Characteristics of economically important traits of cows depending on their body built

A comparative evaluation of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows of friable and dense, delicate and rough body built have been carried out. The dynamics of their live weight during the growing period, exterior, milk productivity and reproductive ability were investigated. Heifers with dense body built compared to the animals with friable body built were characterized by higher live weight at the age of 3; 6; 9; 12; 15 and 18 months and at the first insemination by 5,4-47,9 kg. Heifers with delicate body bult compared to the cows of the same age with rough body built were dominated by a live weight during growing period by 2,0-24,4 kg. The average daily gain of heifers with dense body built was 665 g (+93 g compared to friable body bullt, P <0,01), average daily gain of heifers with delicate body bult was 624 g (+24 g compared to rough body built). The primiparous cows with friable body built had larger sizes than cows of the same age with dense body built. At the withers they were higher by 1,2 cm, they had an advantage in chest girth – 8,9 cm (P < 0,001), chest width and chest depth behind the shoulder – 3,2 cm (P < 0,001) and 2,0 cm (P < 0,05), respectively, chest width and chest depth behind the last rib – 3,1 cm (P < 0,01) and 2,6 cm (P < 0,001), chest length – 2,1 cm (P < 0,05 ). The primiparous cows with delicate and rough body built were characterized by less marked differences in body measurements. Cows with delicate body bult compared to the cows with rough body built were taller by 4,9 cm (P < 0,001), with deeper chest behind the shoulder –1,7 cm (P < 0,05) and with longer body (oblique body length was more on 1,3 cm). Cows with rough body built had significantly larger chest width behind the last rib – by 2,1 cm (P < 0,05) and metacarpus girth – by 0,7 cm (P < 0,01). Higher milk productivity has been observed in cows with dense and delicate body built. The primiparous cows with dense body built had higher 305-d milk yield on 117 kg, milk fat yield –on 6,2 kg, milk protein yield – on 4,2 kg, fat content and protein content in milk – on 0,02% and 0,01%, respectively. Between cows with delicate and rough body built difference in milk yield was 340 kg, milk fat yield and milk protein – 12,1 kg and 10,5 kg, respectively,fat content and protein content in milk had no differences. Better reproductive ability has been observed in cows with friable body built (open days – 157, calf crop percent – 85,5%) and rough body built (145 days and 85,9%, respectively), it meant in cows with body built, that had lower milk productivity. Taking into account the characteristics of cows with different body built makes it possible to optimize the selection process in a particular herd and directing the selection in the desired direction. Key words: cows, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed, body built, live weight, body measurements, milk productivity, reproduction ability.

Ajaran Tri Parartha dalam Kakawin Aji Palayon

<em><span lang="EN-US">Literary work is a life guide of the Balinese Hindu community that still exists until today. One type of traditional Balinese literary work that is rich in moral teachings, especially related to Tri Parartha is kakawin Aji Palayon. This paper seeks to uncover the teachings of Tri Parartha contained in Aji Palayon's kakawin literary work with a set of semiotic and religious theories supported by content analysis and descriptive analysis methods. The results of the analysis show that Kakawin Aji Palayon is a traditional Balinese literary work in the form of a song that tells about the journey of the atman since leaving the rough body until it reaches shunya laya (a place of eternal peace). On the journey the atman is also filled with the teachings of Tri Parartha, namely asih (compassion), punia (sacrifice / sincere gift), and bhakti (truth devotion) which is dominantly found in chapter 1, 3, and 6. With high wisdom and understand the teachings of Tri Parartha well, then the atman can pass through various kinds of obstacles and temptations, so that finally he reaches shunya laya (place of eternal peace).</span></em>

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THIRD-BODY PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN SLIDING CONTACT

An experiment is designed to study the third-body particle transport in a rough contact. To study the influence of particles in a pure form, it is assured that the first bodies have no contact and the sliding is very slow, so that the process can be considered as quasistatic. An example of sliding contact of a 3D printed “rough body” on small spheres artificially located on a rubber layer is presented. The trajectory of particles during the sliding is captured for studying their movement and the correlation to the fluctuation of normal and tangential force.

Ritus Kematian Masyarakat di Desa Tigawasa, Buleleng Bali

The process of death rites in Tigawasa village community is different from the Balinese death rite in general, where the Tigawasa community does not carry out the procession of arson, but burial. one tradition that is still maintained the tradition of singing ngelenjatang song in the process of death rites. The formulation of the problem in this research includes (1) how the procession of death rite of Tigawasa people, and (2) how the function and meaning of Tigawasa community death rite. The purpose of this research, among others (1) To understand and explain the procession of death rite, and (2) ) To understand and explain the function and meaning of the Tigawasa community death rite. The death rite of the Tigawasa community can be studied by applying the theory of intermediate rites and inaugural ceremonies by Van Gennep.While The concept used rites, death, and Tigawasa community. The research method used is qualitative method, with data collection covering the determination of informant, observation, interview, literature study, and data analysis. The results showed a death procession of less than twenty-four hours until the bodies were buried. In the implementation of the rituals performed in Tigawasa Village there is ngelenjatang tradition, which is a songung or chanting that is sacred by the local community. This plays an important role from beginning to end on the rite of death. The death rite found in Tigawasa Village community has its own function and meaning in the daily life of its people. The meaning of the rite of death is divided into three parts, namely the meaning of death rites in the life cycle, the meaning of ngelenjatang in society, and also the meaning of aspects of public confidence. In addition, the function of the death rite is also divided into three parts, namely the function of returning rough body elements to nature, solidarity function and integrity function for the community.

Analysis of the Thermo-Mechanical Coupling of Elasto-Plastic Rough Body during Rotating Process

A finite element model is developed to study the transient thermo-mechanical contact between a rough body and a flat body. The model consideres the heat flux coupling, the interaction among adjacent contact asperities and elasto-plastic deformation of the rough body. It is observed that the temperature / contact pressure / stress are coupled and fluctuate obviously when the interaction of contact asperities enhances. The fluctuation of the VonMises equivalent stress makes the equivalent plastic strain of the frictional surface layer accumulate continually which might cause fatigue wear and plastic deformation wear of the material when the frictional rotating process repeated.

Analysis of Contact Area Between an Elasto-Plastic Rough Body and a Flat Body Under Different Working Mode

A thermo-mechanical coupling contact model between a fractal rough body and a flat body is established. In the model, the heat flux coupling between the sliding surfaces and the effect of elasto-plastic deformation of the rough body are considered. To obtain the transient microcontact process between the rough body and the flat body during rotating sliding friction, the thermo-mechanical problem under this three-dimensional model is solved by the nonlinear finite element multi-physical methods. The comparisons of the real contact area are analyzed under two different working modes, including loading processes with and without frictional rotating. During the loading and rotating process, the shear stress and the total frictional force on the frictional rough interface, and the equivalent plastic strain of the contact asperity are larger. All these including the thermal expansion make the real contact area increase with the applied normal load much faster under the working mode of loading and rotating than it does under the only loading mode.