scholarly journals Early growth and postprandial appetite regulatory hormone responses

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (9) ◽  
pp. 1591-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia-Maria Perälä ◽  
Eero Kajantie ◽  
Liisa M. Valsta ◽  
Jens J. Holst ◽  
Jaana Leiviskä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Meal ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
The Impact

Strong epidemiological evidence suggests that slow prenatal or postnatal growth is associated with an increased risk of CVD and other metabolic diseases. However, little is known whether early growth affects postprandial metabolism and, especially, the appetite regulatory hormone system. Therefore, we investigated the impact of early growth on postprandial appetite regulatory hormone responses to two high-protein and two high-fat content meals. Healthy, 65–75-year-old volunteers from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study were recruited; twelve with a slow increase in BMI during the first year of life (SGI group) and twelve controls. Subjects ate a test meal (whey meal, casein meal, SFA meal and PUFA meal) once in a random order. Plasma glucose, insulin, TAG, NEFA, ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 and a satiety profile were measured in the fasting state and for 4 h after each test meal. Compared with the controls, the SGI group had about 1·5-fold higher insulin responses after the whey meal (P= 0·037), casein meal (P= 0·023) and PUFA meal (P= 0·002). TAG responses were 34–69 % higher for the SGI group, but only the PUFA-meal responses differed significantly between the groups. The PYY response of the SGI group was 44 % higher after the whey meal (P= 0·046) and 115 % higher after the casein meal (P= 0·025) compared with the controls. No other statistically significant differences were seen between the groups. In conclusion, early growth may have a role in programming appetite regulatory hormone secretion in later life. Slow early growth is also associated with higher postprandial insulin and TAG responses but not with incretin levels.

scholarly journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Infant Adiposity at Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Manoja P. Herath ◽  
Jeffrey M. Beckett ◽  
Andrew P. Hills ◽  
Nuala M. Byrne ◽  
Kiran D. K. Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Exposure to untreated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adulthood, and increased adiposity in GDM-exposed infants is suggested as a plausible mediator of this increased risk of later-life metabolic disorders. Evidence is equivocal regarding the impact of good glycaemic control in GDM mothers on infant adiposity at birth. We systematically reviewed studies reporting fat mass (FM), percent fat mass (%FM) and skinfold thicknesses (SFT) at birth in infants of mothers with GDM controlled with therapeutic interventions (IGDMtr). While treating GDM lowered FM in newborns compared to no treatment, there was no difference in FM and SFT according to the type of treatment (insulin, metformin, glyburide). IGDMtr had higher overall adiposity (mean difference, 95% confidence interval) measured with FM (68.46 g, 29.91 to 107.01) and %FM (1.98%, 0.54 to 3.42) but similar subcutaneous adiposity measured with SFT, compared to infants exposed to normal glucose tolerance (INGT). This suggests that IGDMtr may be characterised by excess fat accrual in internal adipose tissue. Given that intra-abdominal adiposity is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders, future studies should distinguish adipose tissue distribution of IGDMtr and INGT.

Fluoxetine-induced changes in body weight and 5-HT1A receptor-mediated hormone secretion in rats on a tryptophan-deficient diet

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (2) ◽  
pp. R390-R397 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. D'Souza ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
F. Garcia ◽  
G. Battaglia ◽  
L. D. Van de Kar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Plasma Hormones ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

Tryptophan depleting protocols are commonly used to study the role of serotonin in mood disorders. The present study examined the impact of a tryptophan-deficient diet and fluoxetine on the serotonergic regulation of neuroendocrine function and body weight. We hypothesized that the regulation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors is dependent on the levels of 5-HT in the synapse. Rats on a control or a tryptophan-deficient diet received daily injections of saline or fluoxetine (5 or 10 mg·kg-1·day-1 ip) from day 7 to day 21. The tryptophan-deficient diet produced a 41% reduction in the level of 5-HT but no change in the density of [3H]paroxetine-labeled 5-HT transporters. Treatment with fluoxetine inhibited the gain in weight in rats maintained on the control diet. The tryptophan-deficient diet produced a significant loss in body weight that was not significantly altered by treatment with fluoxetine. Treatment with fluoxetine produced a dose-dependent desensitization of hormone responses to injection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist (±)8-hydroxy-2-(di- n-propylamino)tetralin ((±)8-OH-DPAT). The tryptophan-deficient diet produced an increase in the basal levels of corticosterone but did not alter the basal levels of ACTH or oxytocin. Also, this diet inhibited the magnitude of 8-OH-DPAT-induced increase in plasma levels of ACTH and oxytocin but did not impair the ability of fluoxetine to desensitize the 5-HT1A receptor-mediated increase in plasma hormones. These data suggest that a reserve of 5-HT enables fluoxetine to desensitize postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in the hypothalamus. In conclusion, the profound physiological changes induced by tryptophan depletion may complicate the interpretation of studies using this experimental approach.

