Juxtaposition on Discrete Covid-19 Vaccines: For Rudimentary and Pivotal Cognizance

This paper accomplishes an introduction to diverse types of vaccines against coronavirus. Many countries, researchers and pharmaceutical companies worked abundantly so that they could discover a safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19. In response to this, vaccines were discovered on a fast track mode and companies registered for an emergency use authorization, so that it would be helpful to society during pandemic. Manufacturers and various regulatory units are working tirelessly to develop, manufacture and deploy safe and effective vaccines. Scanty information is added on divergent COVID vaccines encompassing information related to the developer, vaccine class, description, efficacy rate, dosing, storage, permitted age groups and authorizations issued.

Effectiveness of Olive Oil with Virgin Coconut Oil on Pruritus Grade Scores Among Hemodialysis Patients

Hemodialysis is an action taken to treat various problems caused by Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Pruritus is a complication that often occurs due to hemodialysis, can cause injury to the skin, and interfere with patient comfort. Emollients are recommended to treat pruritus, where Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and Olive Oil (OO) are effective emollients to treat pruritus because they are easy to obtain, natural, and without side effects. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in the effectiveness of reducing pruritus grade scores in hemodialysis patients using VCO and OO. This study used a quasi-experiment with two groups pre-post test design. Samples were taken using the purposive sampling technique involving 72 patients undergoing hemodialysis which were divided into two groups (VCO and OO). The instrument used the score of the degree of pruritus and the data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. The results of the study obtained a p-value of 0.008 (<0.05) which means that there is a difference in the effectiveness of giving VCO with OO on the score of the degree of pruritus in patients, VCO is more effective in reducing the score of the degree of pruritus in patients. So that the use of VCO can be used as an alternative nurse intervention in the treatment of pruritus in hemodialysis patients. KEYWORDS: Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemodialysis, Olive Oil, Pruritus, Virgin Coconut Oil

The Analysis of Meteorological Factors and Ambient Air Quality (PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3) with the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Tangerang City, Indonesia During 2010-2019

Tangerang City is a city with a high population, vehicles, and industries, so the pollutant emissions in the air are increasing. It has a high contribution in the occurrence of ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection). These pollutants are PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3. In addition, meteorological factors such as air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind velocity, and the length of sun exposure also affect the occurrence of the disease. Research Purposes: The purpose of this research is to find out how the correlation between meteorological factors and ambient air quality with the incidence of ARI in Tangerang City during 2010 to 2019. Research Methodology: This research uses analytic observational research, quantitative approaches, and retrospective cohort study design, also ecological study. The population used as a sample is all the data of meteorological factors, ambient air quality, and the incidence of ARI in Tangerang City during 2010 to 2019. Correlation analysis was performed using regression correlation analysis, simple linear regression test, and multiple linear regression test. Research Result: The result showed that meteorological factors and ambient air quality associated with the incidence of ARI are relative humidity (p = 0,039), rainfall (p = 0,044), wind velocity (p = 0,033), the length of sun exposure (p = 0,042), PM10(p = 0,024), CO (p = 0,040), NO2(p = 0,049), and O3(p = 0,039). KEYWORDS: Meteorological factors, Ambient air quality, Acute respiratory infection (ARI)

Study on Zooplankton Diversity and Physico Chemical Parameter of Pampoo Pond of Madhupur, Jharkhand, India

Zooplankton are diverse in nature and they are found in almost all water bodies. The present study deals with the study of monthly changes of Zooplankton diversity and physico chemical parameters of Pampoo Pond of Madhupur, Jharkhand, India. Present study was carried out for a period of one-year from July 2019 to June 2020. Present study revealed 15 genera of Zooplankton from the fresh water pond belonging to the four groups namely Cladocera, Rotifera, Copepoda and Ostracoda. Among all four group maximum abundance of Cladocerans (34%) were observed. Five species of cladocerans, five species of copepods, three species of rotifers and two species of ostracods were observed. The population density order observed as cladocerans> copepods> rotifers> ostracods. Physico chemical parameters were analyzed as per methods described in APHA (1998) and was found under standard range. KEYWORDS: Zooplankton diversity, Physico chemical parameters, Pampoo Pond, water quality

Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern in Primary Care Practice in Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, Malaysia

Introduction: The emerging of antibiotic resistance has become a challenge to global health and there is a strong association between antibiotic consumption and incidence of resistance. One of the tools to monitor and identify antibiotic prescribing pattern is Point Prevalence Survey (PPS). Objectives: To determine the pattern of antibiotic prescribing in Primary Health Clinics (PHC) in Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya (FTKLP). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 17 PHCs in FTKLP using universal sampling. Data from prescriptions received were recorded in PPS-PC data collection form. The compliance of the antibiotics prescribed were determined via cross-referencing with the Malaysian National Antibiotic Guideline (NAG) 2014 and/or Clinical Pathway for Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in PHCs (CP) 2019. Results: A total of 338 prescriptions with antibiotics were received and the prescribing rate of antibiotics at the PHCs in FTKLP 2019 was 5.94%.Only 128 (37.9%) prescriptions with antibiotics prescribed were compliant with either the NAG or the CP while 33 (9.8%) prescriptions were found non-compliant with either guideline. Compliance of the remaining 177 prescriptions could not be determined due to non-specific diagnoses. The most commonly prescribed drug class was penicillin (n=198, 58.4%), followed by cephalosporins (n=80, 23.6%) and macrolides (n=41, 12%). Conclusion: This PPS study showed a low compliance of antibiotic prescribing to guidelines compared to recent studies and indicate the need for further action to be taken in order to improve antimicrobial prescribing in PHCs. KEYWORDS: Point prevalence survey, antibiotic, primary care

