scholarly journals International Migration As A Driver Of Country Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Denys Pudryk
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Donor Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Destination Country ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Determinants

The expression of the country’s sustainable socio-political development is its achievement of macroeconomic stability, which, first of all, depends on the ability of the national economy to ensure the growth of macroeconomic indicators. It raises many questions about identifying and evaluating factors that directly and indirectly impact growth. In recent decades, more and more attention is paid to the problems of developed countries’ human capital security and their importance for macroeconomic processes. Human resources can be interpreted as explicit (labor resources) and implicit (ethnic, age, language, qualification distribution, etc.) factor influencing macroeconomic indicators. Since most economically advanced states belong to the category of old nations, they have faced another global problem in the last half-century – the population’s rapid ageing. Their gradual degeneration leads to the inhibition of positive macroeconomic processes. Therefore there is a need to attract new human resources, and migration is one of the most effective levers to solve this problem. However, migration can pose several threats to both the destination country and the donor country. In the economic context for the destination country, the most serious of these is the lack of the desired improvement in human potential due to the influx of low-skilled workers. In contrast, for the country of origin, there is a brain drain. It creates the problem of determining the factors that affect population migration between the donor country and the destination country, and their correlation with macroeconomic indicators. The purpose of this work is to conduct a generalized analysis of methodologies for assessing the interconnectedness of macroeconomic and migration determinants and identifying commonalities. According to the work results, it was found that most of the analyzed scientists use simple estimation models, filling them with related indirect migration factors and macroeconomic indicators, which are formed depending on the primary goal of the work. Thus, this study allows us to create a list of migration determinants commonly used in typical results, to form an updated methodological framework.

EDUCATION FOR QUALITY TOURISM MANAGEMENT

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-245
Author(s):  
Vinka Cetinski ◽  
Violeta Sugar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Service Work ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Service Field

In every analysis of the economic development of Croatia, education is pointed out as a key factor. With the share of highly educated in the workforce of less than 15 percent, Croatia is seriously lagging behind developed countries. Human resource management (HRM) is a philosophy, a way of thinking for each employee. It is especially important in service, work–intensive fields, such as tourism. Croatia should, as a country which declared itself tourism country, as soon as possible apply the good experiences, adopt ways of application and the practice and results of the HRM philosophy. It is impossible to manage the development of tourism without a strategically placed system of management of human resources. Since tourism, as a service field, rests for the biggest part on people, their work, serviceability, knowledge, abilities, education, motivation, intelligence, in short on the human potential, that potential should be treated as capital, not as an expense or a burden.

scholarly journals CONDITIONS FOR FORMATION OF EFFECTIVE EMPLOYMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Iryna Petrova ◽  
Halyna Lopushnyak
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Compensation Policy ◽  
Employment System ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Moment

The article presents the idea of ​​developing the concept of effective employment and creating conditions for its implementation. Under modern conditions, theoretical constructs of full and productive employment contradict the requirements of innovation and information society, do not take into account the peculiarities of modern human resources, socialization of social and labor relations, the priority of improving the quality of life. Instead, the concept of effective employment resolves this contradiction, as it covers not only the economic results of employment, but also its social effectiveness. Employment can be considered effective, when ensures the productive use of human resources and, at the same time, leads to a significant increase in the living conditions of workers. The article notes that at the moment the Ukrainian economy has a model of inefficient employment. This is evidenced by underutilization of human potential, lack of effective jobs, the presence and even growth of unemployment, the spread of informal employment, imbalances, structural and regional disparities in the labor market, increasing migratory outflows of the working population. Employment inefficiencies affect the decline in key macroeconomic indicators. The article proves the need to develop a model of effective employment and proposes measures for its practical implementation. Among the factors of building an effective employment system in the article the emphasis is on such measures as the transition to indirect, soft forms of human resource management, stimulating innovative economic development in all its spheres and activities, developing flexible forms of employment, promoting self-employment, active social policy, including, first of all, modernization of relations in the field of compensation policy.

