Efficiency of ultrasonic treatment of polysaccharide from brown algae

Ultrasonic exposure can be used for depolymerization of brown algae polysaccharides. However, its effectiveness depends on several factors, including cavitation activity in the treatment medium. Therefore, the purpose of the work was to determine the cavitation activity and the effectiveness of the ultrasonic exposure to fucoidan in order to optimize the processing processes of polysaccharide from brown algae. A change in cavitation activity was revealed depending on the composition of the processing environment, as well as on the intensity of ultrasonic exposure with a constant frequency of the ultrasonic wave. Similar dynamics of change of cavitation activity were established at the intensity of ultrasonic treatment of 100 and 133 W/cm2 with amplification of electric signal at the increase of ultrasound intensity. The use of SDS in the processing medium led to an increase in cavitation activity to 14.9±0.47 mV. Treatment of the fucoidan solution for 40 minutes under various conditions allowed to obtain fractions with a change in the average hydrodynamic particle diameter from 113 nm (100 W/cm2) to 85 nm (200 W/cm2) and 124 nm (SDS).

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DARI EKSTRAK KASAR KULIT BATANG MANGROVE Avicennia marina (FORKS.) VIERH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Escherichia coli

ABSTRACTMangrove plant is one of the coastal ecosystems that dominates the coastal area and has the potential to be developed in the prevention of various diseases both infections in aquaculture and as a natural treatment medium for humans, because the secondary metabolite compound contained can be efficacious as an anti-bacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of A. marina mangrove bark extract against the growth of E. coli and the optimum concentration of A. marina mangrove bark extract in inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria. The method used in this study is a laboratory experimental method with 4 treatments namely a concentration of 55 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL, 65 mg/mL, 70 mg/mL and 1 control without administration of extract with 3 replications. Observation result of inhibition zone diameters were statistically analyzed using a one-way analysis was performed using the SPSS program version 16.0. the results showed that the rough extract of A. marina mangrove bark affected the growth of E. coli bacteria. This can be seen from the concentrations used starting from 55 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL, 65 mg/mL and 70 mg/mL having average inhibition zones ranging from 26 mm, 27.33 mm, 27.66 mm and 28.66 mm. thus the higher the concentration of the extract used, the greatervthe inhibition formed. Keywords : Avicennia marina, Escherichia coli, Antibacterial

Choline-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent and Microwave Irradiation as Tools for PET Identification in Blend Fabric

A new, rapid, and eco-friendly technique for identification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) composition in blend fabric was developed. This technique could replace a conventional composition identification of PET using toxic chemicals such as halogenated organic solvent or strong inorganic acid. Choline-based deep eutectic solvents (DES), such as ethylene glycol- choline chloride, were used as a treatment medium under microwave irradiation. The PET portion of the blend fabrics, such as 65/35 and 50/50 PET/cotton was completely removed by DES containing 5% NaOH (w/v) after 100–140 s of microwave irradiation. Various instrumental analyses confirmed the removal of PET. Finally, a commercial sample was also tested as a practical application of the new test method.

The addition of calcium oxide with different doses in the recirculation system to improve the abalone Haliotis squamata seed production

Information about abalone growth is necessary to overcome the abalone culture sustainability. Water quality parameters are aspects that need to be reviewed, one of which is the calcium level in the water. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal calcium dose in recirculation system for abalone (Haliotis squamata) growth. The study was conducted with an experimental method with four treatments (calcium oxide with doses of 0, 15, 30, 45 mg/L) and three times replications. Abalone with 2.3 g body weight, 2.3 cm shell length, and 1.2 cm shell width was reared for 60 days in recirculation system and fed with Gracilaria verrucosa. The results showed that the best abalone treatment medium with the addition of calcium oxide to increase the abalone seed production was 15 mg/L CaO with 100% survival rate, 31.57±2.82% feed efficiency, and 0.56±0.06%/day specific growth rate. Keywords: Abalone, calcium, organ composition, production, recirculation ABSTRAK Informasi tentang pertumbuhan abalon diperlukan untuk mengatasi keberlanjutan budidaya abalon. Parameter kualitas air merupakan aspek yang perlu ditinjau. Kadar kalsium dalam air menjadi salah satu aspek yang dapat ditinjau.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan dosis kalsium optimal melalui sistem resirkulasi untuk pertumbuhan abalon Haliotis squamata. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental dengan empat perlakuan 3 ulangan penambahan CaO dengan dosis 0, 15, 30, dan 45 mg/L. Secara singkat, abalon dengan bobot badan 2,3 g, panjang cangkang 2,3 cm dan lebar cangkang 1,2 cm dipelihara selama 60 hari dengan sistem resirkulasi dan diberi makan dengan Gracilaria verrucosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media perlakuan abalon dengan penambahan kalsium oksida terbaik untuk meningkatkan produksi abalon adalah CaO 15 mg/L dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup 100%, efisiensi pakan 31,57 ± 2,82 %, dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik harian 0.56 ± 0.06%/hari. Kata kunci: Abalon, kalsium, komposisi organ, produksi, resirkulasi

