Multidimensional inflammatory and immunological endotypes of idiopathic focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and their association with treatment outcomes
Abstract Objectives Idiopathic focal segmental glomeruloesclerosis (FSGS) has been linked to immunological and inflammatory response dysregulations. The aim of this study was to find endotypes of FSGS patients, using a cluster analysis, based on inflammatory and immunological variables and to analyse whether a certain endotype is associated with response to treatment with corticosteroids. Patients and Methods This prospective observational study included patients with idiopathic FSGS diagnosed by kidney biopsy. Serum levels of soluble IL-1 receptor, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-6, IL-17, IL-12, IL-23, IL-13, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, Hemopexin, Haptoglobin, suPAR and urinary CD80 were measured with ELISA, or nephelometry. T-helper lymphocyte populations and T regulatory lymphocytes were analysed by flow cytometry. A factorial analysis followed by a K-means cluster analysis was performed. Results 79 FSGS patients were included. Three clusters (CL) were identified. CL1 (27.8%) included IL-12, IL-17, IL-23 and a Th17 pattern. CL2 (20.2 %) included IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE and Th2 pattern. CL3 (51.8%) included IL-6, Hx, Hgl, suPAR and uCD80. There were no differences in age, gender, kidney function, albumin or proteinuria among clusters. 42/79 patients (53.1%) showed corticosteroid-resistance. The prevalence of corticosteroid-resistance was significantly lower in cluster 2 (4/16, 25%) than in clusters 1 (16/26, 72.7%) and 3 (22/41, 53.7%) (p 0.018), with no significant differences between cluster 1 and 3 (p:0.14). Conclusions Patients with FSGS and indistinguishable clinical presentation at diagnosis were classified in 3 distinct clusters according to predominant Th17, Th2 and acute inflammatory responses that display differences in clinical response to treatment with corticosteroids.