scholarly journals Correlation Between Aflatoxin Contamination and Various USDA Grade Categories of Shelled Almonds

2010 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B Whitaker ◽  
Andy Slate ◽  
Tim Birmingham ◽  
Julie Adams ◽  
Merle Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Damage Grades

Abstract The California almond industry is interested in determining if there is a correlation between aflatoxin contamination and almonds classified into various U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) grades. A 12 000 g sample was taken from each of 50 lots of shelled almonds. The almonds in each sample were then partitioned into five USDA grades: high quality (HQ), insect damage (ID), mold damage (MOD), mechanical damage (MED), and other defects (OD). Across all 50 samples, kernels in the HQ grade accounted for 83.7 of the kernel mass and 3.2 of the aflatoxin mass. Conversely, kernels in the remaining four damage grades (ID, MOD, MED, and OD) accounted for 16.3 of the kernel mass and 96.8 of the aflatoxin mass. ID kernels had the highest risk for aflatoxin contamination. Almonds in the ID grade accounted for 76.3 of the total aflatoxin mass and 7.2 of the kernel mass. Regression equations were developed to predict the aflatoxin concentration in each 12 000 g sample by measuring the aflatoxin mass in one or more of the four damage grades. Regression equations demonstrated that aflatoxin mass only in the insect damaged kernels was also an effective way to predict the aflatoxin concentration in each 12 000 g sample.

scholarly journals Detection of Aflatoxin in Poultry Feed and Feed Materials through Immuno Based Assay from Different Poultry Farms and Feed Factories in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahbuba Akter Lubna ◽  
Mita Debnath ◽  
Farzana Hossaini
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration

Current study investigated the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in poultry feed and feed materials in different poultry farms and feed factories in Bangladesh. A total of 100 samples of finished feed and raw feed materials were collected and tested through direct competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for total aflatoxin detection. Overall, 97% samples (n=97/100) in our study, were found positive for aflatoxin contamination. Among finished feed categories, layer grower feed contained highest level of aflatoxin with a mean value of 21.64 ppb whereas layer feed was less susceptible for aflatoxin contamination (mean value 9.49 ppb). Between raw feed materials, maize samples were highly contaminated (n=15/15, 100%) with aflatoxin while 86.67% soybean samples showed positive result. Twenty one percent (21%) of the samples in our study contained aflatoxin concentration more than the acceptable limit employed by USFDA and many other countries which might pose severe health risk to poultry and human consumer. Proper surveillance and immediate control measures should be taken to ensure safe poultry feed and feed materials. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 35 Number 1 June 2018, pp 75-78

scholarly journals Estimating Aflatoxin in Farmers' Stock Peanut Lots by Measuring Aflatoxin in Various Peanut-Grade Components

1998 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B Whitaker ◽  
Winston M Hagler ◽  
Francis G Giesbrecht ◽  
Joe w Dorner ◽  
Floyd E Dowell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Accurate Predictor ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration

Abstract Five, 2 kg test samples were taken from each of 120 farmers' stock peanut lots contaminated with aflatoxin. Kernels from each 2 kg sample were divided into the following grade components: sound mature kernels plus sound splits (SMKSS), other kernels (OK), loose shelled kernels (LSK), and damaged kernels (DAM). Kernel mass, aflatoxin mass, and aflatoxin concentration were measured for each of the 2400 component samples. For 120 lots tested, average aflatoxin concentrations in SMKSS, OK, LSK, and DAM components were 235, 2543, 11 775, and 69 775 ng/g, respectively. Aflatoxins in SMKSS, OK, LSK, and DAM components represented 6.9, 7.9, 33.3, and 51.9% of the total aflatoxin mass, respectively. Cumulatively, 3 aflatoxin risk components—OK, LSK, and DAM—accounted for 93.1% of total aflatoxin, but only 18.4% percent of test sample mass. Correlation analysis suggests that the most accurate predictor of aflatoxin concentration in the lot is the cumulative aflatoxin mass in the high 3 risk corn ponents OK + LSK + DAM (correlation coefficient, r = 0.996). If the aflatoxin in the combined OK + LSK + DAM components is expressed in concentration units, r decreases to 0.939. Linear regression equations relating aflatoxin in OK + LSK + DAM to aflatoxin concentration in the lot were developed. The cumulative aflatoxin in the OK + LSK + DAM components was not an accurate predictor (r = 0.539) of aflatoxin in the SMKSS component. Statistical analyses of 3 other data sets published previously yielded similar results.