Reproducibility of Salmonella Thermal Resistance Measurements via Multilaboratory Isothermal Inactivation Experiments

ABSTRACT Isothermal inactivation experiments often are used to investigate the thermal resistance of pathogens, such as Salmonella, in foods; however, little is known about the reproducibility of such experimental methodologies. The objective of this study was to quantify the reproducibility of Salmonella isothermal resistance results via a six-laboratory comparison. Inoculation was performed at a single location and then distributed to each laboratory for isothermal analysis. Salmonella Agona 447967 was inoculated into oat flour, re-equilibrated to a water activity (aw) of 0.45, and then packaged and distributed to each laboratory. Before conducting the inactivation trials, each laboratory was required to verify the inoculated product's aw, enumerate Salmonella population levels, and verify that the isothermal treatment medium was at the target temperature (80°C). All laboratories were required to process at least three replications, collect at least six sample time points with three subsamples at each sampling point, enumerate survivors using an identical plating methodology and media, and verify that the temperature did not substantially change during isothermal treatment. The log-linear model was fit to the Salmonella survivor data, and the resultant D-values were statistically compared via Welch's t test (α = 0.05). Two significant differences in thermal inactivation kinetics were identified as potentially resulting from suspected methodology deviations. Two of the inoculated batches distributed for analysis yielded significantly lower D-values, which likely resulted from a deviation in the inoculation procedures. One laboratory yielded significantly lower D-values, which was likely the result of temperature deviations. Overall, excluding the D-values resulting from deviations, the inactivation results were reproducible, yielding D-values of 30.2 ± 3 min. These results indicate that isothermal inactivation results can be reproducible but that even minor methodology deviations can substantially affect measured Salmonella thermal resistance. HIGHLIGHTS

Korelasi Antara Konsentrasi Oksigen Terlarut Pada Kepadatan Yang Berbeda Dengan Skoring Warna Daphnia spp. [Correlation Between Dissolved Oxygen Concentration In Different Densities With Color Scoring Of Daphnia spp.]

Dissolved oxygen is the parameters key of water quality. Low level of dissolved oxygen can affect the function and slow growth, can even cause death to fish in hypoxia condition. The aims of this experiment were to determine the effect of population density of Daphnia spp. of dissolved oxygen concentration and the correlation between dissolved oxygen concentration with color scoring of Daphnia spp. This method was experimental with Completely Randomized Design as experiment design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment that was given were the differences of Daphnia spp. density that consisted of treatment A (50 individu/200 ml), treatment B (250 individu/200 ml), treatment C (450 individu/200 ml), treatment D (650 individu/200 ml), treatment E (850 individu/200 ml), and treatment F (1050 individu/200 ml). The results showed that the difference of Daphnia spp. density showed highly significant effect of dissolved oxygen concentration of treatment medium (p<0,01). In addition, this experiment also showed that the dissolved oxygen concentration in treatment medium showed negative correlation with color score of Daphnia spp.

KEBERADAAN TIRTHA SOLAS DI BANJAR GULIANG KANGIN DESA TAMANBALI KECAMATAN BANGLI KABUPATEN BANGLI (Kajian Filosofi)

<p><em>Religion has a very important role in human life. In actualizing the teachings of religion, Hindus use three basic teachings called the Tri Tri Framework Basic Hinduism, which consists of: Tattwa (Philosophy), Susila (Ethics), and Events. Water is a purification or cleansing in life so that the body becomes pure and clean. Water is a symbol of amertha (life) and water that keeps the body holy and clean. All ceremonial equipment must be purified with water sprinkling before the ceremony begins. The sprinkling of the holy water to the person or in the ceremony intends to gain health, peace (peace of mind), happiness. Water is thought to have the power to eliminate evil influences. Thus the importance of water in religious life, so that in all religious ceremonies can not be separated from the use of water (tirtha). In this research there are three problem formulation, among others 1) Tirtha Solas Function, 2) Meaning of Tirtha Solas, 3) society view about Tirtha Solas.</em></p><p><em>This research uses three theories namely function theory, symbol theory and religious theory. The function theory is used to dissect the problem of the function of Tirtha solas symbol theory to dissect the problem of Meaning of Titha solas. Religious theory dissects the problems of society's view of tirtha solas. This research uses qualitative descriptive method in advance researcher approach, identify problem, observation, research object, data collection, then analyzed descriptive qualitative to get general result or conclusion. The results of this study can be stated as follows: 1) the function of tirtha in Hindu ritual, the role of tirtha in religious ceremony is very important role 2) The meaning of tirtha solas as cleansing is as a media of self-cleansing and cleansing 3) Tirtha solas is trusted by citizen or society as a treatment medium. With the holy place tirtha solas in order to provide positive energy and purity within.</em></p><p><em> </em></p>