scholarly journals Using Household Surveys and Other Secondary Data to Assess the Need for and Impacts of Micronutrient Interventions (FS01-03-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Adams ◽  
Stephen Vosti ◽  
Hanqi Luo ◽  
Justin Kagin ◽  
Reina Engle-Stone
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
The South ◽  
Effective Coverage ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The North

Abstract Objectives Given the scarcity of nationally-representative dietary intake data in most low- and middle-income countries, our objective was to compare estimates of micronutrient (MN) intake and predicted MN intervention effectiveness generated using household consumption and expenditure surveys (HCES) and other secondary data vs individual-level 24-hr dietary recalls (24HR), focusing on vitamin A (VA) in children and iron in women of reproductive age (WRA). Methods We calculated “apparent” food consumption using HCES data from Cameroon and applied the adult male equivalent method to estimate individual-level food intake. For children, intake was matched with food composition data to calculate VA intake, inadequate intake, and, combined with Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, effective coverage (shift from inadequate to adequate intake) of VA interventions. For WRA, we combined DHS data with HCES estimates of fortifiable food intake to predict cases of iron deficiency anemia averted. Results were compared to those generated by modeling data from a national 24HR survey. Results Mean apparent VA intake among children 6–59 mo from HCES data was similar to 24HR estimates for non-breastfed children (206 vs 215 µg RAE/d) and followed the same sub-national pattern (highest in the South macro-region, followed by the cities, and lowest in the North). Prevalence of inadequate intake was also similar (64% vs 59% nationally). Both data sources predicted effective coverage was highest for VA supplements, micronutrient powders, and oil fortification (Fig. 1). Preventive iron supplements to WRA was predicted to avert a relatively high proportion of anemia based on both the 24HR (24–62% of cases of anemia averted in the cities, 15–26% in the North, and 12–57% in the South) and secondary data (28–60%, 17–37%, and 27–56%). Iron-fortified wheat flour (60 ppm) and bouillon cubes (600 ppm) were predicted to avert few cases of anemia among WRA (< 7% and < 3%, respectively) in all macro regions. Conclusions Where dietary intake data are unavailable, secondary data may be useful for identifying effective MN interventions. Challenges include uncertainty about intrahousehold food distribution, MN intake from breastmilk, and combining multiple secondary data sources. Funding Sources This study is based on research funded by a grant to UC Davis from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Using Household Surveys and Other Secondary Data to Assess the Need for and Impacts of Micronutrient Interventions (FS01-03-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Adams ◽  
Stephen Vosti ◽  
Hanqi Luo ◽  
Justin Kagin ◽  
Reina Engle-Stone
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
The South ◽  
Effective Coverage ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The North

Abstract Objectives Given the scarcity of nationally-representative dietary intake data in most low- and middle-income countries, our objective was to compare estimates of micronutrient (MN) intake and predicted MN intervention effectiveness generated using household consumption and expenditure surveys (HCES) and other secondary data vs individual-level 24-hr dietary recalls (24HR), focusing on vitamin A (VA) in children and iron in women of reproductive age (WRA). Methods We calculated “apparent” food consumption using HCES data from Cameroon and applied the adult male equivalent method to estimate individual-level food intake. For children, intake was matched with food composition data to calculate VA intake, inadequate intake, and, combined with Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, effective coverage (shift from inadequate to adequate intake) of VA interventions. For WRA, we combined DHS data with HCES estimates of fortifiable food intake to predict cases of iron deficiency anemia averted. Results were compared to those generated by modeling data from a national 24HR survey. Results Mean apparent VA intake among children 6–59 mo from HCES data was similar to 24HR estimates for non-breastfed children (206 vs 215 µg RAE/d) and followed the same sub-national pattern (highest in the South macro-region, followed by the cities, and lowest in the North). Prevalence of inadequate intake was also similar (64% vs 59% nationally). Both data sources predicted effective coverage was highest for VA supplements, micronutrient powders, and oil fortification (Fig. 1). Preventive iron supplements to WRA was predicted to avert a relatively high proportion of anemia based on both the 24HR (24–62% of cases of anemia averted in the cities, 15–26% in the North, and 12–57% in the South) and secondary data (28–60%, 17–37%, and 27–56%). Iron-fortified wheat flour (60 ppm) and bouillon cubes (600 ppm) were predicted to avert few cases of anemia among WRA (<7% and <3%, respectively) in all macro regions. Conclusions Where dietary intake data are unavailable, secondary data may be useful for identifying effective MN interventions. Challenges include uncertainty about intrahousehold food distribution, MN intake from breastmilk, and combining multiple secondary data sources. Funding Sources This study is based on research funded by a grant to UC Davis from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals CARTOGRAFIAS DA VITICULTURA EM MINAS GERAIS: da gênese no Sul à expansão para o Norte

