Analysis on the Effect of Different Mulberry Varieties on the Commercial Parameters of Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori): A Review

Sericulture is a commerce that involves the cultivation of mulberry plant species, the raising of silkworms, and the manufacture of silk. It is a sustainable, eco-friendly, and agricultural focused commerce. It is one of the largest employment industries, and it has played a significant role in rural opportunities and financial progress. The silkworm is the greatest mulberry assessor since different mulberry types differ in numerous characteristics. Criteria for assessment have been created using a bioassay of silkworm larvae. The impact of a specific mulberry variety on a certain silkworm hybrid may be assessed based on growth/development, survival, and eventually cocoon generation, which directly influences silk productivity.

Infectious Disease (Fungal, Bacterial, Viral, and Nematodal) of Mulberry Plant and Its Control Measure: A Review

Sericulture is an allied agricultural activity. It is concerned with the production of silk (and its byproducts). The silks produced in sericulture can be widely categorized as Mulberry silks and Non-Mulberry silks (also called Vanya silk meaning wild silks). Mulberry silk is most widely produced and it plays an essential role in the economic growth of the industry. Mulberry silk is obtained by rearing mulberry silkworms (Bombyx mori L). During rearing, they are fed mulberry leaves which are obtained from the mulberry plants; the primary food plant of the silkworm. The mulberry plant is perennial in nature. It belongs to the Moraceae family and the genus Morus with a wide variety of species, viz. Morus alba, Morus nigra, Morus serrata, etc. Mulberry plants are widely distributed all around the world in Tropical, Subtropical, and Temperate regions. It finds its early roots in Southeast Asia. The Mulberry plant falls prey to many diseases caused by various organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes. The occurrence and severity of the diseases vary with season, varieties, agro-climatic zones, and the cultural practices that are undertaken. These diseases affect the mulberry leaves, stems, and different parts of the plant. Affected plants stop the growth and reduced leaf yield. As well as, these leaves are not suitable for silkworm feeding. This review mainly focuses on infectious diseases (fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode) of mulberry plants and their management.

Metabolomics Response to Drought Stress in Morus alba L. Variety Yu-711

Mulberry is an economically significant crop for the sericulture industry worldwide. Stresses such as drought exposure have a significant influence on plant survival. Because metabolome directly reflects plant physiological condition, performing a global metabolomic analysis is one technique to examine this influence. Using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique based on an untargeted metabolomic approach, the effect of drought stress on mulberry Yu-711 metabolic balance was examined. For this objective, Yu-711 leaves were subjected to two weeks of drought stress treatment and control without drought stress. Numerous differentially accumulated metabolic components in response to drought stress treatment were revealed by multivariate and univariate statistical analysis. Drought stress treatment (EG) revealed a more differentiated metabolite response than the control (CK). We found that the levels of total lipids, galactolipids, and phospholipids (PC, PA, PE) were significantly altered, producing 48% of the total differentially expressed metabolites. Fatty acyls components were the most abundant lipids expressed and decreased considerably by 73.6%. On the other hand, the prenol lipids class of lipids increased in drought leaves. Other classes of metabolites, including polyphenols (flavonoids and cinnamic acid), organic acid (amino acids), carbohydrates, benzenoids, and organoheterocyclic, had a dynamic trend in response to the drought stress. However, their levels under drought stress decreased significantly compared to the control. These findings give an overview for the understanding of global plant metabolic changes in defense mechanisms by revealing the mulberry plant metabolic profile through differentially accumulated compounds.

Sea plant extract (Kappaphycus sp) - A boon to sericulture industry

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of sea plant extract sprayed on mulberry plant at different interval of time and the treated leaves were fed to the silkworm Bombyx mori which were infected with BmNPV. It was found that foliar application of sea plant extract, LBS 13 @ 1.5 ml/l on 45th day after pruning enhanced the leaf yield per plant by 308.81 g, average plant height by 150.42 cm, number of shoots (14.32) and leaves per plant (400 leaves) compared with control. When the treated leaves were fed to the BmNPV infected silkworms, LBS13 @ 1.5 ml/lrecorded highest larval weight (3.33 g/ larvae) with larval duration (7.67 days), least larval mortality (3.33 %) and disease incidence (11.33 %) when compared to control. The study evidenced that application of sea plant extract of Kappaphycus sp. has improved the growth attributes of mulberry, which inturn had a direct positive impact on development of B. mori.

Transportation of Chromium (VI) to Bombyx mori L. from mulberry Plant (Morus alba L.) grown at soil irrigated with Chromium (VI) containing effluents

The research was conducted to determine Chromium (VI) toxicity in population Bombyx mori. The synthetic wastewater used to irrigate soil to evaluate the impact of pH (4 to 8) at 100 mg/L and initial Chromium (VI) concentrations (25 mg/L to 300 mg/L) at 5 pH in its bioaccumulation in B. mori foodchain. By using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) analysis the amount of Chromium (VI) determined in soil, mulberry plants, B. mori larvae, silk glands and silkworm feces. The results showed that local cobalt pollution can be indicated by using B. mori as a template as its body length, body weight and the mortality rate were found to be strongly related to Chromium (VI) concentration. Higher the Chromium (VI) amount in mulberry leaves causes more toxicity to B. mori population. At 300 mg/L Cr (VI) concentration and pH 4 there was maximum deposition of Chromium (VI) in soil, mulberry plants, B. mori larvae, faeces and silk glands from the synthetic effluent. The maximum deposition was 123.5±0.03 mg/kg, 89.76±.031 mg/kg, 23.31±0.019 mg/kg, 41.32±0.069 mg/kg and 35.67±0.04 mg/kg observed respectively.