Production of Aflatoxin in Cocoa Beans

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1076-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M Lenovich ◽  
W Jeffrey Hurst
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Substrate Variation

Abstract Aflatoxin was produced in both non-autoclaved and autoclaved Ivory Coast cocoa beans inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 under optimum laboratory growth conditions. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 213 to 5597 ng/g substrate. Aflatoxin was quantitated by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Raw, non-autoclaved cocoa beans, also inoculated with aspergilli, produced 6359 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. Variation in aflatoxin production between bean varieties was observed. Total aflatoxin levels of 10,446 and 23,076 ng/g substrate were obtained on Ivory Coast beans inoculated with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3240, respectively. Aflatoxin production on Trinidad and Malaysian beans was 28 and 65 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. These data support previously reported low level natural aflatoxin contamination in cocoa.

Extracts of Agave americana inhibit aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rosas-Taraco ◽  
E. Sanchez ◽  
S. García ◽  
N. Heredia ◽  
D. Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Agave Americana ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Norsolorinic Acid

Toxigenic fungi invade crops prior to harvest as well as during storage and produce harmful, even carcinogenic toxins such as aflatoxins. Since consumers demand safe commodities, and due to enhanced public awareness of the dangers of many synthetic fungicides, the importance of investigating alternative, natural products to control these toxigenic fungi is clear. This study investigated the effect of aqueous extracts of Agave americana on growth, conidia and aflatoxin production. Aspergillus parasiticus strains SRRC 148, SRRC 143 (Su-1), and A. parasiticus SRRC 162, a mutant (nor-) that accumulates norsolorinic acid (NOR, an orange-coloured intermediate of the aflatoxin pathway), were first inoculated into Adye and Mateles liquid medium, then plant extracts were added, and incubated at 28 °C for 7 days. Aflatoxin and norsolorinic acid were assayed by HPLC and spectrophotometry, respectively. While the extract of A. americana stimulated growth of the studied fungi, conidiogenesis, norsolorinic acid accumulation (in the nor- mutant), and aflatoxin production were significantly affected. The reduction was produced by the extracts at concentrations higher than 5-10 mg/ml, where all types of total aflatoxin analysed (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2) were reduced from 64% to >99% in the whole culture, and a reduction of 75% of norsolorinic acid. The results of the present work indicate that extracts of A. americana may be promising safe alternatives to harmful fungicides for controlling aflatoxin contamination.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activity of Balanites aegyptiaca and Tamarindus indica Fruit Extracts on Growth and Aflatoxigenicity of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saifeldin Ahmed El-nagerabi ◽  
Abdulkadir E. Elshafie ◽  
Mohamed R. Elamin
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Tamarindus Indica ◽  
Balanites Aegyptiaca ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Fruit Extracts ◽  
Aflatoxin B

<p>Aflatoxin and especially aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>) is a carcinogenic secondary metabolite synthesized by certain <em>Aspergillus </em>species. They contaminate natural and processed agricultural and animal products which render them unfit for consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the <em>in vitro</em> effects of <em>Balanites aegyptiaca</em> and <em>Tamarindus indica</em> fruit extracts on the growth and aflatoxin secretion of <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> (SQU21) and <em>A. parasiticus </em>(CBS921.7) strains. The two fruit extracts significantly (<em>P </em>&lt; 0.05) reduced aflatoxin and did not inhibit mycelial dry weights of the two <em>Aspergillus </em>strains. At different concentrations of balanites (2.5-10%), the inhibition of total aflatoxin was 49.9-84.8% for <em>A. flavus</em> (SQU21) and 32.1-84.4% for <em>A. parasiticus</em> (CBS921.7), whereas the inhibition of aflatoxin Bwas 38.2-81.4% and 32.8-80.6% for the two strains. Tamarind fruit extract (2.5-7.5%) caused 28.8-84.2% and 40.7-85.5% reductions in total aflatoxin and 37.1-83.5% and 33.9-85.9% in aflatoxin B for the two strains, respectively. None of these extracts inhibited the fungal growth or detoxified synthetic aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>. We have concluded that these fruits contain various inhibitors to aflatoxin biosynthesis and secretion. Therefore, they can be used in combination as safe green biopreservatives to combat aflatoxin contamination of food.</p>

scholarly journals Changes in Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Levels and Assessment of Major Aflatoxin Types in Stored Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Maina Wagacha ◽  
Charity K. Mutegi ◽  
Maria E. Christie ◽  
Lucy W. Karanja ◽  
Job Kimani
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Fungal Population ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Jute Bags ◽  
The Eu

