Physical activity ameliorates the function of organs via adipose tissue in metabolic diseases

IntroductionSchizophrenia is associated with increased physical morbidity and mortality. In particular, cardio-metabolic diseases are more frequent. Several underlying reasons have been discussed, including adverse lifestyle behaviors, or adverse effects of neuroleptic treatment. However, little is known about changes of cardiac and intra-abdominal adipose tissue, both are risk factors for the development of cardio-metabolic diseases.Objectives/aimsTo compare, cardiac and intra-abdominal adipose tissue between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.MethodsTen physically healthy patients with schizophrenia according to DSM-V were included, and compared to healthy control subjects. Cardiac and intra-abdominal adipose tissue was quantified using magnetic resonance tomography. Further factors assessed comprise the metabolic syndrome, physical activity, smoking behavior, and scores for the assessment of cardio-metabolic diseases (FINDRISK score and modified ESC score).ResultsCardiac adipose tissue and intra-abdominal adipose tissue was increased in patients with schizophrenia. Further findings were higher diastolic blood pressure, more smoking, less physical activity, and an increase for diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk according to the modified ESC and FINDRISK score.ConclusionsThe new finding in our study is an increase of cardiac adipose tissue, a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disorders, in physically healthy patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, the risk for the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus is increased, indicated by higher amount of intra-abdominal adipose tissue, and the results of the FINDRISK score. We conclude that lifestyle alterations, particularly exercise training that has been shown to reduce cardiac and intra-abdominal adipose tissue, should be recommended in patients with schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Flavonoids in adipose tissue inflammation and atherosclerosis: one arrow, two targets

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20200356 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 134 (12) ◽

pp. 1403-1432 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Manal Muin Fardoun ◽

Dina Maaliki ◽

Nabil Halabi ◽

Rabah Iratni ◽

Alessandra Bitto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Therapeutic Agents ◽

Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽

Cellular Mechanisms ◽

Tissue Inflammation ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Abstract Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables, in addition to beverages such as tea and coffee. Flavonoids are emerging as potent therapeutic agents for cardiovascular as well as metabolic diseases. Several studies corroborated an inverse relationship between flavonoid consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or adipose tissue inflammation (ATI). Flavonoids exert their anti-atherogenic effects by increasing nitric oxide (NO), reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, flavonoids alleviate ATI by decreasing triglyceride and cholesterol levels, as well as by attenuating inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, flavonoids inhibit synthesis of fatty acids and promote their oxidation. In this review, we discuss the effect of the main classes of flavonoids, namely flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, anthocyanins, and isoflavones, on atherosclerosis and ATI. In addition, we dissect the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of action for these flavonoids. We conclude by supporting the potential benefit for flavonoids in the management or treatment of CVD; yet, we call for more robust clinical studies for safety and pharmacokinetic values.

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Association between Visceral and Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Bone Quality in Sedentary and Physically Active Ovariectomized Wistar Rats

Life ◽

10.3390/life11060478 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 478

Author(s):

Hélder Fonseca ◽

Andrea Bezerra ◽

Ana Coelho ◽

José Alberto Duarte

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Bone Quality ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Biomechanical Properties ◽

Physically Active ◽

Bone Formation Rate ◽

Marrow Adiposity

Background: Obesity is considered protective for bone mass, but this view has been progressively challenged. Menopause is characterized by low bone mass and increased adiposity. Our aim was to determine how visceral and bone marrow adiposity change following ovariectomy (OVX), how they correlate with bone quality and if they are influenced by physical activity. Methods: Five-month-old Wistar rats were OVX or sham-operated and maintained in sedentary or physically active conditions for 9 months. Visceral and bone marrow adiposity as well as bone turnover, femur bone quality and biomechanical properties were assessed. Results: OVX resulted in higher weight, visceral and bone marrow adiposity. Visceral adiposity correlated inversely with femur Ct.Th (r = −0.63, p < 0.001), BV/TV (r = −0.67, p < 0.001), Tb.N (r = −0.69, p < 0.001) and positively with Tb.Sp (r = 0.58, p < 0.001). Bone marrow adiposity also correlated with bone resorption (r = 0.47, p < 0.01), bone formation rate (r = −0.63, p < 0.01), BV/TV (r = −0.85, p < 0.001), Ct.Th (r = −0.51, p < 0.0.01), and with higher empty osteocyte lacunae (r = 0.39, p < 0.05), higher percentage of osteocytes with oxidative stress (r = 0.64, p < 0.0.01) and lower femur maximal stress (r = −0.58, p < 0.001). Physical activity correlated inversely with both visceral (r = −0.74, p < 0.01) and bone marrow adiposity (r = −0.92, p < 0.001). Conclusions: OVX increases visceral and bone marrow adiposity which are associated with inferior bone quality and biomechanical properties. Physical activity could contribute to reduce adipose tissue and thereby improve bone quality.