Visual Clustering Analysis of some traditional Mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties of Murshidabad District, West Bengal using Clust Vis web tool

A clustergram or a heatmap is one of several techniques that directly visualize data without the need for dimensionality reduction. Heatmap is a representation of data in the form of a map or diagram in which data values are represented as colours. Cluster heatmaps have high data density, allowing them to compact large amounts of information into a small space. “ClustVis”, is a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and Heatmap. Using this web tool, genetic relationships among the traditional mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties can be visualized. In this investigation ten (10) indigenous mango varieties were selected. These were elite varieties of Murshidabad viz. Anaras, Bhabani, Champa, Dilpasand, Kalabati, Kohinoor, Kohitoor, Molamjam. The morphological and biological characters were analyzed using this tool. Analysis and assessment of the current status of mango genetic resources will be important for ascertaining the relationship among traditional varieties. This data may be used for appropriate conservation and sustainable utilization measures. This information may also be needed to carry out breeding programs to develop improved cultivars for sustainable livelihoods of local communities.

The Implementation of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) in The Development Health Care System in Indonesia

The development of information technology is now growing rapidly, including in the health sector. According to WHO, medical record is an important compilation of facts about a patient's life and health. The development of information technology in medical records is the electronic medical record (EMR). Developed countries, such as the United States and Korea have implemented EMR for a long time. In developing countries such as Indonesia, the development of EMR is still in progress because its implementation requires many factors to build a system or replace from manual medical records. Eventually, it is hoped that in the future all health care will use the EMR to resume patient datas from admission to discharge. The purpose of this study is to analyse the implementation and preparation of EMR in health care in Indonesia. This study is a literature review on the implementation and preparation of EMR in health care in Indonesia. The review is dome from 28 literature sources (Google-Scholar database). Total of 8 articles were obtained from 2017 to 2021. The results show that there are benefits after switching to EMR, even though some health care only used EMR in certain units. The highest benefit is reducing the cost of duplicating paper for printing. Also there is still limited human resources and tools for implementing EMR in Indonesia. The implementation of this EMR will enable the improvements of the service quality of the health care itself, especially in Indonesia.

Role of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in Sustainable Agriculture: A Review

Agriculture has an enormous environmental footprint. One of the best ways to mitigate climate change is to create balanced food systems based on sustainable agriculture. To reduce the chemical dependence scientists are engineering crop plants for N 2 fixation and they are focused on the biological process BNF (Biological Nitrogen Fixation) for the needs of N2 for crop plant soils. N2 fixed by the BNF process reduces the production cost, Green House gas (GHG) emissions, pollution of surface and ground water. Several management practices are there which influence BNF process in agricultural system. They are N- fertilization species genotype and cultivar and seeding ratios. Better management practices can help to improve N2 fixation. This review highlights the agro-economic importance of BNF and shows it as a cost effective, non- polluting way to improve the soil fertility and crop production.

Abundance of microarthropods population in different sites of Midnapore east coast of West Bengal, India

Soil represents one of the most important reservoirs of biodiversity. Soil fauna is an important reservoir of biodiversity and plays an essential role in several soil ecosystem functions; furthermore it is often used to provide soil quality indicators. An ecological study of microarthropods communities from East Midnapore coast, West Bengal, India was undertaken. Four different biotopes were studied over the course of 30 months. A total 44 species of soil microarthropods were studied in details with regard to seasonal population fluctuation, variation in their community structure, relationship with physiochemical parameters of soil, life cycle pattern and their functional role in the ecosystem.

Effect of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Leaves against Cholesterol Levels in Wistar Rats with Atherogenic Diet

Introduction : The risk of atherosclerosis increases when elevated blood cholesterol levels. Flavonoids may help inhibit the absorption of fat, which indirectly helps in lower cholesterol levels.Flavonoids are widely available on the Andrographis paniculata leaves (APL).This study aims to examine the effect of flavonoids in APL stewto lower the cholesterol levels. Material and Methods: This research was carried out using five different groups of Wistarrats. Each group consists of five Wistar rats. Group (K-) received normal diet, group (K+) received atherogenic diet and three groups of atherogenic diets rats that pre-treated with three different doses (0.6, 1.2, and 2.4g/day) of APL leaf stew. APL stew is orally gavaged for 60 days. The cholesterol blood serum was analyzed using the CHOD-PAP method. Statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tukey. Results : The results showed a significant difference in cholesterol levels between the groups of theatherogenic diet with other treatment groups (p = 0.000).When compared with thenormal diet group, treatment with 1.2 g and 2.4 g of APL produce cholesterol levels not significantly different.APLstew has been shown to inhibit the elevated levels of serum cholesterol in male Wistar rats that fed with the atherogenic diet which contributed 54.8%.While fat intake increased the cholesterol level by 16.3%.Both APL stew and fat dose intake together affect the formation of cholesterol with a contribution of 69.2%. Conclusion : The dose that is considered as the most effective in lowering cholesterol is 2.4 g becauseit producescholesterol level closest to normal.