scholarly journals MIGRATION RISKS AND THREATS TO STABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AS STRATEGIC OBJECTS OF REGULATORY POLICY

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Olha Mulska
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Regulatory Policy ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Donor Country ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Migration Activity ◽  
Stable Development

Introduction. Stable development of the national economy in the context of globalization, and consequently the high level of migration activity of the population, correlates with the effectiveness of state policy of migration management. Socio-economic results of regulatory policy are determined by proactive mechanisms for managing migration risks and threats that have a significant impact on the socio-economic and demographic system of the country (GDP, inflation, consumer demand, capitalization of human potential, population, etc.). Purpose. Identification of migration risks and threats for the donor country and the recipient country of human resources as an element of ensuring the stable development of the national economy. Method (methodology). Theories of migration, securitization, economic development, and risk management became the theoretical and scientific-methodical basis of the research. During research it is used such methods and approaches as logical generalization and synthesis are used for formation of the basic conclusions and offers of research, graphic for visualization of the results of identification of migration risks and threats. Results. It is established that migration risks are losses of the economic system and social sphere of the country due to the outflow of human resources and negative consequences that arise because of inefficient management of migration transfers. Migration risks for the donor country are divided into two channels (money transfers and human resources). Considering the channel of human resources outflow, three spheres of migration threats were identified: demographic (deepening demographic crisis, lack of capitalization of human potential determinants, increasing divorce rates, declining marriage rates, rising mortality rate among economically active population, population decline, social depopulation). outflow of intellectual elite, deepening social inequality, shortage of workers, spread of social orphanhood, distant and multinational families, disappearance of the middle class, devaluation of higher education) and economic (reduction of GDP, increasing labour market imbalance, increasing inflation due to inflation), reduction of business income, transformational changes in the capital and labour markets), the strengthening of which leads to systemic risks.

scholarly journals International trade in services and inequalities

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Petit
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Tourism Services ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of the international openness in tourism services trade on wage inequality between highly skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers in the tourism industry. The sample covers 10 developed countries and expands over 15 years. A cointegrated panel data model and an error correction model were used to distinguish between the short- and long-run effects. The results are compared to those of openness of business services and manufactured goods. The findings point out that tourism increases wage inequality at the expense of the least skilled workers in the long run and the short run.

scholarly journals Israel and Migration of High Skilled Workforce: Brain Drain and the Possibility of Replenishing the Market with High-Quality Human Capital

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-215
Author(s):  
D. A. Maryasis
Keyword(s):  
Brain Drain ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Highly Skilled

International labor migration is one of the most important elements of the modern global economy. Amid growing knowledge economy, migration of highly skilled specialists plays an increasingly important role. For Israel, as an immigrant society, migration issues have been of paramount importance since the early days of the independent state. However, in the first decades the discussion focused mainly around the influence of immigrants on the economic development of the country and identification of the most effective ways to adapt immigrants. At present, the Israeli economic model is built in such a way that the institutions of the knowledge economy are at its core, that requires a significant amount of labor with an appropriate level of skills. At the same time, today Israel witnesses emigration of such specialists, mainly to the United States. This paper is devoted to the analysis of the current situation. The article substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic not only for Israel, but also for other economically developed countries and gives a brief bibliographic review in the field. Next, the author analyzes the tendencies of high skilled work force immigration to Israel at the present stage through the analysis of the supply and demand in the country's labor market in the high-tech sector and assessment of the government programs created to attract foreign non-Jewish specialists to the country which appear to be not effective. The article also deals with the problems of emigration of high skilled workers from Israel. An overview of the magnitude of the phenomenon is given based on international comparisons; main reasons of the trend are identified and analyzed; government programs for the return of compatriots are assessed. It is argued that Israel should pursue a more effective policy to attract highly skilled non-Jewish immigrants into the country, which will fully realize the existing positive externalities and dampen the problem of brain drain.

