 WP completely (100%) inhibited the germination of C. gloeosporioides conidia in vitro. Mancozeb has protected cashew plants in vivo at the concentration C1 (5 mg/ml). AUIPC and AUSiPC were higher on control plants and lower on Mancozeb-treated plants. Conclusion: Mancozeb 80 WP may be associated in integrated pest management strategy against anthracnose.

scholarly journals Effet antifongique de deux extraits de plantes sur les agents pathogènes identifiés sur des fruits de l’anacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.) au Nord Cameroun

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1121-1139
Author(s):  
Aurélie Irène Claire Ngobisa Nyaka ◽  
Sine Nsangou Mfiya Zahrah Fadimatou ◽  
Camille Ulrich Dzoyem Dzokouo ◽  
Sali Bourou ◽  
Aoudou Yaouba
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Cashew Tree

L’anacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.), importante culture de rente, est confrontée à la menace de nombreux pathogènes qui entravent sa productivité au Cameroun. Dès lors, cette étude se propose de déterminer le potentiel d’une lutte biologique à base d’extraits végétaux sur les champignons pathogènes identifiés sur des fruits prélevés dans le bassin de la Benoué. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, l’identification des agents pathogènes des fruits, des tests de pathogénicité et l’évaluation de l’effet antifongique in vitro et in vivo des extraits de piments et de neem ont été effectués. Les résultats ont montré que ces fruits abritent une diversité d’espèces fongiques dont les principales sont Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Oïdium anacardii, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger et Phytophthora sp. Les tests de pathogénicité ont produit les symptômes des maladies observées sur le terrain. L’huile de neem et les extrait de piment ont inhibé totalement la croissance de C. gloeosporioides, O. anacardii et A. niger aux doses respectives de 7,5% v/v et 75 mg/ml. Cependant, l'huile de neem s'est avérée plus efficace. Ces résultats représentent des sources d'information précieuses pour l’implémentation d'une stratégie de lutte intégrée contre les agents pathogènes de l’anacardier à l’origine de la baisse de sa productivité, affectant ainsi son potentiel économique. English Title: Antifungal effect of two plant extracts on pathogens identified on fruits of Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) in North Cameroon The Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), an important cash crop, is challenged by the proliferation of pathogens that affect its productivity in Cameroon. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of a biological control based on plant extracts on pathogenic fungi identified on fruits collected in the Benoué basin. To achieve these objectives, identification of fruit pathogens, pathogenicity tests and evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effect of chilli and neem extracts were carried out. The results showed that these fruits harbour a diversity of fungal species, of which the main ones are Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Oïdium anacardii, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger and Phytophthora sp. The pathogenicity tests have generated the symptoms of the diseases observed in the field. Neem oil and chilli extracts completely inhibited the growth of C. gloeosporioides, O. anacardii and A. niger at doses of 7.5% v/v and 75 mg/ml respectively. However, neem oil proved to be more effective. These results represent valuable sources of information for the implementation of an integrated pest management strategy against cashew pathogens that impede the productivity of the tree, thereby affecting its economic potential.

scholarly journals SURVEY, VARIETAL REACTION AND CHEMICAL CONTROL OF STRAWBERRY CHARCOAL ROT IN EGYPT

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Ramadan A. Bakr ◽  
Abdullah S. Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Chemical Fungicides

A survey was carried out to know the occurrence of charcoal rot disease of strawberry caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in different selected locations representing different soil types during the growing season of strawberry in Badr and Kom Hamada Districts in El-Behira governorate, Egypt. Also, the effect of five chemical fungicides at five concentrations was determined in vitro and in vivo experiments against M. phaseolina compared to the control. A total of 69 strawberry samples collected from farmer’s fields. Disease incidence (DI) and percentage of disease incidence (PDI) and disease index were recorded. Results revealed that percentage of disease incidence varies among the surveyed locations. Macrophomina phaseolina isolates M3 and M4 were the most destructive isolates. Results indicate that the selected Four strawberry cultivars showed different susceptibility to charcoal rot and Festival was the high susceptible cultivar. Our findings revealed that at 100 ppm concentration the most of the fungicides used inhibited the M. phaseolina mycelium growth, however the higher rate was recorded with Sendo by 91.95 % followed by 91.12% in Rhizolex-T and the least rate was recorded with Ridomil gold plus by 31.67%. At 200 ppm Rhizolex-T gave the highest inhibition by 96.67%, followed by Sendo and Sandcur by 95.96 and 95.00 % respectively while Ridomil gold plus gave the least inhibition rate by 43.06%.Results illustrated that use of fungicides markedly increased the survival of strawberry plants. The highest plant survival percentage was recorded with Rhizolex-T by 80% followed Sendo by 60%, while least plants survival percentage was recorded with Ridomil gold plus by10% compared with infected untreated control.

