scholarly journals Productivity Of Grain Crops In The Conditions Of The Training And Experimental Field Of Orenburg State Agricultural University

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012051
Author(s):  
O A Rekunova ◽  
G F Yartsev ◽  
R K Baikasenov ◽  
T P Aisuvakova ◽  
B B Kartabayeva ◽  
...  

Abstract The relevance of the topic of scientific research is associated with the biological characteristics of the studied grain crops in specific natural and climatic conditions. The purpose of this work was to identify the potential capabilities of various grain crops in terms of yield and quality indicators of grain in the central zone of the Orenburg region. Food security of the population in the overwhelming majority of countries is most often associated with the provision of grain. At present, despite the active introduction of modern agricultural equipment and innovative technologies into the world agricultural production, it is not possible to achieve a significant increase in gross grain harvests. The level of its production is still insufficient to fully meet the growing needs of the rapidly growing population. According to the expert assessment of domestic scientists, in the conditions of modern natural and anthropogenic changes in the environment, Russia can play an important role in stabilizing the world grain production, which has sufficiently high natural, intellectual and technical resources for this. Their effective and rational use on the basis of nature-like, ecologically-oriented agricultural technologies can make a significant contribution to increasing food stability. Meeting the needs of cultivated plants in the elements of mineral nutrition was reduced mainly to the mobilization of soil fertility, i.e. depletion of humus reserves. As a result, in most of the grain-sowing regions of Russia, and primarily in the regions of the steppe zone, its negative balance has developed. It is quite obvious that these circumstances are a serious obstacle to sustainable grain production and can lead to even greater degradation of disturbed soils, disruption of the biological balance in agroecosystems and a reduction in biological diversity.

Author(s):  
L. F. Beksheneva ◽  
A. A. Reut

The article provides information about some biological features of the rare species Iris aphylla L., listed in a number of regional Red books. Ten-year-old plants, introduced into the South-Ural Botanical Garden- Institute of Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS, were studied. Phenological features of the species, indicators of seed productivity and morphometric parameters of cultivars were studied. The assessment of decorative qualities and success of introduction of I. aphylla is carried out. It was revealed that the seed-grown species of I. aphylla in the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Urals passes the full cycle of development. According to the terms of flowering, the introduced species is referred to the group of early-flowering irises. Seed productivity is estimated as average. According to the assessment of the decorative qualities I. aphylla is referred to medium decorative plants. The early and fairly long flowering has been noted, as well as the presence of several buds on the shoot. The success of the introduction was six points, that is, the introduced species regularly mass flowering, bears fruit, reproduces vegetative, has a high resistance to local climatic conditions. I. aphylla is recommended to replenish the zonal assortment of cultivated plants of the Republic of Bashkortostan.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury Gulyanov ◽  
Alexander Chibilyov ◽  
Sergey Levykin

This study aimed to define an optimal sowing date of winter wheat in the steppe zone of South Ural and West Siberia. The effects of climatic factors were determined by analyzing modern climatic resources and experimentally testing in the conditions of the central zone in Orenburgskaya oblast. Research from the All-Russian Scientific- Research Institute of Hydro-meteorological Information – World Data Center (RSRIHI-WDC) served as a source of archival meteorological data for 2009-2019. Experimental data were collected through field work on the south chernozem in the Central zone of Orenburgskaya oblast for 2019-2020. Digital material was processed using statistical analysis. It was confirmed that in the Central zone of Orenburgskaya oblast under modern climatic conditions, the period between 25-30 August is the most acceptable date to sow winter wheat. If sowing occurs at later dates, there is a risk of not obtaining the required amount of effective temperatures, which can result in disunited sparse shoots, bushes that are not fully formed, and low phytometric parameters, and therefore a low realization of climatically secured productivity. These results could be more widely tested in other steppe regions of Ural and West Siberia with a prospect to introduce the results into zonal recommendations for production. Keywords: climatic resources, productivity reserves, winter wheat


2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Boris Dokin ◽  
Oleg Elkin ◽  
Anna Aletdinova ◽  
Argen Mozonov

