The population of laying hens loses important genes: a case history

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sørensen

SummaryThe switch from keeping laying hens in a floor or free range system into a cage system led to a considerable change in the way that breeding and selection took place. In the past 40–50 years up to the present date, the increase in genetic improvement of the egg laying trait was substantial. However, cage-adapted populations of laying hens seem to have lost some of their abilities to an adequate performance when returned to the old floor\free range systems. The strong concentration of all parts of the poultry production has meant that less than 10 international breeding companies supply most hens for laying purposes in the world and they have very little interest in developing genetic material for the West-European region where there are marked consumer preferences for eggs produced in non-cage systems. A particular Danish line, of White Leghorn origin named “The Skalborg hen” seems to have survived during an era of cage production system and they seems to have a production potential at farm level.

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINDA A. BESTER ◽  
SABIHA Y. ESSACK

Campylobacter bacteria are important foodborne pathogens that cause acute diarrheal illness, and infection is often associated with contaminated poultry. In a blind observational study, the prevalence and resistance profiles of thermophilic Campylobacter strains collected from different poultry production systems were tested against the clinically used antibiotics ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and streptomycin. Campylobacter strains were isolated from chickens in rural production systems, a free-range commercial facility, and industrially raised broiler and egg-laying chickens all situated in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Isolates were collected from the chicken cecae and were identified with conventional methods and tested for antibiotic resistance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute agar dilution method. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. isolates in chickens was 68% (56 samples) in rural production, 47% (140 samples) in commercial free-range broilers, 47% (133 samples) in industrial broilers, and 94% (34 samples) in industrial layer hens. Isolates from the rurally raised chickens showed significantly (P < 0.01) less resistance against ciprofloxacin (7.9%), erythromycin (0%), and tetracycline (21.6%) than those from commercially produced chickens. Isolates from the commercially raised chickens (free range and industrial) were highly resistant to tetracycline (98.9 to 100%). The incidence of gentamicin and streptomycin resistance was 1.6 and 11.5%, respectively, in commercial free-range broilers, 1.7 and 16.4%, respectively, in industrially raised broilers, and 12.9 and 40%, respectively, in industrially raised layers. It is possible that variations among the poultry production systems, including antimicrobial usage, result in differences in antibiotic resistance profiles in Campylobacter.


2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1996-2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIANNE CHEMALY ◽  
MARIE-THERESE TOQUIN ◽  
YOLENE LE NÔTRE ◽  
PHILIPPE FRAVALO

This study aimed to update and create a data set from laying hens and broilers regarding contamination by Listeria monocytogenes. Two hundred laying-hen flocks were sampled, with 88 flocks reared in cages and 112 reared on the floor. One hundred forty-five broiler flocks were sampled, with 85 conventional and 60 free-range flocks. A total of 774 and 725 samples were analyzed from laying hens and broilers, respectively. L. monocytogenes was detected in 31 of 200 flocks, yielding an estimated prevalence of 15.5% in laying-hen flocks. Among positive flocks, there appeared a significant (P = 0.004) difference between caged and floor-reared hens, with a higher detection in dust samples from floor-reared hens. In positive caged hen flocks, significant (P = 0.028) differences between dust and fecal samples appeared, with a higher detection in feces than in dust samples. In broiler flocks, L. monocytogenes was isolated in 46 of 145 flocks, yielding an estimated prevalence of 32% (28% in conventional flocks versus 37% in the free-range flocks). L. monocytogenes was isolated in samples taken from conventional flocks with a lower frequency than in free-range flocks (13 versus 18%, respectively). The serotyping of L. monocytogenes strains showed that the majority belonged to type 1/2a in laying-hen flocks (74.3%) and in broiler flocks (40.5%). A significant difference (P = 0.007) between laying hens and broilers was shown for serogroup 4 and for serovar 1/2b (P = 0.007); these serogroups were more prevalent in broilers (40%) than in laying hens (5.7%).