scholarly journals Selecting Antagonistic Yeast for Postharvest Biocontrol of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Papaya Fruit and Possible Mechanisms Involved

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 760
Author(s):  
Hamizah Hassan ◽  
Mahmud Tengku Muda Mohamed ◽  
Siti Fairuz Yusoff ◽  
Erneeza Mohd Hata ◽  
Nor Elliza Tajidin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Anthracnose Disease ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Biocontrol Activity ◽  
Antagonistic Yeast

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes anthracnose disease in papaya fruit resulting in tremendous economic loss due to its latent infection. This study aimed to evaluate the biocontrol activity of antagonistic yeasts against C. gloeosporioides in papaya and determine the possible mechanism involved. One hundred and ten yeast strains were isolated from different parts of the papaya plant. Among them, only five strains, namely F001, F006, L003, FL013 and LP010, showed more than 55% radial growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides. These five potent yeast strains were further evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated that strain F001 had the strongest biocontrol activity based on spore germination and fungal growth inhibition. In vivo, the strain F001 caused 66.7% and 25% reductions in disease incidence and severity, respectively. Based on molecular identification, the strain F001 was confirmed as Trichosporon asahii. Despite there was no significant induction of defense enzyme activities found on the treated fruits, SEM observation showed direct attachment of T. asahii with the fungal hyphae and interfere in their establishment to the fruit surface. Based on these findings, the antagonistic yeast T. asahii strain F001 may be used as a potential natural biological control agent against anthracnose disease in papaya fruit.

scholarly journals Effect of Marine Bacteria and Ulvan on the Activity of Antioxidant Defense Enzymes and the Bio-Protection of Papaya Fruit against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto G. Chiquito-Contreras ◽  
Bernardo Murillo-Amador ◽  
Saul Carmona-Hernandez ◽  
Cesar J. Chiquito-Contreras ◽  
Luis G. Hernandez-Montiel
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Defense Enzyme ◽  
Lesion Diameter ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Enzyme

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is one of the most important diseases in papaya fruit. Its control has been achieved with synthetic fungicides, but the application of marine bacteria and the sulphated polysaccharide ulvan (structural description: β[1,4]-D-GlcA-α[1,4]-L-Rha 3 sulfate, β[1,4]-L-IdoA-α[1,4]-L-Rha 3 sulfate, β[1,4]-D-Xyl-α[1,4]-L-Rha 3 sulfate, and β[1,4]-D-Xyl 2-sulfate-α[1,4]-L-Rha 3 sulfate) from Ulva sp. can be an alternative in the use of agrochemicals. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effect in vitro and in vivo of two marine bacteria, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and ulvan in papaya fruit’s bio-protection against C. gloeosporioides. The capacity of marine bacteria to inhibit mycelial growth and phytopathogen spore germination in vitro through volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbohydrate competition was evaluated. Fruit was inoculated with bacteria, ulvan, and C. gloeosporioides and incubated at 25 °C and 90% of relative humidity (RH) for seven days. Disease incidence (%), lesion diameter (mm), and antioxidant defense enzyme activity (such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) were quantified. In vitro, C. gloeosporioides was inhibited by S. rhizophila and B. amyloliquefaciens. In vivo, disease incidence and the lesion diameter of anthracnose on papaya fruit were significantly reduced by marine bacteria and ulvan. Antioxidant defense enzyme activity played an important role in fruit bio-protection against C. gloeosporioides. The application of marine bacteria and ulvan can be an alternative in the sustainable postharvest management of papaya.

ANTITUMOR EFFECT OF COLLOIDAL SILVER BISILICATE IN EXPERIMENTAL IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 760-765
Author(s):  
Margarita Tyndyk ◽  
Irina Popovich ◽  
A. Malek ◽  
R. Samsonov ◽  
N. Germanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Ehrlich Carcinoma ◽  
In Vivo Experiments

The paper presents the results of the research on the antitumor activity of a new drug - atomic clusters of silver (ACS), the colloidal solution of nanostructured silver bisilicate Ag6Si2O7 with particles size of 1-2 nm in deionized water. In vitro studies to evaluate the effect of various ACS concentrations in human tumor cells cultures (breast cancer, colon carcinoma and prostate cancer) were conducted. The highest antitumor activity of ACS was observed in dilutions from 2.7 mg/l to 5.1 mg/l, resulting in the death of tumor cells in all studied cell cultures. In vivo experiments on transplanted Ehrlich carcinoma model in mice consuming 0.75 mg/kg ACS with drinking water revealed significant inhibition of tumor growth since the 14th day of experiment (maximally by 52% on the 28th day, p < 0.05) in comparison with control. Subcutaneous injections of 2.5 mg/kg ACS inhibited Ehrlich's tumor growth on the 7th and 10th days of the experiment (p < 0.05) as compared to control.

