Principles of nutrient partitioning for wool, growth and reproduction: implications for nematode parasitism

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Adams ◽  
S. M. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Immune Responsiveness ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Body Reserves ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Limiting Nutrients ◽  
The Impact

The capacity of sheep to withstand and repel intestinal parasites is a neglected component of effective parasite control. The immune response is strongly influenced by the nutritional status of the sheep. However, we are unable take advantage of this to develop effective control programs because we have neither an adequate understanding nor appropriate quantitative data on the impacts of protein and energy on sheep nutrition. This paper reviews some aspects of current knowledge about the impact on immune responsiveness of nutrient flows within the animal as well as hormonal partitioning mechanisms, and assesses research needs in this area. The availability of nutrients to the immune response in the gut is determined by the supply of nutrients to the sheep from both feed intake and body reserves, and the demands of other physiological processes such as growth, wool growth, pregnancy or lactation. Hormones coordinate nutrient flow among these processes. Breakdowns in immunity appear most severe when animals are faced with a demand for growth or lactation, but no single partitioning mechanism can explain all the observations in the field. Therefore, it is unrealistic to seek to establish a hierarchy of partitioning priorities. Protein appears to have a greater impact on immune responsiveness to parasites than energy. However, energy affects the availability of amino acids through a number of mechanisms including protein deposition and mobilisation, so protein supply cannot be considered in isolation. It is appealing to believe that specific limiting nutrients such as sulfur amino acids might explain the relationship between susceptibility to parasites and wool growth, but the experimental evidence for this view is still inconclusive. Rather, it appears that the total flow of nutrients from feed intake and body reserves is more important than specific partitioning mechanisms, or specific limiting nutrients. The potential conflict between role of the gut as a source of mobilisable protein reserves, and the need for protein in the gut to develop local immune responses, need to be explored experimentally. Practical applications of nutritional knowledge are likely to come through improved timing of management procedures rather than better supplements, which are rarely economic. The conclusions outline a number of research questions that must be answered before we can develop programs that integrate immune competence with drenching and other procedures in a holistic way.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and ORF3a: Non-Synonymous Mutations and Polyproline Regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elio Issa ◽  
Georgi Merhi ◽  
Balig Panossian ◽  
Tamara Salloum ◽  
Sima Tokajian
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Protein Sequences ◽  
B Cell Epitopes ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effect of the rapid accumulation of non-synonymous mutations on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is not yet known. To predict the impact of non-synonymous mutations and polyproline regions identified in ORF3a on the formation of B-cell epitopes and their role in evading the immune response, nucleotide and protein sequences of 537 available SARS-CoV-2 genomes were analyzed for the presence of non-synonymous mutations and polyproline regions. Mutations were correlated with changes in epitope formation. A total of 19 different non-synonymous amino acids substitutions were detected in ORF3a among 537 SARS-CoV-2 strains. G251V was the most common and identified in 9.9% (n=53) of the strains and was predicted to lead to the loss of a B-cell like epitope in ORF3a. Polyproline regions were detected in two strains (EPI_ISL_410486, France and EPI_ISL_407079, Finland) and affected epitopes formation. The accumulation of non-synonymous mutations and detected polyproline regions in ORF3a of SARS-CoV-2 could be driving the evasion of the host immune response thus favoring viral spread. Rapid mutations accumulating in ORF3a should be closely monitored throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.ImportanceAt the surge of the COVID-19 pandemic and after three months of the identification of SARS-CoV-2 as the disease-causing pathogen, nucleic acid changes due to host-pathogen interactions are insightful into the evolution of this virus. In this paper, we have identified a set of non-synonymous mutations in ORF3a and predicted their impact on B-cell like epitope formation. The accumulation of non-synonymous mutations in ORF3a could be driving protein changes that mediate immune evasion and favoring viral spread.

