scholarly journals Molecular Approaches for Disease Resistance in Rice

2021 ◽  
pp. 315-378
Author(s):  
Mohammed Jamaloddin ◽  
Anumalla Mahender ◽  
C. Guru Gokulan ◽  
Chintavaram Balachiranjeevi ◽  
A. Maliha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Disease Resistant ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
And Function

AbstractRice production needs to be sustained in the coming decades, with changing climatic conditions becoming more conducive to the prevalence of disease outbreaks. Major rice diseases collectively cause enormous economic damage and yield instability. Breeding for disease-resistant rice varieties could be one of the best options to counter these disease outbreaks. Disease-screening protocols and newer technologies are essential for effective phenotyping and would aid in gene discovery and function. Understanding the genetics of disease mechanisms and stacking of broad-spectrum disease-resistance genes could lead to faster development of rice varieties with multiple disease resistance. New molecular breeding approaches are discussed for the development of these varieties. The molecular biology of disease resistance is now better understood and could be well manipulated for improved resilience. Transgenic approaches for disease resistance are discussed. Genome-editing tools for the development of disease-resistant rice varieties are thoroughly discussed. The use of bioinformatics tools to speed up the process and to obtain a better understanding of molecular genetics mechanisms of disease resistance is explained.

scholarly journals An Overview of Rice QTLs Associated with Disease Resistance to Three Major Rice Diseases: Blast, Sheath Blight, and Bacterial Panicle Blight

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Soheila Zarbafi ◽  
Jong Hyun Ham
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Disease Resistant ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Panicle Blight

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops that are produced as human food, directly feeding people more than any other crop. Hence, it is important to increase the yield potential of rice through improving the disease resistance to prevailing rice diseases. Blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, sheath blight caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, and bacterial panicle blight caused by the bacteria Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli are serious rice diseases in many rice-producing regions. In spite of the chronic damages from these major diseases, the quantitative resistance to each of them is not known very well and any available disease-resistant varieties are rare or not stable. Although gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by an R-Avr interaction has been intensively studied for blast, quantitative (or horizontal) resistance to a broad spectrum of races in M. oryzae is still poorly understood. Identification of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to these diseases and using marker technology can facilitate marker-assisted selection to screen resistant traits in individual resources, which could ultimately lead to the development of novel disease-resistant rice varieties. This article is a summary of identified QTLs that are associated with rice diseases, including blast, sheath blight, and bacterial panicle blight that can be used in breeding programs.

Bovine hypodermatosis in Stavropol region: distribution, pathogenesis, veterinary and sanitary assessment of slaughter products

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Vasiliy P. Petropavlovsky ◽  
◽  
Vyacheslav V. Marchenko ◽  
Lyudmila S. Vikulova ◽  
Olga D. Chepeleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Erythrocyte Aggregation ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Hydropic Degeneration ◽  
Hypoderma Lineatum ◽  
Hypoderma Bovis ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
Histomorphological Changes

Summary. Data on distribution of hypodermatosis among large horned cattle in Stavropol region are presented in the article. It was proved that this pathology is widespread in this region. From 12% to 38% of animals from the total number of examined livestock are affected. Ordinary subcutaneous botfly (stroma) Hypoderma bovis de Geer and south subcutaneous botfly (pischevodnik) Hypoderma lineatum de Villers parasites on large horned cattle. The species ratio of gadflies is: Hypoderma bovis (de Gee - 61.1%, Hypoderma lineatum de Villers - 38.9%). The disease is widespread in all climatic zones of Stavropol region. Animals of all age and sex groups are infected, but young animals are more often affected. Linear relationship between the indicators of the transformation of climatic conditions in Stavropol region, the spread of hypodermatosis and the timing of treatment and preventive measures were determined. Authors proved that the complete death of H. bovis and H. lineatum imago (regardless of the time of their hatching) was noted when the temperature drops to -3°C for two days. Thus, this temperature determines the start of treatment and preventive measures against hypodermatosis in the area of animal welfare. When analyzing the histomorphological changes caused by H. bovis and H. lineatum in the body of large horned cattle, perforation of the skin, swelling of adjacent tissues, disorganization of the stroma and structural elements, erythrocyte aggregation, hemorrhages, hydropic degeneration of cellular elements, tissue necrosis, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of affected organs and tissues were observed. The data on pathogenesis were presented, the analysis of economic damage and the veterinary and sanitary assessment of the products of slaughter of cattle with hypodermatosis were carried out.

scholarly journals Drosophila primary microRNA-8 encodes a microRNA-encoded peptide acting in parallel of miR-8