scholarly journals Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Current Findings,Challenges, and Future Applications

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Nader Kameli ◽  
Anya Dragojlovic-Kerkache ◽  
Paul Savelkoul ◽  
Frank R. Stassen
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Protocol Standardization ◽  
Insight Into

In recent years, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have gained the interest of many experts in fields such as microbiology and immunology, and research in this field has exponentially increased. These nano-sized particles have provided researchers with a number of interesting findings, making their application in human health and disease very promising. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that PDEVs can exhibit a multitude of effects, suggesting that these vesicles may have many potential future applications, including therapeutics and nano-delivery of compounds. While the preliminary results are promising, there are still some challenges to face, such as a lack of protocol standardization, as well as knowledge gaps that need to be filled. This review aims to discuss various aspects of PDEV knowledge, including their preliminary findings, challenges, and future uses, giving insight into the complexity of conducting research in this field.

scholarly journals Osteoprotective Effects of Loganic Acid on Osteoblastic and Osteoclastic Cells and Osteoporosis-Induced Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Eunkuk Park ◽  
Chang Gun Lee ◽  
Eunguk Lim ◽  
Seokjin Hwang ◽  
Seung Hee Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Osteoblastic Differentiation ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral Density Loss ◽  
In Vivo Experiments

Osteoporosis is a common disease caused by an imbalance of processes between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts in postmenopausal women. The roots of Gentiana lutea L. (GL) are reported to have beneficial effects on various human diseases related to liver functions and gastrointestinal motility, as well as on arthritis. Here, we fractionated and isolated bioactive constituent(s) responsible for anti-osteoporotic effects of GL root extract. A single phytochemical compound, loganic acid, was identified as a candidate osteoprotective agent. Its anti-osteoporotic effects were examined in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with loganic acid significantly increased osteoblastic differentiation in preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells by promoting alkaline phosphatase activity and increasing mRNA expression levels of bone metabolic markers such as Alpl, Bglap, and Sp7. However, loganic acid inhibited osteoclast differentiation of primary-cultured monocytes derived from mouse bone marrow. For in vivo experiments, the effect of loganic acid on ovariectomized (OVX) mice was examined for 12 weeks. Loganic acid prevented OVX-induced bone mineral density loss and improved bone structural properties in osteoporotic model mice. These results suggest that loganic acid may be a potential therapeutic candidate for treatment of osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Regorafenib-Attenuated, Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting the TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1985
Author(s):  
Xiaohe Li ◽  
Ling Ma ◽  
Kai Huang ◽  
Yuli Wei ◽  
Shida Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Tgf Β1

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal and age-related pulmonary disease. Nintedanib is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and one of the only two listed drugs against IPF. Regorafenib is a novel, orally active, multi-kinase inhibitor that has similar targets to nintedanib and is applied to treat colorectal cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumors in patients. In this study, we first identified that regorafenib could alleviate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. The in vivo experiments indicated that regorafenib suppresses collagen accumulation and myofibroblast activation. Further in vitro mechanism studies showed that regorafenib inhibits the activation and migration of myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix production, mainly through suppressing the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways. In vitro studies have also indicated that regorafenib could augment autophagy in myofibroblasts by suppressing TGF-β1/mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling, and could promote apoptosis in myofibroblasts. In conclusion, regorafenib attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β1 signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Bioactive Compounds from Herbal Medicine Targeting Multiple Myeloma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4451
Author(s):  
Coralia Cotoraci ◽  
Alina Ciceu ◽  
Alciona Sasu ◽  
Eftimie Miutescu ◽  
Anca Hermenean
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Inhibition Of Proliferation ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Hematological Cancers ◽  
Monoclonal Proteins

Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most widespread hematological cancers. It is characterized by a clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow and by the overproduction of monoclonal proteins. In recent years, the survival rate of patients with multiple myeloma has increased significantly due to the use of transplanted stem cells and of the new therapeutic agents that have significantly increased the survival rate, but it still cannot be completely cured and therefore the development of new therapeutic products is needed. Moreover, many patients have various side effects and face the development of drug resistance to current therapies. The purpose of this review is to highlight the bioactive active compounds (flavonoids) and herbal extracts which target dysregulated signaling pathway in MM, assessed by in vitro and in vivo experiments or clinical studies, in order to explore their healing potential targeting multiple myeloma. Mechanistically, they demonstrated the ability to promote cell cycle blockage and apoptosis or autophagy in cancer cells, as well as inhibition of proliferation/migration/tumor progression, inhibition of angiogenesis in the tumor vascular network. Current research provides valuable new information about the ability of flavonoids to enhance the apoptotic effects of antineoplastic drugs, thus providing viable therapeutic options based on combining conventional and non-conventional therapies in MM therapeutic protocols.

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