2020 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 16071-16077
Author(s):  
Clarisse Kinonton KONE YELAKAN ◽  
René Ahua KOFFI ◽  
Louis Guichard BOHOUA

La qualité des aliments de ponte est l’élément le plus important duquel dépendent les caractéristiques physiques et nutritionnelles des œufs. L’incorporation d’huiles végétales dans l’alimentation des pondeuses confère à cette alimentation, un apport en acides gras essentiels tel que l’acide linoléique. L’huile de soja est une huile végétale riche en acides gras polyinsaturés et a une forte concentration en acide linoléique, essentiel au bon fonctionnement de la ponte. Objectif : Ce présent travail se propose d’évaluer les effets de la supplémentation des aliments ponte à l’huile de soja sur le poids et la taille des œufs de poules pondeuses Warren. Méthodologie et résultats : L’expérience a porté sur 150 Warren de 20 semaines d’âge (entrée en ponte), scindés en 3 lots de 50 poules chacun. L’huile de soja a été introduite dans les aliments à raison de 0% (Lot 1 : Témoin), 2% (Lot 2) et 4% (Lot 3). Les aliments ainsi fabriqués ont été distribués quotidiennement aux poules. Les premières données de l’expérience ont été recueillies après un mois de ponte (25e semaine). Ces données ont permis de déterminer le poids et la taille des œufs collectés. Après 7 mois d’expérience, les résultats ont montré qu’une supplémentation de 2% et 4% d’huile de soja a permis d’améliorer le poids respectivement de 2,49 g et 1.36 g. Pour la taille des œufs, l’incorporation d’huile de soja à 2% et 4% donne des valeurs similaires mais supérieures à celles du lot témoins (0%). Conclusions et application des résultats : L’huile de soja se présente donc comme un outil d’amélioration du rendement des productions avicoles. Une application de l’utilisation de cette huile dans l’alimentation des volailles serait un atout pour le secteur avicole et permettra une amélioration du revenu des producteurs Mots clés : Aliments de ponte, huile de soja, acide linoléique, œufs. Yelakan et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Influence de l’huile de soja sur le poids et la taille des œufs des poules pondeuses « Warren » 16072 Influence of soybean oil on the weight and size of the eggs of laying hens "warren" ABSTRACT The quality of the laying feed is the most important element on which the physical and nutritional characteristics of eggs depend. The incorporation of vegetable oils in the diet of the layers gives this diet a supply of essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid. Soybean oil is a vegetable oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and has a high concentration of linoleic acid, which is essential for proper egg laying function. Objective: This present work aims to evaluate the effects of soybean oil laying feed supplementation on the weight and size of eggs from Warren laying hens. Methodology and results: The experiment involved 150 Warren 20 weeks old (entry laying egg), divided into 3 lots of 50 hens each. Soybean oil was introduced into foods at a rate of 0% (Lot 1: Control), 2% (Lot 2) and 4% (Lot 3). The feed thus produced was daily distributed to the hens. The first data of the experiment were recorded after one month of laying (25th week). These data allowed to determine the weight and size of the collected eggs. After 7 months of experience, results showed that supplementation of 2% and 4% soybean oil improved respectively the weight to 2.49 g and 1.36 g. For the size of the eggs, the incorporation of 2% and 4% soybean oil gives similar values but higher than those of the control lot (0%). Conclusions and application of the results: Soybean oil is therefore seen as a mean for improving the yield of poultry production. An application of the use of this oil in poultry feed would be an asset for the poultry sector and will improve the income of producers. Key words: egg laying feed, soybean oil, linoleic acid, eggs


Author(s):  
Brian Tainika ◽  
Ahmet Şekeroğlu

This review article discussed the effects of various production systems on the welfare of laying hens. The global egg production capacity has been increasing with the evolving production systems which are driven by the consumer preferences. In developed countries, the egg industry has shifted from focusing on quantity and quality of eggs to asking questions of how these eggs are produced. Animal welfare issues emphasized by consumers in these countries led to the banning of conventional cages as seen by European Union in 2012. Such legal measures have uplifted research in various alternative production systems which are thought to be animal friendly. Countries that have adjusted to alternative systems such as free range are registering an increase in the number of free range eggs which is a positive sign for an industry that is willing to adapt and move forward. However, in developing countries, conventional cages are still being used because they are fundamental to the quantity of egg production which is a success indicator of the egg industry. In addition, lack of awareness within the consumers and local producers that birds are sentient has not helped the poultry industry in such countries. However, the alternative production systems have also not fulfilled all the behavioural needs of the animals and, hen welfare issues such as keel and bone damage are common in enriched and perched systems. Also, the high prevalence of diseases and parasites are observed with significant levels in litter floor and outdoor systems an issue attributable to the direct contact between birds and soil or faces. Due to the continuing welfare issues in all laying hen production systems, it is suggested that in addition to genetic selection for traits like bone strength, reduced feather pecking, research should combine both the modification of equipment’s or materials used in each production system and environmental factors such as illumination and temperature as an alternative to improve hen welfare.