<p>Peanut kernels of Homabay Local, Valencia Red, ICGV-SM 12991 and ICGV-SM 99568 cultivars were stored for six months in jute, polypropylene and polyethylene bags to assess the effect of storage bags, temperature and R.H. on fungal population and aflatoxin contamination. Moisture content (M.C.), fungal population and aflatoxin levels were determined before storage and after every 30 days during storage. Isolates of <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> and <em>A. parasiticus</em> were assayed for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The correlation between MC, population of <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>A. parasiticus</em> and aflatoxin levels in peanuts was also determined. Six fungal pathogens were commonly isolated from the peanut samples and occurred as follows in decreasing order: <em>Penicillium</em> spp. (106.6 CFU/g), <em>A. flavus</em> L-strain (4.8 CFU/g), <em>A. flavus</em> S-strain (2.9 CFU/g), <em>A. niger </em>(2.6 CFU/g), <em>A. parasiticus </em>(1.7 CFU/g) and <em>A. tamarii </em>(0.2 CFU/g). The overall population of <em>A. flavus</em> L-strain was 66% higher than that of <em>A. flavus</em> S-strain. Ninety one percent of <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>A. parasiticus</em> isolates produced at least one of the four aflatoxin types assayed, with 36% producing aflatoxin B1. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 0 - 47.8 µg/kg with samples stored in polyethylene and jute bags being the most and least contaminated, respectively. Eighty nine percent and 97% of the peanut samples met the EU (? 4 µg/kg) and Kenyan (? 10 µg/kg) regulatory standards for total aflatoxin, respectively. Peanuts should be adequately dried to safe moisture level and immediately packaged in a container - preferably jute bags - which will not promote critical increases in fungal population and aflatoxin contamination.</p>

scholarly journals Ensuring Seedling Quality through Fruit Tree Nursery Accreditation and Implications for Forest Nursery Accreditation

2010 ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Don Immanuel Edralin ◽  
Agustin Mercado
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Tree Nursery ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Planting Materials

he fruit tree nursery accreditation scheme implemented by the Philippine Department of Agriculture has been promoted to enhance the supply of high quality fruit tree planting materials and reduce the number of dubious seedling market players. This paper examines the advantages to participating nurseries in the fruit tree nursery accreditation scheme and draws implications for possible formulation of a scheme to accredit forest tree nurseries in the Philippines. Data were collected from interviews with accredited fruit tree nursery operators and the nursery accreditation officer-in-charge in Northern Mindanao province. A major advantage of nursery accreditation is that only accredited fruit tree nursery operators can participate in the bidding process of the government seedling procurement program, which always involves a substantial volume of seedlings. As a form of advertisement, accredited nurseries are posted on the government website thus creating a wide range of market opportunities which results in increased sales. Other advantages enjoyed by accredited fruit tree nurseries include receiving free training in improving seedling production and occasionally receiving high quality propagation materials (scions and seedlings), subsidies for pesticides and fertilizers and free soil tests. Observations of advantages gained by nursery operators adopting certification have encouraged other nursery operators to apply for accreditation. Accreditation by the Department of Agriculture places emphasis on maintaining high genetic quality as well as high physical quality of planting materials. Accrediting forestry nurseries is seen as a potential policy option that can expand the supply of high quality tree seedlings in the Philippines, as has been the experience with fruit tree nursery certification.

Study on Dual-Plane Ball Polishing Method for Finishing Ceramics Ball

2013 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 444-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Ping Feng ◽  
Zhao Zhong Zhou ◽  
Bing Hai Lv ◽  
Ju Long Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Lower Plate ◽  
Mathematics Model ◽  
Polishing Process ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Dual Plane ◽  
Surface Polishing ◽  
Polishing Machine

This paper represents a dual-plane polishing method for ceramics ball. Compared with traditional ball polishing method, its upper and lower plate are all flat and easy to use soft pad to polish, so it can largely reduce the surface mechanical damage and obtain high quality processing surface. This paper analyzes surface polishing trajectory by calculation and simulation to test the polishing trajectory uniformity. A mathematics model of polishing process is established to disintegrate the process of a balls movement. Experiment is operated in dual-plane planetary polishing machine. The result shows that perfect polishing surface and spherical error can be obtained under the proper process parameters, the surface roughness achieves 4nm and the spherical error can reach 0.217μm.

scholarly journals Predicting Aflatoxin and Fumonisin in Shelled Corn Lots Using Poor-Quality Grade Components

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders S Johansson ◽  
Thomas B Whitaker ◽  
Winston M Hagler ◽  
Daryl T Bowman ◽  
Andy B Slate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Quality Grade ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Inspection Service