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. 202106
Author(s):  
Marcelo Cervo Chelotti ◽  
Rosa Maria Vieira Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The North ◽  
Agricultural Census

CARTOGRAPHS OF VITICULTURE IN MINAS GERAIS: from South genesis to North expansionCARTOGRAFÍAS DE LA VITICULTURA EN MINAS GERAIS: de la génesis en el Sur a la expansión al NorteRESUMOO presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a reorientação no deslocamento do padrão espacial do cultivo de uvas no estado de Minas Gerais, originalmente localizado no Sul, mas expandiu-se para o norte mineiro nas últimas décadas. Os procedimentos metodológicos centraram-se na revisão de literatura sobre a viticultura no Brasil, e na coleta em dados secundários na Pesquisa Agrícola Municipal/PAM/IBGE, nos Censos Agropecuários do IBGE, além do Banco de Dados de Uva, Vinho e Derivados/VITIBRASIL. Os mapas temáticos demonstraram a dinâmica da viticultura em Minas Gerais, evidenciando uma mudança no padrão espacial, ou seja, historicamente concentrada no sul do estado, mas verificamos no pós-1990 uma expansão geográfica para o norte, principalmente em direção ao Cerrado e vale do Rio São Francisco. O papel desempenhado pela pesquisa, na busca de novas técnicas para a viticultura em regiões tropicais, tem uma grande centralidade nesse processo, uma vez que estamos diante de um novo paradigma para a produção de uvas e vinhos.Palavras-chave: Viticultura; Regionalização; Geografia do Vinho; Minas Gerais.ABSTRACTThis article has the goal to analyze the reorientation in the displacement of the spatial pattern of grape cultivation in the state of Minas Gerais, originally located in the south, but has expanded to the north of Minas Gerais in recent decades. The methodological procedures focused on the literature review on viticulture in Brazil, and the collection of secondary data from the Municipal Agricultural Research/PAM/IBGE, the IBGE Agricultural Census, and the Grape, Wine and Derivatives Database/VITIBRASIL. Thematic maps showed the dynamics of viticulture in Minas Gerais, showing a change in the spatial pattern, that is, historically concentrated in the south of the state. Sao Francisco River. The role played by the research in the search for new techniques for viticulture in tropical regions has a great centrality in this process, since we are facing a new paradigm for the production of grapes and wines.Keywords: Viticulture; Regionalization; Wine Geography; Minas Gerais.RESUMENEl presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la reorientación en el desplazamiento del patrón espacial del cultivo de la uva en el estado de Minas Gerais, originalmente ubicado en el sur, pero se ha expandido al norte de Minas Gerais en las últimas décadas. Los procedimientos metodológicos se centraron en la revisión de la literatura sobre viticultura en Brasil, y en la recopilación de datos secundarios en la Investigación Agrícola Municipal/PAM/IBGE, en los Censos Agrícolas del IBGE, además de la Base de Datos de Uva, Vino y Derivados/VITIBRASIL. Los mapas temáticos demostraron la dinámica de la viticultura en Minas Gerais, mostrando un cambio en el patrón espacial, es decir, históricamente concentrado en el sur del estado, pero en la década de 1990 verificamos una expansión geográfica hacia el norte, principalmente hacia el Cerrado y Vale do Río São Francisco El papel desempeñado por la investigación, en la búsqueda de nuevas técnicas para la viticultura en las regiones tropicales, tiene una gran centralidad en este proceso, ya que nos enfrentamos a un nuevo paradigma para la producción de uvas y vinos.Palabras-clave: Viticultura; Regionalización; Geografía del Vino; Minas Gerais.