Author(s):  
Р.В. КАЗАРЯН ◽  
А.С. БОРОДИХИН ◽  
А.Д. АЧМИЗ ◽  
М.В. ЛУКЬЯНЕНКО ◽  
П.В. МИРОШНИЧЕНКО

Проведена сравнительная оценка качества и пищевой ценности мяса цыплятбройлеров и яиц курнесушек, полученных от птиц опытной группы, в рацион которых добавляли в течение 6 и 4 недель соответственно кормовой концентрат, включающий комплекс биологически активных веществ и пробиотическую микрофлору, в количестве 0,3 к массе корма. В качестве контрольной была группа птиц, получавших только основной рацион. Установлено, что содержание белка и жира в мясе цыплятбройлеров опытной группы выше на 7,02 и 2,44 соответственно по сравнению с содержанием белка и жира в мясе цыплятбройлеров контрольной группы. Содержание фосфолипидов, витаминов А и Е в мясе цыплятбройлеров опытной группы соответственно в 2,12 2,4 и 2,2 раза выше по сравнению с аналогичным показателем контрольной группы. При исследовании кулинарных свойств мяса цыплятбройлеров установлено, что суммарная балльная оценка вареного фарша, приготовленного из мяса цыплятбройлеров опытной группы, составила 46,0 баллов, контрольной группы 40,5 баллов, бульона 39,8 и 38,0 баллов соответственно. Введение комплексного кормового концентрата в рацион молодняка курнесушек способствовало получению большего количества яиц (на 17,1) более высокой пищевой ценности по сравнению с аналогичными показателями контрольной группы. Установлено, что в яйцах, полученных от курнесушек опытной группы, содержится жира на 11,52, фосфолипидов в 2,08 раза, витаминов А и Е соответственно в 2,66 и 2,27 раза больше, чем в яйцах от курнесушек контрольной группы. Содержание вкаротина в желтке яиц от курнесушек опытной группы в 4,4 раза выше, чем в желтке яиц от курнесушек контрольной группы. Comparative evaluation of quality and nutritive value of meat of broiler chickens and egg laying hens, obtained from birds of the experimental group in which diet was added for 6 and 4 weeks respectively feed concentrate including biologically active substances and probiotic microflora in the amount of 0,3 by weight of the feed carried out. The group of birds obtained only the basic diet was as a control. It was found that the protein and fat content in the meat of broiler chickens of the experimental group is higher compared to the protein and fat content in the meat of broiler chickens of the control group by 7,02 and 2,44 respectively. The content of phospholipids, vitamins A and E in the meat of broiler chickens of the experimental group respectively in 2,12 2,4 and 2,2 times higher compared to the control group. In the study of culinary properties of meat of broiler chickens found that the total scoring of boiled minced meat prepared from meat of chickensbroilers experimental group amounted to 46,0 points, the control group is 40,5 points, broth 39,8 and 38,0 points respectively. The introduction of a complex feed concentrate in the diet of young laying hens contributes to the production of more eggs (on 17,1) of higher nutritional value compared to the control group. It was found that eggs obtained from laying hens of the experimental group contain fat by 11,52, phospholipids by 2,08 times, vitamins A and E respectively by 2,66 and 2,27 times more than eggs from laying hens of the control group. The content of вcarotene in the yolk of eggs from laying hens of the experimental group is 4,4 times higher than in the yolk of eggs from laying hens of the control group.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nova Hariani ◽  
Imilia Simanjuntak

One of the diseases often threatens the health of free-range chickens and egg-laying chickens are worm parasites (endoparasites). Parasites can be transmitted through food, drinks and the cage environment. Sanitation is one of the preventive steps carry out by farmers to protect livestock against infection from the environment. The objective of study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of parasitic worm eggs that infect the digestive tracts of free-range chickens and egg- laying hens in Muara Badak District. Research was done by observing worm eggs in fecal samples. A total of 60 samples consisting of 30 samples of egg-laying hens in Tanjung Village and 30 samples of free-range chickens in Badak Baru Village, Muara Badak. For the sample analysis technique used 2 methods are namely the floating method and the sedimentation method. The results has showed the type of worm eggs are infected the digestive tract found in free-range chickens and egg-laying chickens had consisted of Echinostoma revolutum, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona, Davainea proglotina, Amoebotaenia sphenoides, Ascaridia galli, Capillaria annulata and Trichostrongylus tenuis. The highest prevalence in free- range chickens and egg-laying chickens were found in Ascaridia galli was 53.33% and 40%. While the lowest prevalence in free-range chickens against Raillietina echinobothrida and Amoebotaenia sphenoides 3.33%. egg-laying chickens are against Echinostoma revolutum, Raillietina tetragona and Trichostrongylus tenuis 6.67%. The highest intensity in free-range chickens and against Ascaridia galli was 141 eggs/individual and in egg-laying chickens was 139 eggs/individuals. The lowest intensity in this research was found in free-range chickens against Amoebotaenia sphenoides and Raillietina echinobothrida 3 eggs/individuals and egg-laying chickens against Echinostoma revolutum 5 eggs/individuals. Keywords: Endoparasites, Prevalence, Intensity, Chicken, hen.