The purchase of agricultural machinery should be determined by technological and technical policies. The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of grain production through the use of innovative resource-saving technologies and equipment. The solution of this problem includes the definition of model farms that characterize the soil and production conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Siberia, the development of mathematical tools, the calculation of promising compositions of the machine and tractor fleet and alternative options for grain production technologies, depending on the availability of agricultural producers with resources. It allowed us to establish that if a commodity producer can spend 10-12 thousand rubles per 1 ha of grain crops on chemization and has 4 machine operators per 1000 ha of grain crops, then it can work on the classical intensive technology based on dump plowing and or deep loosening; if at the same level of chemization per 1 ha of grain crops and has 3 machine operators per 1000 ha of grain crops,then it must switch to intensive resource-saving technology at minimum or zero tillage. Switching to more energy-intensive tractors and resource-saving technologies allows you to save fuel by 30-35%, personnel by 1.5-2.5 times, and operating costs by 10-15%.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Kateryna Malinoshevska

The grain market is a sphere of grain circulation, strategic interests for multinational corporations, which includes its processing. The growth in demand for wheat is due to the growing population in the world and other factors that affect the country’s food security. Communication interaction between producer and consumer creates an organizational system in the form of various forms of markets: markets, fairs, auctions, exchanges and more. The trend of increasing the cost of grain is observed around the world because production volumes are insufficient to meet all the needs of the population. The grain market is the main lever in the Ukrainian market. The strategy for the development of grain crops affects the reproduction of the country’s economy as a whole and changes in macro and microeconomic indicators. The climatic conditions of the regions are important factors for the prosperity of the grain market and ensuring yields. A favorable political climate is impossible without the export of domestic products, namely grain. Many countries cannot produce enough grain and import it. A significant share of grain production is concentrated in developed countries, so ensuring it is an important issue around the world, the solution of which is to finance the import of grain crops, including wheat. Ukraine has a huge land potential (chernozems), as well as the prospects and opportunities to expand areas for sowing, thus increasing grain production and strengthening its position in the world market. Grain is an important type of product and has its own versatility, a number of countries around the world annually purchase significant volumes of sourdough products. Ukraine fully meets its domestic needs and is one of the exporters of grain to the EU and the world. Increasing grain yields will help increase production. Due to its uniqueness and long storage time, grain remains a necessary component of the population’s life. Not every country is able to increase production, for this it is necessary to apply strategic measures, in particular in agricultural policy. This is intervention in the grain market, agricultural subsidies and others. Grain resources consist of stocks of previous periods, production and imports. In Ukraine, grain production is increasing. Demand for quality products exists in both domestic and foreign markets. High commodity grades of wheat can be produced under favorable natural conditions, so additional investment in growing quality products is a significant economic lever that ensures the economic growth of the country. Methodology. The purpose of the article is to analyze the grain market and study the role of the state in building a strategy for the development of grain exports. Empirical research methods were used in the study. A comparison of the main indicators of the world grain market and Ukraine’s place in it was made. Due to the use of theoretical research methods, in particular analysis and synthesis, the main features of the grain market were identified and characterized. The main factors influencing the development of the world grain market were identified. High quality of grain production and processing increases the country’s competitiveness on the world market. Results. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that over the past year, despite the trends of coronavirus in the country, Ukraine has strengthened its position and taken a leading position in the production and export of cereals. Factors that affect grain yields in the world also affect yields in Ukraine. Practical implications. During the strategic analysis in our case, we found that the world grain market is affected by many factors: reducing the area for planting in developing countries, increasing grain use, wheat is beginning to occupy a leading position as a food crop, increasing cereal consumption by traditional rice producers, especially in China. The volume of export resources and competitive products is an important advantage of Ukrainian products on the world market. Practical studies have shown that the volume of production and export of Ukrainian grain to international markets also depends on the world grain market. Value/originality. These studies make it possible to determine the country’s place in grain exports to international markets and factors influencing the development of international trade.


One of the challenges of the modern farming its based in satisfy the demand of a growing market, the same time that is increased the need to introduce technological alternatives of sowing and production that lead to a greater economic and environmental sustainability. The Coffee is one of the flagship products of our economy worldwide, for nobody is a secret that our grain is listed as one of the softest in the world due to the climatic conditions in which it is carried out its cultivation. This reason has allowed Colombian coffee to have great acceptance in international markets due to its high quality and flavor. But like all crops, coffee is exposed to a set of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, soil type, rainfall index and wind, also of pests like the drill, and the rust, which finish for influence in the quality and grain production. Manually establishing the behavior of these variables becomes complex and not very functional, which is why the concept of the precision farming it allows us to introduce technology as an ally for coffee farmers, allowing them to reduce costs and significantly increasing grain quality.