Abstract A study was conducted to determine if aflatoxin and fumonisin are concentrated in the poor-quality grade components of shelled corn. Four 1.0 kg test samples were each taken from 23 lots of shelled corn marketed in North Carolina. Inspectors from the Federal Grain Inspection Service divided each test sample into 3 grade components: (1) damaged kernels (DM), (2) broken corn and foreign material (BCFM), and )3) whole kernels (WH). The aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration was measured in each component and a mass balance equation was used to calculate the total concentration of each mycotoxin in each test sample. Averaged across all test samples, the aflatoxin concentrations in the DM, BCFM, and WH components were 1300.3, 455.2, and 37.3 ppb, respectively. Averaged across all test samples, the fumonisin concentrations in the DM, BCFM, and WH components were 148.3, 51.3, and 1.8 ppm, respectively. The DM and BCFM components combined accounted for only 5.0% of the test sample mass, but accounted for 59.8 and 77.5% of the total aflatoxin and fumonisin mass in the test sample, respectively. Both aflatoxin mass (ng) and aflatoxin concentration (ng/g) in the combined DM and BCFM components had high correlations with aflatoxin concentration in the lot. The highest correlation occurred when aflatoxin mass (ng) in the combined DM and BCFM components was related to aflatoxin concentration in the lot (0.964). Similar results were obtained for fumonisin. This study indicated that measuring either aflatoxin or fumonisin in the combined DM and BCFM grade components could be used as a screening method to predict either aflatoxin or fumonisin in a bulk lot of shelled corn.

scholarly journals Analyzing the production of limited harmful substances from mobile sources of energy in agriculture

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
J. Homola ◽  
B. Groda
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Annual Consumption ◽  
Accurate Expression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
General Balance

An expert estimate of the weight of emissions produced in agriculture has been up to now made only through a final counting to the total REZZO 4 emission balance in the category of &ldquo;other mobile sources&rdquo; The existing situation is however unbearable since a proper methodology to determine the production of emissions in agriculture, i.e. in the department with a considerable consumption of fossil fuels, is still missing. The solution consists in a more precise specification of the weight of generated limited pollutants (CO, NO<sub>x</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, PM and VOC including CO<sub>2</sub>) in the department of agriculture on the basis of the measured annual consumption of fuels in agriculture and with using the emission factors of fuels. Calculated results are compared with the original values finally counted for the REZZO 4 category of &ldquo;other mobile sources&rdquo; in 2000 and 2001 (Adamec 2002; Adamec et el. 2003). The calculation revealed that the weight production of individual pollutants in 2000 and 2001 reached only 28% and 27% for CO, 52% and 50% for NO<sub>x</sub>, 69% and 66% for SO<sub>2</sub>, 87% and 83% for PM, and 26% and 24% for VOC of the original estimates with final counts and was therefore much lower. The share of agriculture in the weight production of emissions from mobile sources in 2000 and 2001 was 3.1% and 3.1% for CO, 11.5% and 11.5% for NO<sub>x</sub>, 19.8% and 18.8% for SO<sub>2</sub>, 38.3% and 34.6% for PM, and 3.5% and 3.6% for VOC. The development of weight production for individual pollutants in the period from 1995&ndash;2005 is expressed by means of regression equations. Coefficients of reliability indicate that the measure of reliability of the interval determined by calculation is much higher than that of the reliability interval determined by values estimated through final counting that appear incidental. There are increasing efforts today focused on the replacement of diesel oil as a traditional fossil fuel in agriculture with biodiesel oil as a more environment-friendly fuel. The second part of results includes a monitoring of the impact of biodiesel oil emissions in cases where diesel oil was replaced by this ecological fuel in agriculture in the period from 2000&ndash;2005. It follows from the analysis that the weight production of pollutants in 2000&ndash;2005 would have been reduced by 4% in CO, by 28% in SO<sub>2</sub>, by 52% in PM and by 4% in VOC while an increase by 20% and 32% would have been recorded in CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub>, respectively. Regression equations are used to express the development of the weight production of individual diesel oil and biodiesel oil pollutants in the period from 2000&ndash;2005. Reliability coefficients that are of constant character indicate that the development of the weight of pollutants from diesel oil replicates the development of biodiesel oil pollutants. The significance of achieved results consists in the provision of a more accurate general balance of emissions from one of so called other mobile sources in Czech Republic (apart from the department of transport), thus contributing among other things to a more accurate expression of the total weight of emission production within REZZO 4.&nbsp;

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