scholarly journals PENGELUARAN WAJIB PAJAK DALAM PENINGKATAN PENERIMAAN PERPAJAKAN DI KANTOR PELAYANAN PAJAK PRATAMA MAKASSAR UTARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Dharmawati
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
The North ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Existing Data

Taxpayer Compliance in Increasing Tax Revenue at the North Makassar Primary Tax Service Office. The purpose of this study is to determine taxpayer compliance, tax receipts, general provisions and tax procedures that affect taxpayer compliance after the enactment of Law Number 16 Year 2009. This study uses a juridical type of research normative. Primary and secondary data sources and tertiary. This research was analyzed qualitatively by describing descriptively the results of existing data. The results showed that the compliance of taxpayers at the North Makassar Primary Tax Service Office was not yet compliant optimally, although in quantity the tax revenue increased from year to year. The reason is the lack of knowledge and understanding of taxpayers, inadequate tax human resources as well as negative taxpayers regarding tax provisions have not been evenly distributed. While the factors that influence taxpayer compliance are legal substance factors, legal structure factors, legal cultural factors and tax socialization factors.

scholarly journals Individual-Level Linkage of Primary and Secondary Data from Three Sources for Comprehensive Analyses of Low Birthweight Effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (S 02) ◽  
pp. S108-S116
Author(s):  
Diana Druschke ◽  
Katrin Arnold ◽  
Luise Heinrich ◽  
Jörg Reichert ◽  
Mario Rüdiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Data Linkage ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Data Validation ◽  
Health Insurance Data ◽  
Individual Level

Abstract Aim of the study The linkage of primary and secondary data is becoming an increasingly popular approach in healthcare research, but involves some challenges for all involved parties, for example due to data protection requirements. The aim of this article is to systematically outline the methods used and experiences made during a cohort study in the field of pediatric health care research (EcoCare-PIn) that involved access to and linkage of three different data sources. Particular focus is placed on the necessary regulatory measures with regard to data access and data linkage as well as on data validation to ensure a correct linkage. Methods While complying with all relevant data protection requirements, the study realized an individual-level linkage of a) pseudonymized administrative health insurance data from a statutory health insurance on Saxon children born between 2007 and 2013, b) primary data collected via postal questionnaires from parents/caregivers and c) medical data from kindergarten- and school-entry-examinations of Saxon health authorities. The fundamental principle of the concept of data linkage was to strictly separate the sites of data collection and data analysis, which was realized through the involvement of a trust center. Results Challenges especially pertained to the extensive regulatory pre-requirements for data access as well as to data protection requirements while performing the study. Technical aspects and data validation also required a considerable share of attention and resources. A number of validation routines were applied to avoid incorrect data linkage and to ensure the high quality of the final dataset. Data validation included both plausibility checks within the primary data and consistency checks of information given in primary and secondary data. Conclusion The linkage of primary and secondary data on the individual level offers great opportunities for using the strengths of different data sources synergistically and overcoming some of their limitations. Statutory health insurance data and medical data from kindergarten- and school-entry-examinations of Saxon health authorities are examples of already existing data sources that can complement cost-consuming primary data collections by valuable data sets and open up opportunities for longitudinal analysis.

Explaining the Racial Unemployment Gap: Race, Region, and the Employment Status of Men, 1940

ILR Review ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Sundstrom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
The South ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Level Data

Although the substantial and persistent gap between the unemployment rates of African-Americans and whites in the United States first emerged in aggregate statistics covering the 1940s and 1950s, disaggregation reveals that the gap already existed in urban areas before 1940. Using individual-level data on male workers from the 1940 Census, the author analyzes the causes of the unemployment gap. He finds that racial differences in measured human capital and other characteristics can explain all of the racial gap in the South but less than half of the gap in the North. This result contrasts with results from studies of wages, which have found a larger racial residual in the South than in the North.