scholarly journals Impact of Cleft lip and Palate on Mother-to-Infant Bonding: a Cross-Sectional Study in the Japan Environment and Children's Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinobu Tsuchiya ◽  
Masahiro Tsuchiya ◽  
Haruki Momma ◽  
Takeyoshi Koseki ◽  
Kaoru Igarashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Psychological Status ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is among the most prevalent congenital birth defects. They negatively affect maternal psychological status and may consequently result in higher prevalence of child maltreatment. However, the association of CL/P births with bonding disorders still remains unclear. To address this question, we examined the impact of CL/P birth on mother-to-infant bonding, using the nationwide birth cohort study, Japan Environment and Children's Study. Methods This study was conducted as a nationwide birth cohort study of the Japan environment and children’s study (JECS), an ongoing nationwide birth cohort study in Japan. 104,065 of foetuses in fifteen regional centres in JECS were enrolled. Finally, the participants consisted of 79,140 mother-infant pairs, of which 211 mothers with CL/P infants were included in our analyses. Results First, no increased risk of bonding disorders was observed among all the mothers with CL/P births (odds ratio [95% CI]; 0.97 [0.63-1.48], p = 0.880), and advanced maternal age or multiple parity would adversely affect the associations between bonding disorders and CL/P births, respectively. Thus, after stratification with a combination of maternal age and parity, a significant association of CL/P birth with bonding disorders was found only among advanced-age multiparae (OR [95% CI] = 2.51 [1.17-5.37], p = 0.018), but it was weakened after additional adjustment for maternal depression. Conclusion CL/P birth may increase the risk of bonding disorders among advanced-age multiparae possibly through maternal depression. This finding provides valuable information for the provision of multidisciplinary cleft care.

scholarly journals Television Viewing and Cognitive Dysfunction of Korean Older Adults

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Mi Sook Jung ◽  
Eunyoung Chung
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the association between television (TV) viewing and cognitive dysfunction in elderly Koreans. Among participants of the 2014 National Survey of Older Koreans, 9644 were considered in this study. To better identify the association between two factors, propensity score (PS) matching with exact method was used. Finally, 168 viewers and non-viewers each were selected based on estimated PS on key variables and eliminating double matches. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed when controlling for possible covariates. Viewers were more likely to have cognitive dysfunction than non-viewers, with significant differences in most covariates. After correcting confounding effects of these covariates with PS matching, TV viewing was found to be a significant risk factor of cognitive dysfunction, along with absence of diagnosed hypertension and non-participation in physical leisure activities. TV viewing might be associated with increased risk of cognitive dysfunction in later life. Appropriate education and strategies to minimize TV viewing among older adults should be established to contribute to attenuating cognitive aging. More interventional studies can help older adults, caregivers, and healthcare professionals explore the cognitively beneficial alternatives to TV use considering the impact of socioeconomic factors of selecting TV viewing as a preferred leisure activity.

Birth order is associated with an increased risk of obesity in young adults in Thailand

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2019-213572
Author(s):  
Linda Aurpibul ◽  
Éadaoin M Butler ◽  
Antika Wongthanee ◽  
Amaraporn Rerkasem ◽  
Sakda Pruenglampoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundThere is a growing body of evidence showing that early life events are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases later in adult life. However, there is a paucity of data in this field from Asian populations. In this study, we examined the association of birth order with obesity risk and cardiometabolic outcomes in young adults in Thailand.MethodsParticipants were the offspring from a birth cohort study in Chiang Mai (northern Thailand), who were followed up at ~20.5 years of age. Clinical assessments included anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting blood samples and carotid intima-media thickness. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Participants were stratified into two groups: first-borns and later-borns. Health outcomes between groups were compared using multivariable models adjusting for important confounders, in particular maternal body mass index (BMI).ResultsA total of 559 participants were studied: 316 first-borns (46% males) and 243 later-borns (47% males). Adjusted models showed anthropometric differences, with first-borns being 2.3 kg heavier (p=0.023) with a BMI 0.86 kg/m2 greater (p=0.019) than later-borns. Thus, rates of obesity were higher in first-borns than in later-borns (6.6% vs 2.9%), so that first-borns had an adjusted relative risk of obesity 3.3 times greater than later-borns [95% CI 1.42 to 7.88; p=0.006]. There were no observed differences in cardiovascular or metabolic parameters assessed, including HOMA-IR.ConclusionAs observed in other populations, first-borns in Thailand had greater BMI and an increased risk of obesity in young adulthood. However, we observed no other cardiometabolic differences between first- and later-borns.

scholarly journals The Joint-Brain Axis: Insights From Rheumatoid Arthritis on the Crosstalk Between Chronic Peripheral Inflammation and the Brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Süß ◽  
Tobias Rothe ◽  
Alana Hoffmann ◽  
Johannes C. M. Schlachetzki ◽  
Jürgen Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Peripheral Inflammation ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
The Impact

