scholarly journals Study on evaluating the effectiveness of compost fertilizer from jackfruit peel and fiber with various local agricultural materials on Green Mustard (Brassica juncea)

2021 ◽  
Vol 332 ◽  
pp. 07001
Author(s):  
Thanh Tran ◽  
Van Thi ◽  
Tran Thi Bich Phuong ◽  
Loc Huu Ho ◽  
Le Thi Anh Hong
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Coconut Fiber ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Agricultural Materials

In recent years, jackfruit production in Vietnam has been growing very strongly in both quantity and quality. However, most of the jackfruit is harvested and processed for meat, the rest is the jackfruit peels, and fibers are discarded, which will affect environmental sanitation. The study aims to enhance the value of jackfruit by taking advantage of nutrient ingredients in the peel and fiber of jackfruit to blend into organic fertilizer. Initial results show that the compost substrate samples mixed with rice husk ash and coir and the organic substrate sample mixed with coconut fiber had the best quality. Tested nutritional ingredients include including humidity is 76.1%, total organic carbon content is 27.3%, fulvic acid is 0.9%, humid acid is 0.9%, total nitrogen is 0.85%, total phosphorus is 0.57% after 35 days of incubation. Their quality meets the national standards of QCVN 01-189: 2019/BNNPTNT on fertilizer quality. After testing all three samples of organic substrates on the green mustard with germination rate (%), a number of branches, and total fresh weight (g), the results showed that test plants are grown with the compost from the shell - jackfruit fiber mixed with coconut fiber developed better than the control sample.

scholarly journals Effect of Organic Fertilizer Source and Rate on Growth and Nutrient Leachate Profile of Greenhouse-grown Cucumber

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-456
Author(s):  
Yuqi Li ◽  
Neil S. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Over Time

Fertility management of seedlings and transplants is considered a key challenge in organic greenhouse production. This study was conducted to determine response of greenhouse-grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and nutrient release profile to two organic fertilizers and their combinations applied at three different concentrations in organic substrate. The organic fertilizers used were a turkey litter–based compost (TC) and a dairy manure vermicompost (VC). In addition, two control treatments [no fertilization (CK), conventional liquid fertilizer (CF)] were included. For TC, substrate leachate pH decreased for the first 17 days after addition and then increased, whereas electrical conductivity (EC), and calcium (Ca) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N) concentrations increased and then declined. For VC, EC decreased continuously over time from days 0 to 52, whereas pH increased. The Ca and NO3−-N concentrations decreased over time to 24 days and then did not change further. For TC/VC combinations, EC was stable for the first 17 days and then declined. For all organic fertilizer applications, potassium concentration was stable for the first 17 days and then decreased, whereas most of the sodium, ammonium-nitrogen, and chloride were no longer leached by 24 days. The VC and TC/VC combinations did not affect cucumber seed germination rate, seedling survival rate, seedling height, and leaf greenness (SPAD) as compared with CF. The stem length, leaf number, dry weight (DW), root index, and SPAD readings of cucumber transplants increased with increasing TC and VC fertilizer applications. The TC/VC combinations increased the biomass of cucumber transplants compared with CK, and did not differ from CF. The results of this study indicated that the 28.32 lb/yard3 of VC (high rate) or the 9.44 lb/yard3 of VC combined with 4 lb/yard3 of TC (medium rate) can be substituted for CF for the cultivation of cucumber seedlings. Based on DW, the 12 lb/yard3 of TC (high rate) or the 4 lb/yard3 of TC combined with 9.44 lb/yard3 of VC (medium rate) fertilizers were suitable replacements for CF for the cultivation of cucumber transplants.

Dynamics of phosphorus and organic substrates in anaerobic and aerobic phases of a sequencing batch reactor

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Carucci ◽  
M. Majone ◽  
R. Ramadori ◽  
S. Rossetti
Keyword(s):  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Substrate Uptake ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Polyphosphate Metabolism

This paper describes a lab-scale experimentation carried out to study enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR) in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The synthetic feed used was based on peptone and glucose as organic substrate to simulate the readily biodegradable fraction of a municipal wastewater (Wentzel et al., 1991). The experimental work was divided into two runs, each characterized by different operating conditions. The phosphorus removal efficiency was considerably higher in the absence of competition for organic substrate between P-accumulating and denitrifying bacteria. The activated sludge consisted mainly of peculiar microorganisms recently described by Cech and Hartman (1990) and called “G bacteria”. The results obtained seem to be inconsistent with the general assumption that the G bacteria are characterized by anaerobic substrate uptake not connected with any polyphosphate metabolism. Supplementary anaerobic batch tests utilizing glucose, peptone and acetate as organic substrates show that the role of acetate in the biochemical mechanisms promoting EBPR may not be so essential as it has been assumed till now.