scholarly journals Latin America: Reduced S&T Investment Puts Sustainable Development at Risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The Face ◽  
Social Turmoil

Latin America is home to more than 600 million people and has considerable natural and human resources. However, investment in science and technology (S&T) lags far behind that in developed countries. This gap represents a barrier to the development of economies based on knowledge and hampers the region's ability to tackle environmental and social problems. This lack of investment is evident in the extreme case of Venezuela, where much of the science workforce has fled economic chaos, but also in every Latin American country, including science powers such as Brazil and Argentina, where federal budgets in science, technology and education have been drastically reduced in recent years. Investments in S&T foster cooperation, commerce and good will and enhance resilience in the face of environmental and social turmoil. Therefore, scientists must start to actively engage governments and encourage long-term spending in S&T to support the development of Latin American societies.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL FEATURES AND NATIONAL PECULIARITIES OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3(72)) ◽  
pp. 159-170
Author(s):  
V.N. FOMISHYNA ◽  
S. V. FOMISHYN ◽  
O.K. LADUSHYNA
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
World Development

Topicality. Subjective educational, professional, moral and psychological properties of a person which were important at all times, nowadays receive special significance in the context of the formation of a global knowledge economy,. It now becomes an axiom that a person, his knowledge and skills, his ability to creativity is the main productive resource and the main value of society. Valuable measure gets an economic importance in the sense that, in the case of its deformation, all society's efforts, expenditures of government and intergovernmental institutions, households and other actors in sufficient (or high) cost of human capital achievement will fail in forming the main value and the main productive resource of society. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study the functional role, international features of the formation of human capital and their manifestations in the national economy. Research results. The most developed countries are those which have a high level of human capital development. The functional role of human capital in world development is realized through qualitative improvement of the human potential of the country, the formation of the abilities and needs of its population, plus the characteristics of the contribution of these non-market investments to economic growth, efficiency and competitiveness. Human capital, like all kinds of capital, is not objectively predetermined, it is the result of the joint efforts of the man himself, his family, enterprise, and state. For a person, these efforts are associated with labor costs, time and financial resources, for enterprises and the state - mainly with the financial costs associated with economic and social development. The financial cost of a qualitative improvement of the workforce, which means its transformation into human capital, takes the form of investment � all kinds of investments into a person, that can be valued in cash or another form and are purposeful, that contribute to the growth of labor productivity and increase income level. Investments in human capital in comparison with investments in other types of capital are distinguished by a number of peculiarities that influence the decision making of the subject in relation to the choice between current consumption or savings for the purpose of further investment and accumulation of human capital. Each of the subjects, investing in individual human capital, pursues its own goals and sees in his own way the future benefits of its accumulation. The dynamics, structure and volume of these investments shows that they differ significantly in the industrialized countries and in Ukraine. The volumes of investments into different components of human capital in Ukraine are lower than in Western countries, the USA, and Japan. As a result, in the last decades there has been a deformed structure of investment in a person, which complicates its quantitative and qualitative reproduction. Conclusion. International tendencies of human capital development are manifested in the following: the formation of a human-centric concept and the humanization of world development; growth of the role of financial markets in investing in human capital; a large proportion of human capital in the national wealth of highly developed countries; high and stable expenditures on human capital development at all levels of the economy; rapid response of the educational sphere to structural changes in the economy; the transformation of knowledge into the most extensive sphere of investment. In the system of reproduction of human capital in modern Ukraine has accumulated a number of acute problems of socio-economic and moral-ideological nature, which, due to the unfavourable development of events, could lead not only to the progress of the economic system, but also to its destruction.

scholarly journals Special Issue on Application of Robot and AI

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-139
Author(s):  
Naoki Asakawa
Keyword(s):  
Path Planning ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Path Generation ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Skilled Worker ◽  
Robot Hands