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by erosive polyarthritis. Beyond joint pathology, RA is associated with neuropsychiatric comorbidity including depression, anxiety, and an increased risk to develop neurodegenerative diseases in later life. Studies investigating the central nervous system (CNS) in preclinical models of RA have leveraged the understanding of the intimate crosstalk between peripheral and central immune responses. This mini review summarizes the current knowledge of CNS comorbidity in RA patients and known underlying cellular mechanisms. We focus on the differential regulation of CNS myeloid and glial cells in different mouse models of RA reflecting different patterns of peripheral immune activation. Moreover, we address CNS responses to anti-inflammatory treatment in human RA patients and mice. Finally, to illustrate the bidirectional communication between the CNS and chronic peripheral inflammation, we present the current knowledge about the impact of the CNS on arthritis. A comprehensive understanding of the crosstalk between the CNS and chronic peripheral inflammation will help to identify RA patients at risk of developing CNS comorbidity, setting the path for future therapeutic approaches in both RA and neuropsychiatric diseases.

scholarly journals The Impact of Ghrelin in Metabolic Diseases: An Immune Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica Aparecida da Silva Pereira ◽  
Felipe Corrêa da Silva ◽  
Pedro Manoel Mendes de Moraes-Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretagogue ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Profile ◽  
The Impact

Obesity and insulin resistance have reached epidemic proportions. Obesogenic conditions are associated with increased risk for the development of other comorbidities and obesity-related diseases. In metabolic disorders, there is chronic low-grade inflammation induced by the activation of immune cells, especially in metabolic relevant organs such as white adipose tissue (WAT). These immune cells are regulated by environmental and systemic cues. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted mainly by X/A-like gastric cells and acts through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). This receptor is broadly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and in several cell types, including immune cells. Studies show that ghrelin induces an orexigenic state, and there is increasing evidence implicating an immunoregulatory role for ghrelin. Ghrelin mainly acts on the innate and adaptive immune systems to suppress inflammation and induce an anti-inflammatory profile. In this review, we discuss the immunoregulatory roles of ghrelin, the mechanisms by which ghrelin acts and potential pharmacological applications for ghrelin in the treatment of obesity-associated inflammatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D).

scholarly journals Developmental Effects of (Pre-)Gestational Diabetes on Offspring: Systematic Screening Using Omics Approaches

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1991
Author(s):  
Bachuki Shashikadze ◽  
Florian Flenkenthaler ◽  
Jan B. Stöckl ◽  
Libera Valla ◽  
Simone Renner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Maternal Diabetes ◽  
Systematic Screening ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Maternal Metabolism ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Worldwide, gestational diabetes affects 2–25% of pregnancies. Due to related disturbances of the maternal metabolism during the periconceptional period and pregnancy, children bear an increased risk for future diseases. It is well known that an aberrant intrauterine environment caused by elevated maternal glucose levels is related to elevated risks for increased birth weights and metabolic disorders in later life, such as obesity or type 2 diabetes. The complexity of disturbances induced by maternal diabetes, with multiple underlying mechanisms, makes early diagnosis or prevention a challenging task. Omics technologies allowing holistic quantification of several classes of molecules from biological fluids, cells, or tissues are powerful tools to systematically investigate the effects of maternal diabetes on the offspring in an unbiased manner. Differentially abundant molecules or distinct molecular profiles may serve as diagnostic biomarkers, which may also support the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize key findings from state-of-the-art Omics studies addressing the impact of maternal diabetes on offspring health.

scholarly journals Well-being of children born after medically assisted reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Goisis ◽  
Mikko Myrskylä
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Single Embryo Transfer ◽  
Medically Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The increasing number and proportion of children born after medically assisted reproduction (MAR) has raised concerns and motivated research about the impact of MAR on the well-being and development of children. Objective We summarize existing studies on the well-being and development of children conceived through MAR. Materials and methods Review of existing studies. Results Children conceived through MAR are at increased risk of adverse birth outcomes such as low birthweight and preterm delivery compared to naturally conceived children. The higher rates of multiple births amongst MAR-conceived children continue to represent an important driving factor behind these disparities. Reassuringly, elective single embryo transfer (eSET)—which is associated with more favourable pregnancy outcomes among MAR-conceived children—is becoming more common. Despite the early life health disadvantages, the evidence on later life outcomes such as physical, cognitive and psychosocial development is generally reassuring. On average, MAR-conceived children show similar or better outcomes than naturally conceived children. The selected and advantaged socioeconomic characteristics of parents who conceive through MAR are likely to play an important role in explaining why, on average, MAR-conceived children perform better than naturally conceived children—particularly in terms of cognitive outcomes. In contrast, there is some evidence pointing to potentially increased risks of mental health problems among MAR-conceived children. Conclusion There is need for continued monitoring and longer follow-up studies on the well-being of these children in order to better understand whether their outcomes are similar to or different from those of naturally conceived children, and, if so, why.

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