scholarly journals Relevant Indicators of Social Vulnerability during Response Phase Context of Flooding inTebingTinggi City, North Sumatra Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 921 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
B A Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Single Parent Families ◽  
Elderly Female ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Response Phase ◽  
North Sumatra

Abstract Indicators to reflect vulnerability to flood vary among scholars. These variations tend to be developed primarily due to heavy dependency on the statistics data availability. Unless employing such predetermined indicators to assess the states of social vulnerability, scholars were less attracted to study what relevant indicators should be in assessing such social vulnerability. Apart from this gap, majority of the studies have overlooked the significance of time-frame contexts of flooding in determining the situation of social vulnerability. Consequently, many conducted the investigations without questioning the relevance of indicators in terms of time-frame contexts. This current study, accordingly, attempts to investigate relevant indicators of social vulnerability to flood with respect to response phase context. With the study area of Tebing Tinggi in North Sumatra, 76 indicators are tested using Likert scale of survey and Principal Components Analysis (PCA). As a result, 6 retained components produce 12 relevant indicators to reflect social vulnerability to flood during response phase; they are: Elderly, Female, Single parent families, Household or per capita income, Children, Poverty and deprivation, Dependency, Informal sector/day labourer, Slum dwellers, Male, Renters, and Unemployment.

Commodity exports to China and economic growth

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-416
Author(s):  
Ariuna Taivan ◽  
Gibson Nene ◽  
Inoussa Boubacar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Commodity Export ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the effect of commodity exports from Africa to China on the growth rate of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) after controlling for variables that have been found to be important determinants of economic growth. This study uses a panel of 23 African countries for the period of 2001-2011. Design/methodology/approach – The authors make use of a Barro-type empirical economic growth model which uses per capita GDP as the dependent variable. With regard to independent variables, the authors examine the China effect after controlling for variables that have been found to affect economic growth. To account for the China effect, we use the following three measures of trade with China: commodity export to China, commodity export to China relative to total export and commodity export to China relative to the world. The authors use panel data from 2001 to 2011. Findings – Results indicate that the magnitudes of the effect, while statistically significant, are not large enough to induce positive growth rates. The results also indicate that the magnitudes of the effects depend on the colonial origin of the African countries. Research limitations/implications – The data are limited to the 2001-2011 time frame because of data availability issues. This time frame does capture the era when China increased its trade with Africa. The choices of variables were also affected by data availability. However, the authors managed to find data on the main drivers of economic growth. Further research is needed to gain a more comprehensive analysis of the effects of commodity trade with China on Africa’s economy, given the partial character of the data set used in this study. Similarly, there is also a need for more detailed information on China’s trade activities. Practical implications – While the results of this study show an improvement in the per capita growth rate, the changes are not large enough to put African countries on a path to a sustained prosperity. African governments which trade with China should consider investing more in manufacturing, so that they create more jobs locally and benefit more from their exports. Social implications – The China–Africa relationship shows a small positive impact on societal well-being. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, none of the existing studies on China–Africa relations attempted to understand the impact of China’s economic activity on the standards of living of African residents, where standard of living is measured by economic growth. The current study aims to bridge this gap. This study complements existing studies and uses a data set and methodology that has not been used before on this issue.

A assistência estudantil no IF Baiano Campus Santa Inês em tempos de pandemia de Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e051001
Author(s):  
Nivia Barreto dos Anjos ◽  
Ângelo Francisco de Souza Andrade ◽  
Nelian Costa Nascimento ◽  
Tailan Bomfim Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
The Face ◽  
Student Assistance ◽  
Santa Inês