Manipulating the immune system for pigs to optimise performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 666 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Pluske ◽  
J. C. Kim ◽  
J. L. Black
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pig Health ◽  
Stimulation Of

Disease and enhanced microbial load are considered to be major factors limiting the performance and overall efficiency of feed use by pigs in Australian piggeries. It is recognised that pigs exposed to conventional housing systems with high microbial loads grow 10–20% more slowly than do gnotobiotic pigs or pigs kept in ‘clean’ environments. Consequently, a proportion of pigs in any production cycle are continuously being challenged by their immediate environment, which can cause an immune response to be mounted. Such a process is physiologically expensive in terms of energy and protein (comprised of amino acids), with, for example, the enhanced rate of protein turnover associated with the production of immune cells, antibodies and acute-phase proteins increasing energy expenditure by 10–15% of maintenance needs and protein requirements by 7–10%. The requirements for lysine, tryptophan, sulfur-containing amino acids and threonine can be increased by a further 10%. The over-stimulation of the immune response with excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines causes excessive production primarily of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which contributes to anorexia, fever and increased proteolysis, and a concomitant reduction in pig performance. Prostaglandin E2 is produced from dietary and cell-membrane phospholipids via secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) to produce arachidonic acid, which is catalysed by the COX-2 enzyme. Negating the negative effects of PGE2 appears not to adversely affect the ability of the immune system to combat pathogens, but improves pig performance. There are negative outcomes for pig health and productivity through both under- and over-stimulation of the immune response. This review briefly outlines the impact of immune stimulation on pigs and discusses strategies to optimise the immune response for pig health and performance.

scholarly journals Branched-chain amino acid interactions in growing pig diets1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1246-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Keto Acid ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) Leu, Ile, and Val share the first steps of their catabolism due to similarities in their structure. The BCAA are reversibly transaminated in skeletal muscle through the activity of branched-chain aminotransferase and then transported to the liver. They undergo an irreversible decarboxylation catalyzed by the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. Both enzymes are common to Leu, Ile, and Val and increased enzymatic activity stimulated by an excess of one of them will increase the catabolism of all BCAA, which can result in antagonisms. Leucine and its keto acid are the most potent stimulators of BCAA catabolic enzymes. Moreover, BCAA and large neutral amino acids (LNAA) share common brain transporters. Research has shown that high concentrations of BCAA, especially Leu, can decrease the absorption of LNAA, such as Trp, which is a precursor of serotonin and can have a significant impact in feed intake regulation. Finally, high Leu concentrations have the ability to overstimulate the mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in an inhibitory effect on feed intake. Most of the research conducted to evaluate the impact of BCAA on growth performance of pigs seems to agree that high levels of Leu decrease weight gain, mostly due to a reduction in feed intake. However, some studies, mostly with finishing pigs, observed no evidence for an impact on growth performance even with extremely high levels of Leu. It could be hypothesized that these inconsistencies are driven by the entire dietary amino acid profile as opposed to only considering the level of Leu. Grow-finish diets typically contain high levels of Leu, but the other BCAA are also well above the requirement and could potentially mitigate the negative impact of Leu on BCAA catabolism. Indeed, some studies suggest that when diets contain high levels of Leu, more Ile and Val are needed to optimize growth performance. However, the precise relationship between BCAA and their balance in swine diets is not fully understood. More research is needed to understand and quantify the relationship between LNAA and BCAA.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of the Interaction between Nutrition and Immunity in Livestock: Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Synthetic Amino Acids

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2813
Author(s):  
Laura Montout ◽  
Nausicaa Poullet ◽  
Jean-Christophe Bambou
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acid ◽  
The Impact

Infectious diseases represent one of the most critical threats to animal production worldwide. Due to the rise of pathogen resistance and consumer concern about chemical-free and environmentally friendly productions, the use of antimicrobials drugs is no longer desirable. The close relationship between nutrition and infection has led to numerous studies about livestock. The impact of feeding strategies, including synthetic amino acid supplementation, on host response to various infections has been investigated in different livestock animals. This systematic review provides a synthesis of the experimental studies on the interactions between synthetic amino acid supplementation and immune response to infectious diseases in livestock. Following PRISMA guidelines, quantitative research was conducted using two literature databases, PubMed and Web of Science. The eligibility criteria for the research articles were: (1) the host is a livestock animal; (2) the supplementation with at least one synthetic amino acid; (3) at least one mediator of immunity is measured; (4) at least one production trait is measured. Data were extracted from 58 selected studies. Articles on poultry were the most numerous; few contained experiments using ruminants and pigs. Most of the authors hypothesized that synthetic amino acid supplementation would particularly improve the animals’ immune response against intracellular pathogens. An increase in T and natural killer lymphocytes and macrophages activation, intracellular redox state, lymphocytes proliferation and antibodies production were the most described immune mechanisms associated with synthetic amino acid supplementation. Most of the selected studies focused on three amino acids (methionine, threonine and arginine), all of which are associated with a significant improvement of the host immune response. The use of synthetic amino acid supplementation appears as an encouraging perspective for livestock infectious disease management, and research must concentrate on more analytical studies using these three amino acids.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