USE OF MICRO-ALGAE SPIRULINA IN COMBINATION WITH GRAIN ENRICHING ADDITIVES IN THE FORMULATION OF BREAD FROM WHEAT FLOUR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. ГРЯЗНОВ ◽  
Ю.А. ЛЕТЯГО ◽  
О.А. ГРЯЗНОВА ◽  
Р.И. БЕЛКИНА
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
State Commission ◽  
Three Samples

Исследовано влияние добавки микроводоросли спирулины в рецептуру хлеба из пшеничной муки, обогащенного обойной мукой из зерна ячменя сортов Гранал 32 и Нудум 95 и тритикале сорта Цекад 90, на показатели его качества. Размолотую до порошкообразного состояния спирулину в количестве 0,5 к массе муки вносили при замесе теста в три опытных образца: пшеничный хлеб, хлеб Гранал и Ясень , рецептуры которых были разработаны ранее. В качестве контрольного образца был хлеб из пшеничной муки высшего сорта без добавок. Лабораторную выпечку образцов хлеба проводили в соответствии с методикой госкомиссии по сортоиспытанию на лабораторном хлебопекарном оборудовании. В результате определения органолептических и физико-химических показателей качества готовой продукции установлено, что добавка спирулины к пшеничной муке повышает пористость мякиша хлеба и увеличивает его объем до 546 см3, что на 18 см3 больше, чем в контрольном образце. Достаточно высокий объем 494 см3 имел образец хлеба, в рецептуру которого входит ячменная мука с добавлением спирулины. Внесение спирулины в рецептуру существенно не повлияло на показатели влажности (4346) и кислотности хлеба, которые в опытных образцах соответствуют нормативам ГОСТ 2698786 на хлеб из пшеничной муки. Самую высокую общую оценку 4,2 балла по пятибалльной шкале получил образец хлеба с добавлением к пшеничной муке порошка спирулины. The effect of the addition of spirulina microalgae in the formulation of bread from wheat flour enriched with wholemeal flour from barley grain varieties Granal 32 and Nudum 95 and triticale varieties Tsekad 90, on the indicators of its quality has been studied. Spirulina ground to a powdered state in an amount of 0,5 by weight of flour was introduced when kneading the dough into the formulations of three samples: wheat bread, bread Granal and Yasen , the formulations of which were developed earlier. Bread from wheat flour of the highest grade without additives was as a control sample. Laboratory baking of bread samples was carried out in accordance with the methodology of the state Commission for variety testing on laboratory baking equipment. As a result of the determination of organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators of the quality of the finished product, it was found that the addition of spirulina to wheat flour increases the porosity of the bread crumb and increases its volume to 546 cm3, which is 18 cm3 more than in the control sample. A sample of bread, the formulation of which includes barley flour with the addition of spirulina, had a sufficiently high volume 494 cm3. Adding spirulina to the formulation did not significantly affect the moisture content (4346) and acidity of bread, which in the prototypes correspond to the standards of GOST 2698786 for bread made of wheat flour. A sample of bread with spirulina powder added to wheat flour had the highest overall score 4б2 points on a five-point scale.

DEVELOPMENT OF CITRUS BASED BEVERAGE UTILIZING BACOPA MONNIERI

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-19
Author(s):  
Twamoghna De ◽  
Purushottam Kumar ◽  
Jayati Pal
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Soda Water ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Microbial Analysis ◽  
And Storage

The study was done to formulate a drink from an old medicinal herb and retain all the potential benets with a new taste and avor. For this an herbal drink was formulated and its quality ascertained. In the rst part of the study, syrup was prepared from the raw leaves of the herb with addition of acids and avors. Then this syrup was diluted further followed by carbonation with 1:3 ratio of soda water and bottled. Three samples were prepared namely, T1 (same as previous but with 1:3 ratio carbonation and dividing the sample hot lled and cold lled ). In the next part, prepared samples were subjected to sensory evaluation,chemical and microbial analysis when fresh and 0 after regular intervals at room temperature (27±1 °C) and refrigerated temperature (below 7 C). Microbial analysis of the product was done to check the quality of the herbal drink and self-life of the product. The control sample T1 cold lled was the most acceptable due to its unique taste and avor, followed by sample T1( hot lled) . The present study entailed to conclude that preparation of a drink with B. monnieri leaf extracts gives a new taste and avor with high nutritional values. This drink can be stored safe for nearly a month if carbonated and storage at refrigerated 0 temperature (below 5 C).