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Montigny ◽  
Patrizia Tavormina ◽  
Carine Duboe ◽  
Hélène San Clémente ◽  
Marielle Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Ribosome Profiling ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Genome Expression ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Short Orfs ◽  
Regulatory Potential ◽  
Regulatory Feedback Loop ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background Recent genome-wide studies of many species reveal the existence of a myriad of RNAs differing in size, coding potential and function. Among these are the long non-coding RNAs, some of them producing functional small peptides via the translation of short ORFs. It now appears that any kind of RNA presumably has a potential to encode small peptides. Accordingly, our team recently discovered that plant primary transcripts of microRNAs (pri-miRs) produce small regulatory peptides (miPEPs) involved in auto-regulatory feedback loops enhancing their cognate microRNA expression which in turn controls plant development. Here we investigate whether this regulatory feedback loop is present in Drosophila melanogaster. Results We perform a survey of ribosome profiling data and reveal that many pri-miRNAs exhibit ribosome translation marks. Focusing on miR-8, we show that pri-miR-8 can produce a miPEP-8. Functional assays performed in Drosophila reveal that miPEP-8 affects development when overexpressed or knocked down. Combining genetic and molecular approaches as well as genome-wide transcriptomic analyses, we show that miR-8 expression is independent of miPEP-8 activity and that miPEP-8 acts in parallel to miR-8 to regulate the expression of hundreds of genes. Conclusion Taken together, these results reveal that several Drosophila pri-miRs exhibit translation potential. Contrasting with the mechanism described in plants, these data shed light on the function of yet undescribed primary-microRNA-encoded peptides in Drosophila and their regulatory potential on genome expression.

scholarly journals Improved Rice Technology Adoption: The Role of Spatially-Dependent Risk Preference

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Omotuyole Isiaka Ambali ◽  
Francisco Jose Areal ◽  
Nikolaos Georgantzis
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Rice Varieties

This study analyses farmers’ adoption of improved rice technology, taking into account farmers’ risk preferences; the unobserved spatial heterogeneity associated with farmers’ risk preferences; farmers’ household and farm characteristics; farm locations, farmers’ access to information, and their perceptions on the rice improved varieties (i.e., high yield varieties, HYV). The study used data obtained from field experiments and a survey conducted in 2016 in Nigeria. An instrumental-variable probit model was estimated to account for potential endogenous farmers’ risk preference in the adoption decision model. Results show that risk averse (risk avoidant) farmers are less likely to adopt HYV, with the spatial lags of farmers’ risk attitudes found to be a good instrument for spatially unobserved variables (e.g., environmental and climatic factors). We conclude that studies supporting policy action aiming at the diffusion of improved rice varieties need to collect information, if possible, on farmers’ risk attitudes, local environmental and climatic conditions (e.g., climatic, topographic, soil quality, pest incidence) in order to ease the design and evaluation of policy actions on the adoption of improved agricultural technology.

scholarly journals Interannual cycles of Hantaan virus outbreaks at the human–animal interface in Central China are controlled by temperature and rainfall

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (30) ◽  
pp. 8041-8046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaiyu Tian ◽  
Pengbo Yu ◽  
Bernard Cazelles ◽  
Lei Xu ◽  
Hua Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Central China ◽  
Hantaan Virus ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
System Temperature ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Long Timescales

Hantavirus, a rodent-borne zoonotic pathogen, has a global distribution with 200,000 human infections diagnosed annually. In recent decades, repeated outbreaks of hantavirus infections have been reported in Eurasia and America. These outbreaks have led to public concern and an interest in understanding the underlying biological mechanisms. Here, we propose a climate–animal–Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection model to address this issue, using a unique dataset spanning a 54-y period (1960–2013). This dataset comes from Central China, a focal point for natural HTNV infection, and includes both field surveillance and an epidemiological record. We reveal that the 8-y cycle of HTNV outbreaks is driven by the confluence of the cyclic dynamics of striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) populations and climate variability, at both seasonal and interannual cycles. Two climatic variables play key roles in the ecology of the HTNV system: temperature and rainfall. These variables account for the dynamics in the host reservoir system and markedly affect both the rate of transmission and the potential risk of outbreaks. Our results suggest that outbreaks of HTNV infection occur only when climatic conditions are favorable for both rodent population growth and virus transmission. These findings improve our understanding of how climate drives the periodic reemergence of zoonotic disease outbreaks over long timescales.

scholarly journals A 2′-O-Methyltransferase Responsible for Transfer RNA Anticodon Modification Is Pivotal for Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 in Arabidopsis

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1323-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Ramírez ◽  
Beatriz González ◽  
Ana López ◽  
Maria Jose Castelló ◽  
Maria José Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Transfer Rna ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Trna Modifications ◽  
Trna Species ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
And Function

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the most highly modified class of RNA species in all living organisms. Recent discoveries have revealed unprecedented complexity in the tRNA chemical structures, modification patterns, regulation, and function, suggesting that each modified nucleoside in tRNA may have its own specific function. However, in plants, our knowledge of the role of individual tRNA modifications and how they are regulated is very limited. In a genetic screen designed to identify factors regulating disease resistance in Arabidopsis, we identified SUPPRESSOR OF CSB3 9 (SCS9). Our results reveal SCS9 encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that mediates the 2′-O-ribose methylation of selected tRNA species in the anticodon loop. These SCS9-mediated tRNA modifications enhance susceptibility during infection with the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Lack of such tRNA modification, as observed in scs9 mutants, specifically dampens plant resistance against DC3000 without compromising the activation of the salicylic acid signaling pathway or the resistance to other biotrophic pathogens. Our results support a model that gives importance to the control of certain tRNA modifications for mounting an effective disease resistance in Arabidopsis toward DC3000 and, therefore, expands the repertoire of molecular components essential for an efficient disease resistance response.