Este artigo apresenta a sistematização das ações de Assistência Estudantil realizadas pelo IF Baiano Campus Santa Inês em 2020 em tempos de pandemia de Covid-19. O objetivo geral consiste em demonstrar a relevância que as ações de Assistência Estudantil têm diante da situação de vulnerabilidade social que vivenciam estudantes que enfrentam a desigualdade social, fruto de um capitalismo perverso, a qual foi agravada no período da pandemia. A grande questão é tentar identificar como em 2020 o IF Baiano Campus Santa Inês tem impactado a vida dos estudantes em situação de vulnerabilidade social durante essa emergência sanitária. A metodologia adotada baseia-se em pesquisa sobre os relatórios das entrevistas e visitas domiciliares, com recorte temporal de 2020; como também na análise das ações desenvolvidas para estes estudantes diante da situação de emergência decorrente da pandemia. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que procura pesquisar a experiência. O recorte teórico baseia-se na concepção de Assistência Estudantil como um direito amparado legalmente pelo Programa Nacional de Assistência Estudantil, e nos estudos sobre desigualdade social na sociedade pós-moderna. E com base na pesquisa da experiência, os dados de Assistência Estudantil serão apresentados, explicitados em sete ações desenvolvidas em 2020. Já as considerações finais procurarão anunciar que o IF Baiano Campus Santa Inês tem feito diferença, impactado a vida de estudantes e contribuído para o fortalecimento da Política de Educação do Estado da Bahia durante a pandemia de Covid-19, principalmente dos estudantes em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Palavras-chave: Desigualdade Social; Neoliberalismo; Capitalismo; Educação Profissional.     Abstract: This article presents the systematization of student assistance actions carried out by IF Baiano Campus Santa Inês in 2020 in Times of pandemic covid-19. The general objective is to demonstrate the relevance that student assistance actions have in the face of the situation of social vulnerability that students who face social inequality, the result of a perverse capitalism, which was aggravated in the period of the pandemic. The big question is to try to identify how the IF Baiano Campus Santa Inês in 2020 has impacted the lives of students in situations of social vulnerability during this health emergency. The methodology adopted is based on research on the reports of interviews and home visits, with a time frame of 2020; as well as in the analysis of the actions developed for these students in the face of the emergency situation resulting from the pandemic.  This is a case study that seeks to research the experience. The theoretical framework is based on the conception of Student Assistance as a right legally based by the National Student Assistance Program, and on studies on social inequality in postmodern society. And based on the research of experience, the Data of Student Assistance will be presented, explained in 7 actions developed in 2020. The final considerations will seek to announce that the IF Baiano Campus Santa Inês has made a difference, impacted the lives of students and contributed to the strengthening of the Education Policy of the State of Bahia during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially of students in situations of social vulnerability. Keywords: Social Inequality; Neoliberalism; Capitalism; Professional Education.

ANALISIS KESETARAAN GENDER DALAM PERTUMBUHAN PENDAPATAN PERKAPITA DI SUMATERA UTARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvina Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Pool Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Effect Estimation ◽  
Equality In Education ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Gain Access

One of the indicators are taken into account in measuring the success of development is the construction of a gender perspective. Development efforts that have been aimed at improving the welfare of the community, women and men, was not able to provide equal benefits between women and men. This study aims to determine the effect of gender equality in education, health and employment to the growth of income per capita in the province of North Sumatra in the period 2004-2009 (Pool Data) Fixed Effect estimation method. The results suggest that promoting gender equality in education, health and employment have a positive influence on per capita income. Restrict women's access to educational resources, health and employment, it can hamper local economic development. Therefore, fikir patterns, behavior, culture, and policies that lead to discrimination between women and men need to be changed and removed. More than just economic, gender equality is a form of respect for human rights as well as empower people, men and women, to gain access, participation, control and benefit equally in development..

scholarly journals The effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19-related mortality: A generalized synthetic control approach across 169 countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Mader ◽  
Tobias Rüttenauer
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Treatment Timing ◽  
Government Response ◽  
Treatment Variation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Background: Most governments have introduced various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in response to the pandemic outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) since early 2020. While NPIs aim at avoiding fatalities related to COVID-19, the previous literature on their efficacy has focused on infections and on data of the first half of 2020. Still, findings of early NPI studies may be subject to underreporting and missing timeliness of reporting of cases. Moreover, the low variation in treatment timing during the first wave makes identification of robust treatment effects difficult.Methods: To circumvent problems of reporting and treatment variation, we analyse data on daily confirmed COVID-19-related deaths per capita from Our World in Data, and on 10 different NPIs from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker for 169 countries from 1st July 2020 to 31st May 2021. To identify the causal effects of introducing NPIs on COVID-19-related confirmed fatalities per capita, we apply the generalized synthetic control (GSC) method to each NPI, while controlling for the remaining NPIs, weather conditions, vaccinations, and NPI-residualized COVID-19 cases.Findings: We do not find substantial and consistent mitigating effects of any NPI under investigation on COVID-19-related deaths per capita. We see a tentative change in the trend of COVID-19-related deaths around 30 days after workplace closing, public transport closing, and stay at home rules have been implemented, but none of them exerts a statistically significant effect.Interpretation: The study enhances the literature on the effectivity of NPIs with respect to the time frame, the number of countries, and the analytical approach. The results provide further guidance to judge the proportionality of NPIs.