Low Stress Under Bump Metallizations for Direct Chip Attach

1998 ◽  
Vol 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Su ◽  
T. M. Korhonen ◽  
S. J. Hong ◽  
M. A. Korhonen ◽  
C. Y. Li
Keyword(s):  
Flip Chip ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Under Bump Metallization ◽  
Interfacial Failure ◽  
Stress Measurements ◽  
Rapid Reaction

AbstractIn order to use a flip chip method for bonding the Si chip directly to an organic substrate, compatible under bump metallization (UBM) must be available. Conventional schemes with a copper-based solderable layer are not well compatible with the high-tin solders (such as eutectic Pb-Sn) used with organic substrates. This is due to the rapid reaction between Sn and Cu which depletes the UBM of copper. Ni-based schemes exhibit slower reaction with the solder and have been identified by the semiconductor industry as preferable replacements to Cu-based UBM's. However, Ni-containing metallurgies are often associated with high stresses, which results in poor practical adhesion between the silicon chip and the metallization, leading to interfacial failure during fabrication or service. In this research, several nickel-containing UBM schemes are studied experimentally. Stress measurements are made for each metallization before patterning of UBM pads. An optimal Ni concentration for the UBM is suggested based on the results from this study.

Microstructure Observation of Electromigration Behavior in Peripheral C2 Flip Chip Interconnection with Solder Capped Cu Pillar Bump

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (1) ◽  
pp. 000828-000836
Author(s):  
Yasumitsu Orii ◽  
Kazushige Toriyama ◽  
Sayuri Kohara ◽  
Hirokazu Noma ◽  
Keishi Okamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aging Process ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Fem Simulation ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pillar Height ◽  
Cu Pillar ◽  
Fine Pitch ◽  
Low K

The electromigration behavior of 80μm bump pitch C2 (Chip Connection) interconnection is studied and discussed. C2 is a peripheral ultra fine pitch flip chip interconnection technique with solder capped Cu pillar bumps formed on Al pads that are commonly used in wirebonding technique. It allows us an easy control of the space between dies and substrates simply by varying the Cu pillar height. Since the control of the collapse of the solder bumps is not necessary, the technology is called the “C2 (Chip Connection)”. C2 bumps are connected to OSP surface treated Cu substrate pads on an organic substrate by reflow with no-clean process, hence the C2 is a low cost ultra fine pitch flip chip interconnection technology. The reliability tests on the C2 interconnection including thermal cycle tests and thermal humidity bias tests have been performed previously. However the reliability against electromigration for such small flip chip interconnections is yet more to investigate. The electromigration tests were performed on 80μm bump pitch C2 flip chip interconnections. The interconnections with two different solder materials were tested: Sn-2.5Ag and Sn100%. The effect of Ni layers electroplated onto the Cu pillar bumps on electromigration phenomena is also studied. From the cross-sectional analyses of the C2 joints after the tests, it was found that the presence of intermetallic compound (IMC) layers reduces the atomic migration of Cu atoms into Sn solder. The analyses also showed that the Ni layers are effective in reducing the migration of Cu atoms into solder. In the C2 joints, the under bump metals (UBMs) are formed by sputtered Ti/Cu layers. The electro-plated Cu pillar height is 45μm and the solder height is 25μm for 80μm bump pitch. The die size is 7.3-mm-square and the organic substrate is 20-mm-square with a 4 layer-laminated prepreg with thickness of 310μm. The electromigration test conditions ranged from 7 to 10 kA/cm2 with temperature ranging from 125 to 170°C. Intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were formed prior to the test by aging process of 2,000hours at 150°C. We have studied the effect of IMC layers on electromigration induced phenomena in C2 flip chip interconnections on organic substrates. The study showed that the IMC layers in the C2 joints formed by aging process can act as barrier layers to prevent Cu atoms from diffusing into Sn solder. Our results showed potential for achieving electromigration resistant joints by IMC layer formation. The FEM simulation results show that the current densities in the Cu pillar and the solder decrease with increasing Cu pillar height. However an increase in Cu pillar height also leads to an increase in low-k stress. It is important to design the Cu pillar structure considering both the electromigration performance and the low-k stress reduction.