Due to changes in the global industrial structure, the number of employees in the manufacturing industry has decreased in developed countries. One of solutions to this situation offered in Industry 4.0 is “the utilization of robots and AI as alternatives to skilled workers.” This solution has been applied to various operations conventionally performed by skilled workers and has yielded consistent results. A skilled worker has two skills, namely, “physical operation skill” and “decision making skill,” which correspond to the utilization of robots and AI, respectively. Conventionally, robots have simply played back programs they were taught. However, owing to feedback technologies using force, position, or various other sensors, robots have come to be able to perform smart operations. In some of these, the capabilities of robots exceed those of human workers. For example, while humans are highly adaptive to various operations, it is difficult for them to maintain a constant force or position for long periods of time. Generally, humans make decisions about operations according to their experience, and this experience is gained from many instances of trial and error. Now, the trial-and-error learning of AI has become significantly superior to that of humans in terms of both number and speed. As a result, many systems can find operational strategies or answers much faster than humans can. This special issue features papers on robot hands, path planning, kinematics, and AI. Papers related to robot hands present an actuator using new principles, new movements, and the realization of the precise sense of the human hand. Papers related to path planning present path generation on the basis of CAD data, path generation using image processing, automatic path generation on the basis of environmental information, and the prediction of error and correction. Path generation using VR technology and error compensation using an AI technique are also presented. A paper related to kinematics presents the analysis and evaluation of a new mechanism with the aim of new applications in the field of machining. In closing, I would like to thank the authors, reviewers, and editors, without whose hard work and earnest cooperation this issue could not have been completed and presented.

scholarly journals Populism and foreign aid

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110442
Author(s):  
Tobias Heinrich ◽  
Yoshiharu Kobayashi ◽  
Edward Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Donor Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Thin Elements ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Aid Policy

Pundits, development practitioners, and scholars worry that rising populism and international disengagement in developed countries have negative consequences on foreign aid. However, how populism and foreign aid go together is not well understood. This paper provides the first systematic examination of this relationship. We adopt the popular ideational definition of populism, unpack populism into its core “thin” elements, and examine them within a delegation model of aid policy—a prominent framework in the aid literature. In so doing, we identify specific domestic political processes through which the core components of populism may affect aid spending. We argue that increases in one component of populism—anti-elitism—and in nativist sentiments, an associated concept, in a donor country lead to a reduction in aid spending through a public opinion channel. We supply both micro- and macro-evidence for our arguments by fielding surveys in the United States and United Kingdom as well as by analyzing aid spending by a large number of OECD donors. Our findings show that nativism and anti-elitism, rather than populism per se, influence not only individual attitudes toward aid but also actual aid policy and generate important insights into how to address populist challenges to foreign aid. Beyond these, our study contributes to the broader International Relations literature by demonstrating one useful analytical approach to studying populism, nativism, and foreign policy.

scholarly journals Service sector (services) key features of Russia and Azerbaijan

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Mikhail E. Savlov
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
General Description ◽  
Material Production ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita

The presented article gives a general description of the sphere of non-material production of Russia and Azerbaijan, which is based on the key macroeconomic indicators. The internal heterogeneous structure of the sector is also illustrated, structural features of the service sector and its individual segments in both countries are revealed. The objectivity and adequacy of the sphere characteristics of non-material production of Russia and Azerbaijan is based on intercountry comparisons. Macroeconomic indicators of main developed countries (the USA, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom), the BRICS countries and the former Soviet republics serve as a background for the illustration of the service sectors of Russia and Azerbaijan. It is too early to refer Russia and Azerbaijan to post-industrial countries, even considering only one economic parameter - the structure of the economy. Considering the gross value added (GVA) of the service sector per capita in current prices and the GVA of the service sector per capita in constant 2010 prices, Russia and Azerbaijan lag behind the leading economies of the world, some BRICS countries and even some former republics of USSR. In this regard, the study of the sphere of intangible production is not so popular in Russia and Azerbaijan, as the economic background for the actualization of these studies has not been yet created.

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