Chemical Composition and Metal Speciation in Porewaters from the Upper Qu’Appelle River Basin, Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Farrell ◽  
Jae E. Yang ◽  
P. Ming Huang ◽  
Wen K. Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Carbonate Equilibria ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porewater samples from the upper Qu’Appelle River basin in Saskatchewan, Canada, were analyzed to obtain metal, inorganic ligand and amino add profiles. These data were used to compute the aqueous speciation of the metals in each porewater using the computer program GEOCHEM-PC. The porewaters were classified as slightly to moderately saline. Metal concentrations reflected both the geology of the drainage basin and the impact of anthropogenic activities. Whereas K and Na were present almost entirely as the free aquo ions, carbonate equilibria dominated the speciation of Ca. Mg and Mn (the predominant metal ligand species were of the type MCO3 (s). MCO30. and MHCO3+). Trace metal concentrations were generally within the ranges reported for non-polluted freshwater systems. Whereas the speciation of the trace metals Cr(III) and Co(II) was dominated by carbonate equilibria, Hg(II)-, Zn(II)- and Fe(II)-speciation was dominated by hydroxy-metal complexes of the type M(OH)+ and M(OH)2°. The speciation of Fe(III) was dominated by Fe(OH)3 (s). In porewaters with high chloride concentrations (> 2 mM), however, significant amounts of Hg(II) were bound as HgCl20 and HgClOH0. The aqueous speciation of Al was dominated by Al(OH)4− and Al2Si2O4(OH)6 (s). Total concentrations of dissolved free amino acids varied from 15.21 to 25.17 umole L−1. The most important metal scavenging amino acids were histidine (due to high stability constants for the metal-histidine complexes) and tryptophan (due to its relatively high concentration in the porewaters. i.e., 5.96 to 7.73 umole L−1). Secondary concentrations of various trace metal-amino add complexes were computed for all the porewaters, but metal-amino acid complexes dominated the speciation of Cu(II) in all the porewaters and Ni(II) in two of the porewaters.

Characterizing the effectiveness of COVID-19 mitigation measures: A data-centric approach (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukman Olagoke ◽  
Ahmet E. Topcu
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND COVID-19 represents a serious threat to both national health and economic systems. To curb this pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a series of COVID-19 public safety guidelines. Different countries around the world initiated different measures in line with the WHO guidelines to mitigate and investigate the spread of COVID-19 in their territories. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of these control measures using a data-centric approach. METHODS We begin with a simple text analysis of coronavirus-related articles and show that reports on similar outbreaks in the past strongly proposed similar control measures. This reaffirms the fact that these control measures are in order. Subsequently, we propose a simple performance statistic that quantifies general performance and performance under the different measures that were initiated. A density based clustering of based on performance statistic was carried out to group countries based on performance. RESULTS The performance statistic helps evaluate quantitatively the impact of COVID-19 control measures. Countries tend show variability in performance under different control measures. The performance statistic has negative correlation with cases of death which is a useful characteristics for COVID-19 control measure performance analysis. A web-based time-line visualization that enables comparison of performances and cases across continents and subregions is presented. CONCLUSIONS The performance metric is relevant for the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 control measures. This can help caregivers and policymakers identify effective control measures and reduce cases of death due to COVID-19. The interactive web visualizer provides easily digested and quick feedback to augment decision-making processes in the COVID-19 response measures evaluation. CLINICALTRIAL Not Applicable