Metabolomics Response to Drought Stress in Morus alba L. variety Yu-711

Mulberry is an economically significant crop for the sericulture industry worldwide. Stresses such as drought exposure have a significant influence on plant survival. Metabolome directly reflects plant physiological status; thus, a way to assess this impact is to perform a global metabolomic analysis. This study investigated the effect of drought stress on mulberry Yu-711 metabolic balance using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based on an untargeted metabolomic approach. For this objective, Yu-711 leaves were subjected to two weeks of drought stress treatment and control without drought stress. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses highlighted numerous differentially-accumulated metabolic elements as a function of time and treatment. Drought stress led to a more differentiated metabolites response than the control. We found that the levels of total lipids and galactolipids, and phospholipids (PC, PA, PE) were significantly altered, producing 48% of the total differentially expressed metabolites. Fatty acyls were the most abundant lipids expressed and decreased considerably by 73.6%. Prenol lipids class of lipids increased in drought leaves. Other classes of metabolites, including polyphenols( flavonoids and cinnamic acid), organic acid (amino acids), carbohydrates, benzenoids, and organoheterocyclic, all had a dynamic trend in response to the drought stress. However, their levels under drought stress generally decreased significantly compared to the control. These results provide an overview of the metabolic profile of the mulberry plant through differentially-accumulated compounds and provide a better understanding of global plant metabolic changes in defense mechanisms.

EMPIRICAL STUDY ON LEAFSPOT DISEASE IN MULBERRY PLANT USING BIO CHEMICAL METHODS

Sericulture in India is as old as the ancient Indian culture. In the global scenario, India has emerged as one of the important sericulture practicing countries. The healthy and robust growth of the silkworms depends upon the quality mulberry leaf. Diseases are the major limiting factor in Mulberry cultivation, in which Cercosporamoricola Cooke, the incitant of leaf spot is one among them causing a major damage to the leaf production besides affects the silkworm's health. Four plant extracts and three plant oils tested against the pathogen, Eucalyptus globules at 10% (72.59%) and Madhucaindica oil (3%) evidenced a highest inhibition. Among the different fungal biocontrol agents tested against the pathogen, Trichodermaviride (80.55%) signicantly recorded mycelial growth inhibition over control.

Production Activities and Value Chain Analysis of Sericulture in Western Inner Terai Region of Nepal

The study was conducted in Nov 2019 – Feb 2020 with the objective of assessing the whole value chain of sericulture products in the Western inner terai region of Nepal. The beginning of sericulture in the region was due to some personal interest but gained popularity and huge return and turned out to achieve the objectives of food security and source of employment. As per the finding and research, Bi-voltine Silkworm (Bombyx mori) was mainly reared which feeds upon the leaves of the mulberry plant. The interview result indicates that producers produce cocoon at an average of 30.05 kg per ropani in one production round and production was made twice a year. In this region, three marketing channels were identified (producer to the primary collector/small hand processor) and (producer to primary processor or reelers) and the producer himself as the processor and distributor. Producers sold the cocoon to primary collectors at NRs 500per kg cocoon which was 15% more than percent sales while selling to the government, fetching an average BC ratio of 1.3. Problems recorded as per farmers were lack of appropriate technology to widen the scope of sericulture and modern silkworm rearing techniques, lack of proper irrigation facilities, and governmental aids and support. This research will address various problems and make an emphasis to make regional sericulture production mature and profitable.

Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial Activity of Gemmotherapeutically White Mulberry (Morus Alba) Leaves

The present study was designed to find out phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of leaves of Mulberry plant. The phytochemical analysis was performed on quantitative and qualitative basis. The qualitative basis indicated the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, saponins and Anthraquinone. The quantitative analysis showed alkaloids (40%), glycosides (20.05%), flavonoids (14%), steroids (3.5%), tannins (11.9%) and saponins (11.5%) and anthraquinone (0.5%) presence. Antimicrobial activity against bacteria has been observed in the leaves of Mulberry (Morus alba) and showed zone of inhibition, Escherichia coli (7±3.3) mm, Staphylococcus aurous (8±3.1), Bacillus subtilis (9±2.5), Pasturella multocida (8±3.1) mm.

Sericin, a Versatile Protein from Silkworm - Biomedical Applications

The silkworm, Bombyx mori, which feeds solely on the leaves of the mulberry plant, produces mulberry silk. The components of Bombyx mori silk are 60-80 percent fibroin, 15-35 percent sericin and 1-5 percent non-sericin, including wax, pigments, sugars and other impurities. Silk sericin is a natural polymer that encloses and holds together two filaments of fibroin in the silk thread used in the cocoon. In the research and production of medical biomaterials and biomedicines, protein-based silk fibroin has been widely used for two decades. Sericin is often neglected and abandoned in the manufacturing of traditional silk fabrics, silk floss or synthetic silk biomaterials as a by-product or waste. However, sericin is not only a highly useful biological substance, but also has a great deal of biological activity, similar to fibroin. General characteristics of both silk proteins, fibroin and sericin, extracted from Bombyx mori silkworm, and the biological activity and possible use of sericin were addressed in this review. Due to its amino acid make-up and antioxidant properties, sericin has been used in the food and cosmetic industry. The moisturizing power provides guidance for wound healing as a therapeutic agent, protection against ultraviolet radiation, and formulation of creams and shampoos. Antioxidant activity associated with low sericin digestibility, which increases application in the medical field, such as antitumor, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent, anticoagulant, works in the health of the colon, enhances constipation and, by improving plasma lipid profile, protects the body from obesity. In addition, the properties of sericin allow its application in tissue engineering and drug delivery as a culture medium and cryopreservation, demonstrating its efficient use as an essential biomaterial.