Characterization and Expression Analysis of Resistance Gene Analogues in Elite Sugarcane Genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aqsa Parvaiz ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Muhammad Sarwar Khan ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Ali
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Colletotrichum Falcatum ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Sequence Characterization ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Disease Resistant ◽  
Cellular Dna

Background: Resistance Gene Analogues (RGAs) are an important source of disease resistance in crop plants and have been extensively studies for their identification, tagging and mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs). Tracking these RGAs in sugarcane can be of great help for the selection and screening of disease resistant clones. Objective: In the present study expression of different Resistance Gene Analogues (RGAs) was assessed in indigenous elite sugarcane genotypes which include resistant, highly resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible to disease infestation. Methods: Total cellular DNA and RNA were isolated from fourteen indigenous elite sugarcane genotypes. PCR, semi-quantitative RT PCR and real time qPCR analyses were performed. The resultant amplicons were sequence characterized, chromosomal localization and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Result: All of the 15 RGA primers resulted in amplification of single or multiple fragments from genomic DNA whereas only five RGA primers resulted in amplification from cDNA. Sequence characterization of amplified fragments revealed 86-99% similarity with disease resistance proteins indicating their potential role in disease resistance response. Phylogenetic analysis also validated these findings. Further, expression of RGA-012, RGA-087, RGA-118, RGA-533 and RGA-542 appeared to be upregulated and down regulated in disease resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively, after inoculation with Colletotrichum falcatum. Conclusion: RGAs are present in most of our indigenous genotypes. Anyhow, differential expression of five RGAs indicated that they have some critical role in disease resistance. So, the retrieved results can not only be employed to devise molecular markers for the screening of disease resistant genotypes but can also be used to develop disease resistant plants through transgenic technology.

Cacao, Shade, and Agroforestry

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
Dale Walters
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
And Function ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

In its natural habitat, cacao grows in the shade of larger trees. In fact, 70 percent of the world’s cacao is grown with some level of shade. This comes mostly from native forest trees, thinned out to provide space for cacao seedlings to be planted, or to a lesser extent, from trees specially planted to provide shade. This mixture of shade trees and shrubs creates a three-tier canopy, resulting in a multi-species system similar in structure and function to a forest, known as an agroforest. Cacao agroforestry systems include full-sun cacao, diversified-shade cacao, and specialized-shade cacao. Achieving an appropriate level of shading for cacao is important, since it affects yield and can influence pest and disease outbreaks. Shade in cacao also helps to maintain biodiversity, so getting shade right in cacao agroforestry is important. This chapter examines the benefits and problems associated with growing cacao with and without shade.

The Economy and the Environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 277-300
Author(s):  
Tirthankar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Speed Up

The natural environment shapes long-term economic change via the quality or quantity of resources of potential economic value, climatic conditions that shape moisture or seasonal variations in agricultural conditions, and via the risk of natural disasters. These geographical conditions are lasting. They become active drivers of economic change when private enterprise and public policy become interested in the resources and try to mitigate the risks, and knowledge and information-gathering on these conditions for scientific or commercial purposes start to speed up. In colonial times, all of these processes speeded up greatly. Chapter 11 is about that change.

scholarly journals Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Marie Muehe ◽  
Tianmei Wang ◽  
Carolin F. Kerl ◽  
Britta Planer-Friedrich ◽  
Scott Fendorf
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Soil Arsenic ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract Projections of global rice yields account for climate change. They do not, however, consider the coupled stresses of impending climate change and arsenic in paddy soils. Here, we show in a greenhouse study that future conditions cause a greater proportion of pore-water arsenite, the more toxic form of arsenic, in the rhizosphere of Californian Oryza sativa L. variety M206, grown on Californian paddy soil. As a result, grain yields decrease by 39% compared to yields at today’s arsenic soil concentrations. In addition, future climatic conditions cause a nearly twofold increase of grain inorganic arsenic concentrations. Our findings indicate that climate-induced changes in soil arsenic behaviour and plant response will lead to currently unforeseen losses in rice grain productivity and quality. Pursuing rice varieties and crop management practices that alleviate the coupled stresses of soil arsenic and change in climatic factors are needed to overcome the currently impending food crisis.

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