scholarly journals Decitabine Promotes Modulation in Phenotype and Function of Monocytes and Macrophages That Drive Immune Response Regulation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Fabiana Albani Zambuzi ◽  
Priscilla Mariane Cardoso-Silva ◽  
Ricardo Cardoso Castro ◽  
Caroline Fontanari ◽  
Flavio da Silva Emery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
M2 Macrophage ◽  
M2 Polarization ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Decitabine is an approved hypomethylating agent used for treating hematological malignancies. Although decitabine targets altered cells, epidrugs can trigger immunomodulatory effects, reinforcing the hypothesis of immunoregulation in treated patients. We therefore aimed to evaluate the impact of decitabine treatment on the phenotype and functions of monocytes and macrophages, which are pivotal cells of the innate immunity system. In vitro decitabine administration increased bacterial phagocytosis and IL-8 release, but impaired microbicidal activity of monocytes. In addition, during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, treatment promoted the M2-like profile, with increased expression of CD206 and ALOX15. Macrophages also demonstrated reduced infection control when exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. However, cytokine production remained unchanged, indicating an atypical M2 macrophage. Furthermore, when macrophages were cocultured with lymphocytes, decitabine induced a reduction in the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, maintaining IL-10 production, suggesting that decitabine could potentialize M2 polarization and might be considered as a therapeutic against the exacerbated immune response.

scholarly journals NLRP7 Promotes Choriocarcinoma Growth and Progression through the Establishment of an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2999
Author(s):  
Deborah Reynaud ◽  
Roland Abi Nahed ◽  
Nicolas Lemaitre ◽  
Pierre-Adrien Bolze ◽  
Wael Traboulsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Orthotopic Model ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Maternal Immune Response ◽  
The Impact

The inflammatory gene NLRP7 is the major gene responsible for recurrent complete hydatidiform moles (CHM), an abnormal pregnancy that can develop into gestational choriocarcinoma (CC). However, the role of NLRP7 in the development and immune tolerance of CC has not been investigated. Three approaches were employed to define the role of NLRP7 in CC development: (i) a clinical study that analyzed human placenta and sera collected from women with normal pregnancies, CHM or CC; (ii) an in vitro study that investigated the impact of NLRP7 knockdown on tumor growth and organization; and (iii) an in vivo study that used two CC mouse models, including an orthotopic model. NLRP7 and circulating inflammatory cytokines were upregulated in tumor cells and in CHM and CC. In tumor cells, NLRP7 functions in an inflammasome-independent manner and promoted their proliferation and 3D organization. Gravid mice placentas injected with CC cells invalidated for NLRP7, exhibited higher maternal immune response, developed smaller tumors, and displayed less metastases. Our data characterized the critical role of NLRP7 in CC and provided evidence of its contribution to the development of an immunosuppressive maternal microenvironment that not only downregulates the maternal immune response but also fosters the growth and progression of CC.

scholarly journals Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids from Red Macroalgae: UV-Photoprotectors with Potential Cosmeceutical Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5112
Author(s):  
Julia Vega ◽  
Geniane Schneider ◽  
Bruna R. Moreira ◽  
Carolina Herrera ◽  
José Bonomi-Barufi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Red Macroalgae ◽  
Thermo Stability ◽  
The Impact

Macroalgae belong to a diverse group of organisms that could be exploited for biomolecule application. Among the biocompounds found in this group, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are highlighted mainly due to their photoprotection, antioxidant properties, and high photo and thermo-stability, which are attractive characteristics for the development of cosmeceutical products. Therefore, here we revise published data about MAAs, including their biosynthesis, biomass production, extraction, characterization, identification, purification, and bioactivities. MAAs can be found in many algae species, but the highest concentrations are found in red macroalgae, mainly in the order Bangiales, as Porphyra spp. In addition to the species, the content of MAAs can vary depending on environmental factors, of which solar radiation and nitrogen availability are the most influential. MAAs can confer photoprotection due to their capacity to absorb ultraviolet radiation or reduce the impact of free radicals on cells, among other properties. To extract these compounds, different approaches can be used. The efficiency of these methods can be evaluated with characterization and identification using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), associated with other apparatus such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Therefore, the data presented in this review allow a broad comprehension of MAAs and show perspectives for their inclusion in cosmeceutical products.

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