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DsbA-L deficiency in T cells promotes diet-induced thermogenesis through suppressing IFN-γ production

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-20665-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Haiyan Zhou ◽

Xinyi Peng ◽

Jie Hu ◽

Liwen Wang ◽

Hairong Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

T Cell ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Whole Body ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Diet Induced Thermogenesis

AbstractAdipose tissue-resident T cells have been recognized as a critical regulator of thermogenesis and energy expenditure, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding greatly suppresses the expression of disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L), a mitochondria-localized chaperone protein, in adipose-resident T cells, which correlates with reduced T cell mitochondrial function. T cell-specific knockout of DsbA-L enhances diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and protects mice from HFD-induced obesity, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, DsbA-L deficiency in T cells reduces IFN-γ production and activates protein kinase A by reducing phosphodiesterase-4D expression, leading to increased BAT thermogenesis. Taken together, our study uncovers a mechanism by which T cells communicate with brown adipocytes to regulate BAT thermogenesis and whole-body energy homeostasis. Our findings highlight a therapeutic potential of targeting T cells for the treatment of over nutrition-induced obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.

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Contribution of Adipose Tissue Oxidative Stress to Obesity-Associated Diabetes Risk and Ethnic Differences: Focus on Women of African Ancestry

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10040622 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 622

Author(s):

Pamela A. Nono Nankam ◽

Télesphore B. Nguelefack ◽

Julia H. Goedecke ◽

Matthias Blüher

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

African Ancestry ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

African Women ◽

European Ancestry ◽

Whole Body ◽

Redox Equilibrium ◽

Systemic Oxidative Stress

Adipose tissue (AT) storage capacity is central in the maintenance of whole-body homeostasis, especially in obesity states. However, sustained nutrients overflow may dysregulate this function resulting in adipocytes hypertrophy, AT hypoxia, inflammation and oxidative stress. Systemic inflammation may also contribute to the disruption of AT redox equilibrium. AT and systemic oxidative stress have been involved in the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) through several mechanisms. Interestingly, fat accumulation, body fat distribution and the degree of how adiposity translates into cardio-metabolic diseases differ between ethnicities. Populations of African ancestry have a higher prevalence of obesity and higher T2D risk than populations of European ancestry, mainly driven by higher rates among African women. Considering the reported ethnic-specific differences in AT distribution and function and higher levels of systemic oxidative stress markers, oxidative stress is a potential contributor to the higher susceptibility for metabolic diseases in African women. This review summarizes existing evidence supporting this hypothesis while acknowledging a lack of data on AT oxidative stress in relation to IR in Africans, and the potential influence of other ethnicity-related modulators (e.g., genetic-environment interplay, socioeconomic factors) for consideration in future studies with different ethnicities.

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Unusual increase of Scd1 and Elovl6 expression in rat inguinal adipose tissue

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.2478/s11535-012-0007-6 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 192-200

Author(s):

Jacek Turyn ◽

Adriana Mika ◽

Piotr Stepnowski ◽

Julian Swierczynski

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Food Restriction ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Tissue Mass ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Fat Deposits ◽

Rat Adipose Tissue

AbstractIt is generally accepted that the location of body fat deposits may play an important role in the risk of developing some endocrine and metabolic diseases. We have studied the effect of food restriction and food restriction/refeeding, often practiced by individuals trying to lose body weight, on the expression of genes which are associated with obesity and certain metabolic disorders in inguinal, epididymal, and perirenal rat white adipose tissues. Gene expression was analyzed by real time semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and by Western blot. We found that prolonged food restriction caused a significant decrease of body and adipose tissue mass as well as the increase of Scd1 and Elovl6 gene expressions in all main rat adipose tissue deposits. Food restriction/refeeding caused increases of: a) Scd1 and Elovl6 mRNA levels in adipose tissue, b) Scd1 protein level and c) desaturation index in adipose tissue. The increased expression of both genes was unusually high in inguinal adipose tissue. The results suggest that the increase of Scd1 and Elovl6 gene expressions in white adipose tissue by prolonged food restriction and prolonged food restriction/refeeding may contribute to accelerated fat recovery that often occurs in individuals after food restriction/refeeding.