Author(s):  
А.В. Терешкин ◽  
А.Л. Калмыкова ◽  
Т.А. Андрушко

Вертикальное озеленение с участием различных видов лиан в современных условиях имеет важное эстетическое и санитарно-гигиеническое значение. Особо актуально решение вопросов обогащения флоры городских территорий лианами в степных районах в связи с бедным видовым составом и резким ухудшением экологической ситуации. Объектами исследований являлись 7 видов лиан, различных жизненных форм (однолетние, многолетние), произрастающие в населенных пунктах Саратовской области (Аткарск, Саратов). Цель исследований – изучение эколого-биологических особенностей и мелиоративных свойств лиан и выявление перспектив их использования в вертикальном озеленении селитебных территорий Саратовской области. В ходе исследования видового состава, были выявлены наиболее популярные виды однолетних лиан: ипомея красно-голубая (Ipomea tricolor (L.) Roth) и ипомея пурпурная (Ipomea purpurea (L.) Roth), горошек душистый (Lathyrus edoratus L.), настурция (Tropacolum peregrinum L.) и фасоль огненно-красная (Phaseolus coccineus). Большинство (70%) из них произрастают в местах ограниченного пользования. Изученные виды лиан в исследуемых регионах достигают средних природных показателей (при наличии надлежащего ухода), обладают хорошими показателями жизненного состояния, обильно цветут и плодоносят. При воздействии токсикантами различной концентрации на листовые пластинки лиан установлено их степень устойчивости. Выявлено, что однолетние лианы лучше использовать в декоративных целях, а не в санитарно-гигиенических. Сравнительная оценка однолетних видов с многолетними лианами (девичий виноград пятилисточковый и клематис тангутский) показывает устойчивость многолетних видов (в среднем на 3 балла - 40%). Разработаны варианты декоративных композиций с участием травянистых лиан. По степени декоративности выделены однолетние лианы – Ipomea tricolor, I. purpurea (37 – 41 балл), средней степенью отличаются – Lathyrus edoratus (33 балла), Tropacolum peregrinum (30 баллов) и Phaseolus coccineus (20 – 27 баллов). Преимущество многолетних лиан заключается в их устойчивости к резким изменениям климатических условий (на 40 %) по сравнению с однолетними формами. Поэтому они более предпочтительны для озеленения городской среды. Для усиления декоративного эффекта в сезонном аспекте рекомендуются сочетать расширение видового и формового разнообразия растений (многолетние и однолетние лианы, древесно-кустарниковая, цветочная растительность). Установлено, что природно-климатические условия зоны степи и лесостепи в пределах Саратовской области являются достаточно благоприятными для нормального роста и развития древесно-кустарниковой растительности, в том числе травянистых лиан. Таким образом, обоснованное применение древесных лиан в комплексе с традиционными видами насаждений позволит создать комфортные условия проживания населения, регулировать оптимальный температурный баланс и создавать благоприятные микроклиматические условия. Vertical gardening with different types of vines in modern conditions is important aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic value. It is especially important to address the issues of enrichment of the flora of urban areas with vines in the steppe regions due to poor species composition and a sharp deterioration of the ecological situation. The objects of research were 7 species of lianas, various life forms (annual, perennial), growing in the settlements of the Saratov region (Atkarsk, Saratov). The aim of the research is to study the ecological and biological features and reclamation properties of vines and identify the prospects for their use in vertical gardening residential areas of the Saratov region. In the study, species composition was the most popular species of annual vines: morning glory red-blue (Ipomea tricolor (L.) Roth) and purple morning glory (Ipomea purpurea (L.) Roth), the fragrant pea (Lathyrus edoratus L.), nasturtium (Tropacolum peregrinum L.) and runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus). Most (70%) of them grow in restricted areas. Studied species of vines in the study regions reach average natural performance (with proper care), have good indicators of vital condition, bloom abundantly and bear fruit. When exposed to toxicants of different concentrations on the leaf blades of vines established their degree of stability. It was revealed that the annual vines are better used for decorative purposes, and not in the sanitary-hygienic. A comparative assessment of annual species with perennial vines (maiden grapes and clematis Tangut) shows the stability of perennial species (an average of 3 points-40%). The options and decorative compositions with the participation of herbaceous vines. According to the degree of decoration of the allocated annual vine – Ipomea tricolor, I. purpurea (37 – 41 points), the average degree of differ – Lathyrus edoratus (33 points), Tropacolum peregrinum (30 points) and Phaseolus coccineus (20 to 27 points). The advantage of perennial vines is their resistance to sudden changes in climatic conditions (40 %) compared to annual forms. Therefore, they are more preferable for greening the urban environment. To enhance the decorative effect in the seasonal aspect, it is recommended to combine the expansion of species and form diversity of plants (perennial and annual lianas, tree and shrub, floral vegetation). It is established that the climatic conditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zone within the Saratov region are quite favorable for the normal growth and development of tree and shrub vegetation, including herbaceous lianas. Thus, the reasonable use of wood vines in combination with traditional types of plantings will create comfortable living conditions for the population, regulate the optimal temperature balance and create favorable microclimatic conditions.