Author(s):  
L. I. Naumova ◽  
М. Т. Klychnikov ◽  
N. F. Klychnikova

The analysis of different doses of complex feed additive to poultry ration have been made. The influence of new feed additive with bioresources of the Far East use on productive poultry indexes, on production quality and digestibility of nutritious matters of mixed feed has been studied. Patrinia scabiosifolia, Acanthopanax sesseliflorum, cones of cedare nut husk, brown seaweed, macro- and microelements, vitamins were the object of research. As a result of these researches author presents more effective norms of complex feed additive use in poultry farming of Khabarovsk Kray. The recipe of feed additive from local vegetable resources and complex of vitamins and minerals for use in laying hens nutrition was worked out. The aim of this work was to rise zootechnic and economic indexes of poultry production. The introduction of complex feed additive in ration influenced positively on the digestibility, raised the content of Omega-3 fat acid in egg of laying hens. The increase of Omega-3 fat acid quantity promotes decrease of cholesterol in yolk of egg. In the experimental groups there was a more intensive use of nutrients in diet, mainly due to raw protein, fats, mineral substances – calcium and phosphorus. The use of a new feed additive had a positive effect on the hatchability of eggs, the development of internal organs (heart, liver) and the live weight of chicks obtained from the eggs of chickens in experimental groups. Additionally, the content of mineral substances (calcium, potassium, phosphorus) in the egg of test group was higher than in the control on average by 2.3-5.1%.


Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Ling Zhao ◽  
Yue Feng ◽  
Jing-Tao Wei ◽  
Meng-Xiang Zhu ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
...  

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mycotoxin binders in reducing the adverse effects of co-occurring dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) on laying hens. Three hundred and sixty 26-week-old Roman laying hens were randomly allocated into four experimental groups with 10 replicates of nine birds each. The four groups received either a basal diet (BD; Control), a BD supplemented with 0.15 mg/kg AFB1 + 1.5 mg/kg DON + 0.12 mg/kg OTA (Toxins), a BD + Toxins with Toxo-HP binder (Toxins + HP), or a BD + Toxins with TOXO XL binder (Toxins + XL) for 12 weeks. Compared to the control, dietary supplementation of mycotoxins decreased (P < 0.10) total feed intake, total egg weight, and egg-laying rate, but increased feed/egg ratio by 2.5–6.1% and mortality during various experimental periods. These alterations induced by mycotoxins were alleviated by supplementation with both TOXO HP and XL binders (P < 0.10). Furthermore, dietary mycotoxins reduced (P < 0.05) eggshell strength by 12.3% and caused an accumulation of 249 μg/kg of DON in eggs at week 12, while dietary supplementation with TOXO HP or XL mitigated DON-induced changes on eggshell strength and prevented accumulation of DON in eggs (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary mycotoxins increased relative liver weight, but decreased spleen and proventriculus relative weights by 11.6–22.4% (P < 0.05). Mycotoxin exposure also increased alanine aminotransferase activity and reduced immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, and IgG concentrations in serum by 9.2–26.1% (P < 0.05). Additionally, mycotoxin exposure induced histopathological damage and reduced villus height, villus height/crypt depth, and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and (or) ileum (P < 0.05). Notably, most of these histological changes were mitigated by supplementation with both TOXO HP and XL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the mycotoxin binders TOXO HP and XL can help to mitigate the combined effects of AFB1, DON, and OTA on laying hen performance, egg quality, and health.


2021 ◽  
pp. 101211
Author(s):  
R. Scappaticcio ◽  
J. Garcia ◽  
G. Fondevila ◽  
A.F. de Juan ◽  
L. Cámara ◽  
...  

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