scholarly journals Do Democratic Economies Grow Faster? The Case of Asia vs. the EU

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Barrows
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Economic Growth Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The dynamics of the five fastest growing GDP per capita economies in Asia and the EU are studied between 2010 and 2014. This time frame was selected in order to avoid the height of the 2008-2009 financial crisis, but to include the stimulus and recovery periods which occurred afterward. The intent was not to compare the recoveries or the impact of the stimulus programs. The intent was to compare the economic growth rates of the two groups and also the absolute per capita income along with five topic areas on economies including: configuration, utilization, investments, demographics, and outcomes. A total of twenty measurements are used for assessment from the World Bank databank website. The findings are that the Asian economies grew faster while the EU economies had a higher per capita income. The workforces of the Asia economies are also younger and more flexible whereas the workforces of the EU economies are older, but more educated. Discussions include the links between effective governments and economic development and the links between democracy and economic levels.

EXPORT-GROWTH NEXUS WHILE USING THE BLOCK EXOGENEITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-46
Author(s):  
Zia Ur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Import Trade ◽  
Bound Test

The core objective of the study is to analyze the association between export and eco-nomic growth under the consideration of the time frame 1967 to 2017 for Pakistan economy. The review of literature assists to find out the frequently utilize factors are the real GDP per capita, export, import, trade openness, fiscal development and capi-tal formation possible determinants of the economic growth. However, Export Led Growth (ELG) hypothesis is oftenly employed to elaborate the affiliation between ex-port and the growth. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test approach to cointegration accompanied with the structural break and vector auto regressive (VAR) are employed to analysis the long-term association among real GDP per capita, ex-port, import, trade openness, fiscal development and capital formation. The empirical analysis confirms the cointegration among the factors and the ELG hypothesis holds in Pakistan economy. The Block Exogeneity reveals that export and the capital for-mation have strong influence to stimulate the economic growth. While all the other factors have cumulative influence on the growth. Moreover, the impulse response exposes that if the shock of real GDP per capita, import, trade openness, fiscal devel-opment and the capital formation are given to the export, then response of export would be positive in the coming time frame.

scholarly journals The Role of Cohesion Policy in the Development of Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Lucian Paul
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cohesion Policy ◽  
Cohesion Fund ◽  
Financial Framework ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Future Policy

AbstractCohesion is a common European value. The E.U.’s cohesion policy is and will remain an essential financing instrument for various multiannual development programs, for both member states and regions. This policy contributes to the development of the European Union, by reducing disparities between regions, generating jobs and increasing GDP per capita. The current paper aims to highlight several accomplishments and failings of the current cohesion policy, with a particular focus on post-2007 Romania, as well as taking a look at the future policy, envisioned for 2021 - 2027. The cohesion fund is making investments in areas such as digital infrastructure, innovation, combating climate change, ecological transition, energy, health and others. The main criterion on which this kind of financing is made is GDP per capita; however, other criteria have been added as well: youth unemployment, level of education, climate change and likely, migrant integration, in the near future. The European Commission proposes that, for the next multiannual financial framework, namely 2021 - 2027, local authorities become more involved in managing E.U. funds, particularly cohesion funds. Several new elements have been identified, for this following time frame, which will contribute to the modernization of the cohesion policy; they include investments across all regions, making them more accessible to E.U. citizens, making it more adapted to regional development and linking it to the European semester.