scholarly journals What stops us from eating: A qualitative investigation of dietary barriers during pregnancy in Punjab, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asim ◽  
Zarak Ahmed ◽  
Amy R. Nichols ◽  
Rachel Rickman ◽  
Elena Neiterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Antenatal Counseling

ABSTRACT Objective: Adequate dietary intake during pregnancy is vital for the health and nutritional status of both mother and fetus. The nutritional status of reproductive age women in Pakistan is poor, with 14% being underweight (BMI<18.5) and 42% experiencing iron deficiency anemia. This may stem from beliefs, practices and other barriers influencing dietary intake. This qualitative study seeks to determine which factors impact dietary intake during pregnancy in rural Punjab. Design: In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. Setting: Three purposively selected rural districts (Sahiwal, Okara, and Pakpatan) with the highest prevalence of maternal and child malnutrition in the province of Punjab, Pakistan Participants: Mothers with children under age two (n=29), and healthcare providers with at least five years of experience working in the district (n=12) Results: We identified a combination of physiological, socio-cultural, and structural barriers that inhibited healthful dietary intake during pregnancy. The primary physiological barriers to optimal dietary intake and dietary practices included food aversions and food cravings. Food classification, fear of a difficult childbirth, fear of high blood pressure, and household food politics were the principal socio-cultural barriers. Additionally, two structural barriers, inadequate antenatal counseling and a lack of affordable food options, were identified. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that complex barriers prevent pregnant women in the Punjab area from consuming adequate dietary intake, and that antenatal health education programs and structural interventions are needed to support healthful dietary practices during this critical period.

Migration and Housing Tenure in South East England

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 855-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
The South ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Data Source ◽  
South East England ◽  
The Relationship

A substantial literature has developed regarding the relationship between migration and housing tenure in Britain. It has been argued that, although those moving into council (public sector) housing are more likely to move than those moving into owner-occupied housing, administrative controls restrict potential population movement into council housing over long distances. Others have criticised this argument suggesting that council residents are typically individuals who are less likely to migrate over long distances regardless of the administrative restrictions imposed upon them. Accordingly, it is important to control for individual characteristics before the independent effect of tenure on mobility can be determined. This paper is a report of an investigation of this relationship in the South East of England, in which the Sample of Anonymised Records, a unique individual-level British data source for this type of study, were used. The study continues with a consideration of the influence of housing on migration into the South East from the North of Britain for those in manual and nonmanual occupations.

scholarly journals Euroscepticism – a sign of a Europe in distress

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Dobrescu ◽  
Flavia Durach
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Member States ◽  
The North ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Competitive Regions ◽  
The Eu

<p>Euroscepticism is explicitly or implicitly considered a product of the crisis, a result of Europe’s recent difficult moments. The secondary data analysis of official Eurobarometer results between 2009 (EB71) and the end of 2013 (the latest data available – EB80) in 17 member states, grouped around the axis North – South – East, leads us to the conclusion that Euroscepticism has amplified during the years of economic crisis following a particular pattern. We witness the rise of inequalities in a Union of equals, with significant differences in terms of public opinion in the North and in the South. The great disappointment, the gloom mood of the citizens from Greece, Cyprus, Spain, Portugal and, surprisingly, France, in contrast with the self-confident attitude of Germans and the mild enthusiasm of Eastern European countries suggest that the EU did not emerge stronger as a whole. Multiple divergences have already started to occur between the rich and the poor member states, between competitive regions and regions that lag behind, between debtors and creditors, between the North and the South and, we dare to anticipate, between the West and the East. The game is changing and Euroscepticism is now the expression of confusion and fear, more than of righteous opposition against particular issues or concerns.</p>

scholarly journals TEMUAN ARKEOLOGI TERBARU DI BARAT LAUT-UTARA LEMBAH KERINCI, DATARAN TINGGI JAMBI: SEBUAH LAPORAN AWAL

AMERTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
Hafiful Hadi Sunliensyar
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The South ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
The North ◽  
New Information ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Technology Attributes ◽  
Valley Area ◽  
Descriptive Method