Author(s):  
Yu.I. Agirbov ◽  
◽  
R.R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
E.V. Britik ◽  
◽  
...  

In 1961-2018 in the world as a whole, the gross harvest of potatoes increased from 290.6 million tons to 368.2 million tons, that is, 1.36 times. Over the same period, the production of vegetables and food melons increased from 197.7 million tons to 1,088.8 million tons (5.51 times), and fruits and berries from 199.9 million tons to 867.8 million tons (4.34 times). In a number of states in 1992-2018 the corresponding increase significantly exceeded the average values for the world as a whole, as a result of which their place in the global ranking increased, and the positions of some traditional producers of potatoes and fruits and vegetables decreased. For example, in terms of gross harvest of potatoes in 1992, Russia was in first place, and Poland was in third, while in 2018 they were in 4th and 9th positions, respectively. In terms of vegetable production, Italy and Japan were displaced from 4th and 5th places, which were taken by Turkey and Nigeria. In terms of gross harvests of fruits and berries, Turkey occupied the fifth position in total world production by 2018, although in 1992 it belonged to Italy. Quantitative and qualitative changes inevitably have a significant impact on both the volume of the world market and the parameters of international trade in potatoes, vegetables and melons, fruits and berries. Processes in foreign economic liberalization and economic integration contributed to an increase in the specialization and concentration of production of relevant plants in countries with more favorable natural and climatic conditions, as well as a gradual increase in demand for potatoes, vegetables and melons, fruits and berries from a number of states, including those that used to meet the needs of their population in large volumes at the expense of their own producers. The Russian Federation is one of the significant players in the world potato and fruit and vegetable market. Despite the increase in gross fruit and vegetable production in recent years, Russia’s positions in the global rating dropped from 7th to 10th place in vegetables and melons, from 20th to 31st place in fruits and berries. As for potatoes, there was a decrease in the volume of its production, as a result, Russia dropped from 1st place in 1992 to 4th place in 2018.


2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
A. I. Lokhova ◽  
E. Z. Savin ◽  
A. M. Rusanov ◽  
A. A. Mushinskiy

The article presents the results of studying the diversity of pear rootstock forms in terms of yield and seed productivity. The research was carried out at the experimental sites of the Orenburg Experimental Station of Horticulture and Viticulture of AllRussian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery and the Botanical Garden of the Orenburg State University in 2017-2019, in typical soil and climatic conditions of the Orenburg city. The purpose of the study is to identify pear rootstock forms characterized by high yield and stable seed productivity for use in the future as a seed rootstock. During the research, 15 pear accessions were studied; the planting scheme was 6x4 m. As a result of research, it was found that the rootstock form Temno-zelenaya is characterized by a high yield (40 kg/tree). High seed productivity of more than 6 seeds in one fruit was observed in samples: Vernaya (6.0-6.5 pcs.), SK-1, SK-3 (6.1-7.8 pcs.), SK-2 (7.0-7.5 pcs.), Chang Bai Li (7.4-7.7 pcs.), Semennaya 214 (7.5-7.8 pcs.). It was revealed that the Xiao he Bai Li variety is characterized by the maximum weight of 1000 seeds (65.2 g). Analysis of accessions by seed yield established that a consistently high yield is observed in the varieties Chang Bai Li (2.5-4.2 %), Vernaya (3.96-4.18 %) and forms SK-1 (2.0-3.25%), SK-2 (2.25-2.75 %), SK-3 (1.43-4.0 %). Pear rootstock forms Chang Bai Li, Vernaya, Semennaya 214, SK-1, SK-2, SK-3 were identifi ed, which can be recommended for production testing as seed pear rootstocks for the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals.


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