scholarly journals Ecological Analysis of the Temporal Trends in the Association of Social Vulnerability and Race/Ethnicity with County-Level COVID-19 Incidence and Outcomes in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabatun Islam ◽  
Aditi Nayak ◽  
Yingtian Hu ◽  
Anurag Mehta ◽  
Katherine Dieppa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
County Level ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Background The COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected the socially vulnerable and minority communities in the U.S. initially, but the temporal trends during the year-long pandemic remain unknown. Objective We examined the temporal association between the county-level Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), a percentile-based measure of social vulnerability to disasters, its subcomponents and race/ethnic composition with COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the U.S. in the year starting in March 2020. Methods Counties (n=3091) with > 50 COVID-19 cases by March 6th, 2021 were included in the study. Associations between SVI (and its subcomponents) and county level racial composition with the incidence and death per capita were assessed by fitting a negative-binomial mixed-effects mod-el. This model was also used to examine potential time varying associations between weekly number of cases/deaths and SVI or racial composition. Data was adjusted for percentage of population aged great or equal to 65 years, state level testing rate, comorbidities using the average Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) score, and environmental factors including average fine particulate matter (PM2.5), temperature and precipitation. Results Higher SVI, indicative of greater social vulnerability, was independently associated with higher COVID-19 incidence (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] per-10 percentile increase:1.02, (95% CI 1.02, 1.03, p<0.001), and death per capita (1.04, (95% CI 1.04, 1.05, p<0.001). SVI became an independent predictor of incidence starting from March 2020, but this association became weak or insignificant by the winter, a period that coincided with a sharp increase in infection rates and mortality, and when counties with higher proportion of White residents were disproportionately represented (third wave). By Spring of 2021, SVI was again a predictor of COVID-19 out-comes. Counties with greater proportion of Black residents also observed similar temporal trends COVID-19-related adverse outcomes. Counties with greater proportion of Hispanic residents had worse outcomes throughout the duration of the analysis. Conclusion Except for the winter third wave when majority White communities had the highest incidence of cases, counties with greater social vulnerability and proportionately higher minority populations, experienced worse COVID-19 outcomes.

The Possibilities and Usefulness of Defining Optimum Population Levels

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fred Singer
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Welfare Index

The problem of “optimum population” involves maximizing a certain function of population level, distribution, and rate of growth. This paper describes a methodology developed to tackle this problem, as well as a demographic-economic model suitable for simulation purposes, developed specifically for the United States and for a time frame of several decades. This model calculates a “per capita welfare index” as a function of various demographic and economic parameters, making allowances for quantities not normally counted in the gross national product, such as household production and the value of leisure time; but disallowing the costs which arise from resource scarcities, urban disamenities, and the need for increased pollution control. In its simplest application, the model can be used to answer the question “Have we become better off or worse off as our economy and population have grown?” Aside from this historical investigation, it is of course possible to do simulation analyses and to evaluate the probable effects of specific policies on the future welfare of the population.

scholarly journals Territorial-Based vs. Consumption-Based Carbon Footprint of an Urban District—A Case Study of Berlin-Wedding

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7262
Author(s):  
Clara Lenk ◽  
Rosalie Arendt ◽  
Vanessa Bach ◽  
Matthias Finkbeiner
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Territorial Approach ◽  
Per Capita

Cities account for 70% of carbon emissions and are therefore a vital driver for climate change. Thus, a city’s main contributing sectors need to be identified. Territorial-based footprints focus on the final energy consumption, which is derived from the stationary and transport sectors. The consumption-based approach is based on consumption data, which are converted into carbon emissions using an input–output model. If the consumption-based approach is applied to an urban district not only emissions in the investigated area are considered, but also those that occur along the supply chain of consumed products in the urban district. The goal of this study was to apply and evaluate two different approaches to calculate an urban district’s carbon footprint to support climate protection management at the local government level. To achieve this goal, these two different approaches were applied to calculate the carbon emissions of the urban district Wedding in Berlin and were compared regarding criteria such as data availability and relevance. The footprints resulted in 400,947 t CO2–eq. for the territorial approach and in 401,371 t CO2–eq. per year for the consumption-based approach, which resulted in 4.61 t CO2–eq and 4.62 t CO2–eq per capita and year, respectively. Methodologically, the two approaches differ significantly, but the total results showed a difference of only 0.1%. Thus, this study cannot verify that the consumption-based approach mostly leads to higher emissions per capita in the Global North. This could be due to lower purchasing power and a higher share of multiple-person households in the relatively poor urban district of Wedding, Berlin. The territorial approach is more suitable to derive measures for local climate action, whereas the consumption-based approach highlights the responsibility of consumers for GHG emissions along the supply chain and the importance of the food sector.

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