Abstract. The Latest of Archaeological Finds in the Northwest-North of Kerinci Valley, Jambi Highland: A Preliminary Report. Last decade archeological research in Kerinci area, only focused on the south of Kerinci Lake. This region admittedly has archaeological finds richly and has been reported since the colonial era. The report was followed by research working comprehensively in that region eighty years after. The research revealed that archeological finds in the south of Kerinci Lake came from the neolithic to proto-historic era. However, the finds of earthenware fragments accidentally, have discovered the new information about archaeological finds in the north of Kerinci Lake or the northwest-north of Kerinci valley. The purpose of this research is to map the distribution and describing the character of archaeological finds in the northwest-north of Kerinci valley. This research utilizes a descriptive method worked in three stages, videlicet collecting, analyze, and interpreting data. In collecting the data stage collected the primary data and secondary data. In the analyzing stage, utilized qualitative analysis by noticing form, style, and technology attributes. This research revealed that the northwest-north of Kerinci valley area has artifact finds in the form of cord-marked earthenware, red slipped earthenware, and Chinese ceramics. Furthermore, found the carving-stones (petroglyph) too.   Abstrak. Penelitian arkeologi dekade terakhir di kawasan Kerinci hanya terfokus pada kawasan di selatan Danau Kerinci. Kawasan ini memang memiliki tinggalan arkeologis yang cukup padat dan telah dilaporkan sejak era kolonial. Laporan tersebut ditindaklanjuti dengan melakukan penelitian yang lebih komprehensif di kawasan tersebut puluhan tahun sesudahnya. Penelitian tersebut mengungkapkan bahwa tinggalan arkeologis di sebelah selatan Danau Kerinci berasal dari masa Neolitik hingga Protosejarah. Namun, temuan artefak tembikar secara tidak sengaja di situs Siulak Tenang pada 2010, telah membuka pengetahuan baru tentang adanya tinggalan arkeologis di bagian utara Danau Kerinci atau bagian barat laut-utara lembah Kerinci. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran dan mendeskripsikan tinggalan arkeologi di barat laut-utara Lembah Kerinci. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif yang dilaksanakan dalam tiga tahap, yaitu pengumpulan data, analisis data dan interpretasi. Pada tahap pengumpulan data, dilakukan pengumpulan data primer dan data sekuder. Pada tahap analisis data digunakan analisis kualitiatif dengan memperhatikan atribut bentuk, gaya, dan teknologi. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa kawasan baratlaut-utara Lembah Kerinci memiliki tinggalan artefak berupa tembikar tatap tali, tembikar slip merah, dan keramik Cina. Selain itu, juga ditemukan -batu bergores (petroglif).

scholarly journals PERENCANAAN PERKERASAN PARALEL TAXIWAY SELATAN DI BANDAR UDARA INTERNASIONAL I GUSTI NGURAH RAI - BALI

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Supriadi Supriadi ◽  
Abrian Amirullah ◽  
Nurani Hartatik
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
The South ◽  
International Airport ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
To Receive

I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport, as it is known, is taken from the name of national hero I Gusti Ngurah Rai who is a very influential figure for the people of Bali Island. I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport currently has 11 taxiways which are divided into 9 taxiways on the North runway / North (2 parallel taxiways, 2 rapid exit taxiways, and 5 exit taxiways) and 2 taxiways on the South runway. This writing uses primary and secondary data which will be analyzed by descriptive analysis method. Descriptive analysis method is research that is intended to collect information about the status - the status of a symptom that exists, namely the state of symptoms according to what they were when the study was conducted. The author also uses the pavement design application in the form of FAARFIELD and COMFAA to support the research method used. Therefore, to be able to receive loads from aircraft passing through taxiways, it is necessary to calculate the planing of the pavement on the taxiways that will be built so that they are able to withstand the loads that will be received for flight safety and fulfill the age of the plan itself. The new taxiway parallel to the south of the runway needs to be built to support the operational activities of the annual IMF (International Monetary Fund) activities and taxiway overlaying in all North taxiways. In addition, it is expected to reduce the number of aircraft carrying out cross runways from the southern apron to the northern apron or to the northern taxiway parallel.

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