Dynamics of the anaerobic utilization of organic substrates in an anaerobic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Carucci ◽  
K. Lindrea ◽  
M. Majone ◽  
R. Ramadori
Keyword(s):  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
Floc Structure ◽  
Filamentous Microorganisms

The operation of an anaerobic/aerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with synthetic feed (glucose as the sole organic substrate) demonstrated periods of non-EBPR and EBPR operation in the absence of polyhydroxy alkanoate (PHA) storage. The glucose added as feed disappeared rapidly (within 10 minutes) and none of the normal fermentation products were detected in the supernatant in either mode of operation. Anaerobic/aerobic batch trials using the biomass from the SBR were conducted to examine the processes taking place and a rapid uptake of glucose was confirmed and was accompanied by a fall in pH. The biomass also demonstrated that anaerobic PHB storage occurred when acetate feed was used. The biomass was characterized by a large population of “G” bacteria, the absence of filamentous microorganisms, compact floc structure and high total carbohydrate (ca 40% w/w). The supernatant was characterized by low COD, TOC and the virtual absence of the glucose substrate. The observations indicate that EBPR was possible under circumstances which are not consistent with accepted mechanisms.

Anoxic Phosphate Uptake in the DEPHANOX Process

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bortone ◽  
S. Marsili Libelli ◽  
A. Tilche ◽  
J. Wanner
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Phosphate Uptake ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Process Scheme ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
Influent Wastewater ◽  
P Removal

The innovative nutrient removal process scheme DEPHANOX proved to be very efficient because it maximises the utilisation of organic substrate for phosphorus and nitrogen removal. The process solves the competition for organic substrates among Poly-P organisms and denitrifiers as well as the problem of overgrowing of slow nitrifiers by faster organotrophs, typical of activated sludge. In experiments, DEPHANOX showed better P removal efficiency than a JHB configuration, working with a very low influent COD/TKN ratio. This paper reports the results of a simulation study that has been carried out to better understand the behaviour of the two configurations with a wide variety of influent wastewater characteristics and under dynamic conditions. The results of the simulation confirmed the high P removal capacity of the DEPHANOX configuration with low influent COD/TKN ratios.

scholarly journals Detrimental Effects of Blood Meal and Feather Meal on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) Seed Germination

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez ◽  
W. Keith Jenkins ◽  
Dharmalingam Pitchay ◽  
Gunawati Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Feather Meal ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
N Concentration

There is limited information on the effect of organic fertilizers on seed germination and subsequent transplant growth. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of application rate of blood meal (BM) and feather meal (FM) fertilizers on germination of tomato seeds. Both organic fertilizers were applied as amendments to peat-based organic substrates at rates ranging from 0 to over 50 g·kg−1 N. Tomato ‘Brandywine’ seed were sown in trays. Seed germination was recorded daily until the germination percentage remained unchanged. Ammonia concentration in the substrates (Pro-Mix and Miracle-Gro) increased with increasing rate of substrate N concentration. Ammonia concentration also increased with increasing time after incorporation of BM and FM reaching maximum values (16 ppm) at day 9. Tomato seed germination was little affected at BM and FM rates lower than ≈3 g·kg−1 N (4% w/w for BM or FM), but declined above 3 g·kg−1 N reaching 0% germination rate at ≈14 g·kg−1 N for both BM and FM. Substrates pH was 5.9 in the absence of BM or FM and increased to about pH 7 with addition of low rates of BM (2.7 g·kg−1 N) and FM (2.6 g·kg−1 N). Substrate electrical conductivity (EC) increased with increasing substrate N concentration as supplied by BM and FM; FM, however, had a stronger effect on increasing EC compared with BM. In conclusion, BM and FM had inhibitory effects on tomato seed germination when applied at more than 3 g·kg−1 N (4% w/w for BM or FM). High ammonia concentration in the substrates for the first 2 weeks after incorporation of BM or FM likely caused, at least partially, inhibition of tomato seed germination. Thus, substrate mixed with BM or FM should be allowed to incubate for at least 2 weeks before planting tomato seed.

Nitrification as a source of soluble organic substrate in biological treatment

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Rittmann ◽  
John M. Regan ◽  
David A. Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Analysis ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Soluble Microbial Products ◽  
Microbial Products

In complex, multispecies populations, exchange of substrates can be an important beneficial interaction. Prior experimental and theoretical work has led to the hypothesis that the formation of soluble microbial products (SMP) by nitrifying bacteria can provide a supplementary organic substrate for heterotrophic bacteria, thereby augmenting their accumulation and stability, especially when inputs of organic substrates are low. In this study, chemostat experiments carried out with a NO2−-oxidizing strain (Nitrobacter sp.) and an NH4+-oxidizing strain (Nitrosomonas europaea) demonstrated that both nitrifiers produce SMP that can support heterotrophic bacteria. The first evidence was the presence of significant concentrations of soluble COD in the chemostat effluent, even though the influent was free of organic compounds. Second, a small heterotrophic population was maintained, apparently through utilization of the nitrifier-produced SMP. A preliminary kinetic analysis suggested that SMP kinetic parameters can be adapted from parameters measured for heterotrophs.

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