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Estrogen Metabolism in Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Postmenopausal Women

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2017-01474 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 102 (12) ◽

pp. 4588-4595 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Natalia Hetemäki ◽

Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen ◽

Matti J Tikkanen ◽

Feng Wang ◽

Hanna Paatela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Estrogen Metabolism ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Estrogen Exposure

Abstract Context In postmenopausal women, adipose tissue (AT) levels of estrogens exceed circulating concentrations. Although increased visceral AT after menopause is related to metabolic diseases, little is known about differences in estrogen metabolism between different AT depots. Objective We compared concentrations of and metabolic pathways producing estrone and estradiol in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral AT in postmenopausal women. Design, Setting, Patients, and Interventions AT and serum samples were obtained from 37 postmenopausal women undergoing surgery for nonmalignant gynecological reasons. Serum and AT estrone, estradiol, and serum estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations were quantitated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Activity of steroid sulfatase and reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes was measured using radiolabeled precursors. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of estrogen-converting enzymes was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Estrone concentration was higher in visceral than subcutaneous AT (median, 928 vs 706 pmol/kg; P = 0.002) and correlated positively with body mass index (r = 0.46; P = 0.011). Both AT depots hydrolyzed E1S to estrone, and visceral AT estrone and estradiol concentrations correlated positively with serum E1S. Compared with visceral AT, subcutaneous AT produced more estradiol from estrone (median rate of estradiol production, 1.02 vs 0.57 nmol/kg AT/h; P = 0.004). In visceral AT, the conversion of estrone to estradiol increased with waist circumference (r = 0.65; P = 0.022), and estradiol concentration correlated positively with mRNA expression of HSD17B7 (r = 0.76; P = 0.005). Conclusions Both estrone and estradiol production in visceral AT increased with adiposity, but estradiol was produced more effectively in subcutaneous fat. Both AT depots produced estrone from E1S. Increasing visceral adiposity could increase overall estrogen exposure in postmenopausal women.

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Responses of Lipolysis and Salivary Cortisol to Food Intake and Physical Activity in Lean and Obese Children

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2003-031144 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 89 (9) ◽

pp. 4701-4707 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

A. M. Hershberger ◽

M. R. McCammon ◽

J. P. Garry ◽

M. T. Mahar ◽

R. C. Hickner

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Group Differences ◽

Cortisol Response ◽

Glycerol Concentration ◽

Glycerol Release ◽

Obese Children ◽

Prior Exercise

This investigation was conducted to determine whether there were differences in lipolytic responses to feeding and physical activity between lean (LN) and obese (OB) children, and if these responses were related to cortisol. Fourteen LN and 11 OB children participated in this study of abdominal lipolysis and salivary cortisol response to breakfast and lunch with an intervening exercise session. Calculated fasting glycerol release was lower in OB than LN (0.645 ± 0.06 vs. 0.942 ± 0.11 μmol/ml; P < 0.05). Fasting adipose tissue nutritive flow was lower in OB than in LN subjects, but responses to feeding and exercise were not different. Breakfast elicited a decrease in interstitial glycerol concentration in LN (−33%; P < 0.05), but not in OB (−5%), children, although decreases in glycerol concentration in response to lunch were similar (LN, −41%; OB, −36%). An interaction was evident in the salivary cortisol response to breakfast (LN, no change; OB, increase) and exercise (LN, no change; OB, decrease), but there were no group differences in response to lunch. Alterations in salivary cortisol and lipolysis were not related. These data suggest that salivary cortisol and lipolytic responses are not necessarily linked, but are altered in obesity. Furthermore, prior exercise may improve the antilipolytic response to a meal in OB children.

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Differences in Muscle and Adipose Tissue Gene Expression and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in the Members of Physical Activity Discordant Twin Pairs

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0012609 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. e12609 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Tuija Leskinen ◽

Rita Rinnankoski-Tuikka ◽

Mirva Rintala ◽

Tuulikki Seppänen-Laakso ◽

Eija Pöllänen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Metabolic Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Risk ◽

Adipose Tissue Gene Expression ◽

Tissue Gene Expression ◽

Discordant Twin

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Interactions between insulin and exercise

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bcj20210185 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 478 (21) ◽

pp. 3827-3846

Author(s):

Erik A. Richter ◽

Lykke Sylow ◽

Mark Hargreaves

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Regular Exercise ◽

Fuel Storage ◽

Storage Effects ◽

Glucose Storage ◽

Glycogen Stores

The interaction between insulin and exercise is an example of balancing and modifying the effects of two opposing metabolic regulatory forces under varying conditions. While insulin is secreted after food intake and is the primary hormone increasing glucose storage as glycogen and fatty acid storage as triglycerides, exercise is a condition where fuel stores need to be mobilized and oxidized. Thus, during physical activity the fuel storage effects of insulin need to be suppressed. This is done primarily by inhibiting insulin secretion during exercise as well as activating local and systemic fuel mobilizing processes. In contrast, following exercise there is a need for refilling the fuel depots mobilized during exercise, particularly the glycogen stores in muscle. This process is facilitated by an increase in insulin sensitivity of the muscles previously engaged in physical activity which directs glucose to glycogen resynthesis. In physically trained individuals, insulin sensitivity is also higher than in untrained individuals due to adaptations in the vasculature, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In this paper, we review the interactions between insulin and exercise during and after exercise, as well as the effects of regular exercise training on insulin action.

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